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Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Published by Lembaga Yasin Alsys
ISSN : 30255287     EISSN : 30254507     DOI : https://doi.org/10.58578/AJSTEA
Core Subject : Science, Art, Social, Engineering,
Arts Computer Science & IT Engineering Social Sciences
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art [3025-5287 (Print) and 3025-4507 (Online)] is a double-blind peer-reviewed, and open-access journal to disseminating all information contributing to the understanding and development of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art. Its scope is international in that it welcomes articles from academics, researchers, graduate students, and policymakers. The articles published may take the form of original research, theoretical analyses, and critical reviews. AJSTEA publishes 6 editions a year in February, April, June, August, October and December. This journal has been indexed by Harvard University, Boston University, Dimensions, Scilit, Crossref, Web of Science Garuda, Google Scholar, and Base. AJSTEA Journal has authors from 5 countries (Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Nepal, and India).
Arjuna Subject : Umum - Umum
Articles 231 Documents
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Accelerated Failure Time Model for Determination of Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy at General Hospital Adikpo, Benue State, Nigeria T., Mom T.; A., Ikughur J.; F., Udoumoh E.
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 6 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i6.7710

Abstract

The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has markedly improved the clinical outcomes of individuals living with HIV, transforming the infection from a fatal illness to a manageable chronic condition. Central to HIV management is the CD4 count, a critical biomarker that reflects immune system status and informs clinical decisions regarding ART initiation and the management of opportunistic infections. Reaching a CD4 threshold of ≥500 cells/mm³ is widely considered a key indicator of immune reconstitution and long-term treatment success. However, there remains limited guidance for patients and clinicians on the expected timeline or probability of reaching this milestone, highlighting the need for robust statistical models to support evidence-based treatment planning. This study employed a retrospective cohort design using data from 400 HIV-positive patients who initiated ART at General Hospital Adikpo, Benue State, Nigeria, between 2012 and 2022. Inclusion criteria required that patients begin treatment with a CD4 count <500 cells/mm³. Over the study period, 54% of patients (216) achieved a CD4 count ≥500 cells/mm³, while 46% (184) did not. The Anderson-Darling (test statistic: 0.3660) and Chi-square (test statistic: 12.73) tests confirmed that the lognormal accelerated failure time (AFT) model was an appropriate fit for estimating the time to immune recovery. The analysis revealed that the rate of CD4 improvement was highest in the initial years following ART initiation, with diminishing returns over time. The median time to achieve the CD4 threshold was five years. Key predictors of successful immune reconstitution included baseline CD4 count, patient age, and tuberculosis (TB) status (p < 0.05). These findings reinforce the critical importance of early HIV detection, timely initiation of ART, and integrated TB management in improving long-term immunological outcomes.
A Bayesian Decision-Theoretic Framework for Optimally Managing Asymmetric Error Costs in Hypothesis Testing Daniel, John Abisi A; Bishir, A.; Ibrahim, Abdulhalim Isah; ZabiZabi, Zainab Muhammad; Gabchiya, Abubakar; Nyam, Peter Weng
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 6 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i6.7714

Abstract

The classical Neyman–Pearson paradigm of hypothesis testing mandates control of the Type I error rate (α) while maximizing power (1 − β), but this foundational approach has been widely criticized for its rigidity, reliance on arbitrary significance thresholds, and inability to formally incorporate the relative costs of different errors. This paper presents a Bayesian decision-theoretic framework as a principled alternative for optimizing the trade-off between Type I and Type II errors. By combining prior information with observed data to form a posterior distribution and minimizing a loss function that explicitly quantifies the consequences of decisions, the optimal decision rule emerges naturally and balances posterior evidence against asymmetric error costs. A detailed case study in medical diagnostics illustrates the practical advantages of this approach, demonstrating how optimal decisions change when the severity of errors is explicitly taken into account. The paper argues that the Bayesian framework provides a more coherent, flexible, and context-sensitive methodology for statistical decision-making, moving beyond the limitations imposed by a fixed α.
Social Media Utilisation in Institutional Communication: A Conceptual Analysis Gbaden, Chiakaan Jacob; Robert, Happiness Dah
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 6 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i6.7997

Abstract

Social media has fundamentally transformed institutional communication, reshaping how organisations construct meaning, engage stakeholders, and sustain legitimacy. This conceptual paper examines the utilisation of social media in institutional communication, with particular emphasis on tertiary institutions, by drawing on the Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT) and the Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI) to integrate audience-centred and innovation-centred perspectives on institutional adoption and user engagement. The analysis argues that social media has disrupted traditional, top-down communication models and enabled participatory, dialogic interactions that foreground transparency, immediacy, and co-creation. It identifies critical conceptual shifts from managerial to relational communication, from episodic to continuous engagement, and from closed to permeable communicative environments, while highlighting the ethical, strategic, and governance implications of these transformations. Particular attention is given to developing contexts such as Nigeria, where uneven institutional digital capacities and regulatory frameworks shape the dynamics of social media use in tertiary institutions. The paper contends that social media now constitutes a core dimension of institutional identity and legitimacy, thereby demanding new theoretical, methodological, and professional orientations. It concludes by outlining future research directions, including comparative studies, digital legitimacy assessments, and critical examinations of artificial intelligence in institutional communication, thereby advancing a holistic framework for understanding social media’s evolving role in institutional discourse and underscoring the need for adaptive communication theories and practices in a networked public sphere.
Rethinking Public Relations Campaigns as a Strategic Tool for Tourism Promotion in Taraba State: A Conceptual Approach Gambo, Sarah; Danjuma, Mercy
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 6 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i6.7998

Abstract

Tourism has become a critical driver of economic growth, cultural exchange, and community development, yet Taraba State, despite its rich natural and cultural resources, remains one of Nigeria’s least promoted tourist destinations. This conceptual paper examines how public relations (PR) can be reimagined as a strategic instrument for advancing tourism promotion in Taraba State. Drawing on Strategic Communication Theory and Destination Image Theory, it develops a conceptual model that integrates four interrelated components: strategic communication, destination branding, stakeholder engagement, and integrated media application. Through a synthesis of literature on tourism communication, destination branding, and stakeholder collaboration, the paper argues that effective PR extends beyond mere publicity to strategically shape perceptions, reinforce destination identity, and cultivate sustainable relationships among key stakeholders. It further highlights how coordinated PR strategies, supported by integrated media that combine traditional and digital platforms, can enhance destination visibility, foster two-way communication, and sustain audience engagement, thereby positioning Taraba as a recognised and competitive tourism hub. The paper concludes that institutionalising tourism communication policy, strengthening public–private partnerships, and implementing sustainable, culturally grounded PR campaigns are essential for repositioning Taraba’s tourism sector, and that the proposed, theoretically grounded framework tailored to the Nigerian context contributes to scholarly and practical debates on the role of public relations in tourism development in emerging destinations.
Disciplinary Strategies, Corruption Control and the Performance of the Nigeria Police Force in Owerri Metropolis Nnajieto, Augustina Onyedikachi; Nnajieto, Charles Chibuzor
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 6 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i6.8121

Abstract

This study examines disciplinary strategies, corruption control, and the performance of the Nigeria Police Force in Owerri Metropolis against the backdrop of growing concerns over indiscipline and misconduct among police officers, which have eroded public trust and undermined effective law enforcement. The objective is to assess how disciplinary measures influence performance, professionalism, and integrity within the Force. Guided by three research objectives, questions, and hypotheses and anchored in Ethics and Reinforcement theories, the study surveyed a population of 850 officers, from which a sample of 272 was selected using the Taro Yamane formula. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analysed using frequency distributions, simple percentages, and chi-square statistical tests. The findings indicate that disciplinary strategies, including the suspension of fraudulent officers, demotion of dishonest officers, and dismissal of untrustworthy officers, significantly enhance the performance of the Nigeria Police Force in Owerri Metropolis by promoting accountability and deterring misconduct. The study concludes that robust, consistently enforced disciplinary measures are critical for strengthening professionalism, integrity, and public confidence in the police. It recommends improved welfare packages to reduce disciplinary infractions and enhance morale, restructuring and sanitizing the police force to foster ethical conduct and public trust, periodic training on human rights, community policing, and conflict resolution, as well as a more rigorous recruitment process to prevent the enlistment of individuals with questionable character.
Systematic Literature Review: Inquiry-Based Approaches and Educational Games in Elementary School Mathematics Learning Juniarta, I Wayan Dika; Astawa, I Wayan Puja; Sudiarta, I Gusti Putu
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 6 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i6.8208

Abstract

Although inquiry-based learning and educational game–based instruction have received increasing attention in prior studies, research specifically examining how both approaches can be systematically integrated to enhance conceptual understanding in elementary mathematics remains limited. This study aims to synthesize empirical evidence on the pedagogical alignment, effectiveness, and implementation challenges of combining guided inquiry and educational games in primary mathematics education. A qualitative systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted using the PRISMA framework, yielding a set of eligible articles selected through predefined inclusion criteria. Data were collected through structured document analysis and examined using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and relationships across studies. The findings indicate that guided inquiry and educational games exhibit strong pedagogical compatibility, with game features such as real-time feedback, adaptive challenges, and exploratory simulations reinforcing core inquiry processes. Integrated models were found to improve conceptual understanding, motivation, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills, while key challenges relate to teacher readiness, classroom management constraints, and limited technological access. Theoretically, these results contribute to the development of constructivist and inquiry-based learning frameworks and deepen understanding of how digital tools can support conceptual mathematics learning in early education. The study concludes that integrating guided inquiry with educational games offers a powerful and engaging learning environment for young learners and recommends that educators, curriculum designers, and policymakers adopt evidence-based integration strategies and invest in teacher training and digital infrastructure. The implications of this research include strengthened theoretical foundations for game-supported inquiry learning and practical recommendations for improving elementary mathematics instruction, while also highlighting opportunities for future research on model validation, long-term learning impacts, and culturally responsive game design.
Object-Oriented Programming: Foundations, Evolution, and Industrial Applications Durán, Keyri Daniela Sánchez
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 4 No 1 (2026): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v4i1.8093

Abstract

Although Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is widely adopted, a consolidated review that systematically analyzes its foundational principles, historical evolution, industrial applications, and inherent limitations remains valuable for new developers and practitioners. This study aims to analyze and comprehensively understand the fundamentals of OOP, highlighting its relevance and applications in contemporary software development. A documentary research approach was employed using systematic literature analysis to synthesize core concepts, major historical milestones, and practical industry applications, based on academic and technical sources examined through descriptive and comparative analysis. The findings indicate that OOP rests on four key principles: encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction, and that the paradigm evolved historically from its early emergence in Simula in the 1960s to its consolidation in languages such as Java in 1995, followed by its expansion through modern languages including Python and C#. In practice, OOP is critically applied in diverse domains such as video game development, corporate software systems (e.g., ERP and CRM), and Artificial Intelligence, where modular design and code reuse are essential. The study concludes that OOP principles enable the creation of modular, reusable, and scalable systems that are crucial for addressing contemporary software complexity, despite challenges such as a steep learning curve and the need for meticulous design and planning. The implications of this research include theoretical contributions to the understanding of foundational programming paradigms and practical recommendations for adopting a structured, object-centric design philosophy in software development.
Assessment of High Electricity Tariffs on Government Hospitals in Anambra State: Challenges, Cost Implications, Way Forward, and Policy Options for Affordable Energy Ignatius, Ibekwe Arinze; Akabuike, Josephat Chukwudi; Maryann, Ibekwe Adaobi; Vivian, Nwauzor Chioma; Francis, Ibekwe Chukwubuikem; Akabuike, Nkiru Ugochukwu
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 4 No 1 (2026): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v4i1.8116

Abstract

The deregulation of the Nigerian power sector and the subsequent 2024 Multi-Year Tariff Order (MYTO) issued by NERC have precipitated a financial crisis for public institutions, as illustrated by the reclassification of government hospitals in Anambra State into “Band A” feeders, which triggered a tariff surge from ~₦68/kWh to ~₦217/kWh and effectively disregarded the social service nature of healthcare. This study assesses the financial and operational impact of these high electricity tariffs on government hospitals in Anambra State, specifically NAUTH and COOUTH, and validates the observed patterns against national trends. Adopting a mixed-methods research design, the study combines a descriptive cross-sectional survey of 12 key administrative informants with a retrospective cost analysis of energy bills from 2023 to 2024, complemented by a comparative digital verification using internet archives to benchmark local findings against reported energy crises in other tertiary institutions such as UCH Ibadan and LUTH. The findings establish a 230.8% increase in grid energy costs after April 2024; despite the “Band A” service promise, the hospitals still rely on diesel generators for 4–6 hours daily at an average cost of ₦1,400 per liter, resulting in energy expenditures consuming 40–60% of hospital overheads. Internet-based comparative analysis confirms that this represents a systemic national crisis, as peer institutions face the risk of disconnection due to similar debt profiles. The study concludes that the current commercial tariff model is unsustainable for public health parastatals and underscores the need for urgent regulatory and infrastructural responses. It recommends immediate intervention by the Anambra State Electricity Regulatory Commission (ASERC) to implement a subsidized “Social Health Tariff,” alongside a strategic migration to embedded solar-hybrid mini-grids to safeguard energy security and ensure the financial viability of affordable healthcare delivery.
Comparison of CNN and CNN-LSTM Performance in Facial Expression Classification Based on FER2013 Dataset Savitri, Putu Ananda Adi; Permana, Agus Aan Jiwa; Puspa Dewi, Ni Putu Novita
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 4 No 1 (2026): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v4i1.8252

Abstract

Although facial expression recognition (FER) using deep learning has received increasing attention in prior studies, research specifically addressing the comparative effectiveness of sequential modeling on static image data remains limited. This study aims to evaluate and compare the performance of a pure Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model and a hybrid CNN–Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) model in classifying seven basic facial expressions using the static FER2013 dataset. A quantitative experimental approach with a comparative study design was employed, utilizing the publicly available FER2013 dataset and two custom deep learning architectures. Data were obtained from FER2013 and model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC-ROC metrics. The findings indicate that the pure CNN model significantly outperformed the CNN-LSTM model, achieving a testing accuracy of 63.25% compared to 46.82% for the hybrid model; the CNN provided strong discrimination for visually distinct classes but continued to struggle with visually similar expressions. These results contribute to the theoretical development of deep learning architecture selection and expand understanding of the application of sequence models to static data. The study concludes that data characteristics (static versus temporal) play a crucial role in determining model effectiveness, and that for static datasets such as FER2013, a pure CNN constitutes the more appropriate choice. The implications of this research include theoretical contributions to the growing literature on deep learning-based FER and practical recommendations for developers to prioritize CNN architectures for non-temporal image classification tasks, while also highlighting opportunities for future research on transfer learning and attention mechanisms to better capture subtle expression nuances.
Valorisation of Waste Tires by Pyrolysis in the Republic of Congo Berry, Ulrich; Motoula, Smael Magloire Elombo; Samba, Réné Evrard Josué
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 4 No 1 (2026): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v4i1.8699

Abstract

The pyrolysis of waste tires represents an effective strategy for simultaneous energy recovery and waste reduction, yet further empirical characterization of the resulting pyrolytic oil is needed to assess its suitability as an alternative fuel. This study aims to obtain pyrolytic oil from end-of-life tires and analyze its main physical characteristics to evaluate its potential for energy applications. The oil produced by pyrolysis exhibits a density of 769.4 kg/m³, a specific gravity of 0.7694, a low kinematic viscosity of 1.5 cSt, and a slightly acidic pH of 4, values that are consistent with those reported in the literature. These characteristics indicate a high proportion of light hydrocarbons, suggesting that the oil is suitable for use as a fuel or as a fuel additive. Observed variations compared with other studies highlight the influence of tire composition and pyrolysis conditions on the quality and properties of the obtained oil, underlining the importance of process optimization. Overall, the findings confirm that tire pyrolysis is a promising method for energy recovery from waste tires, providing a sustainable pathway for hydrocarbon production while contributing to improved solid waste management and resource valorization.

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