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Amerta
Published by BRIN Publishing
ISSN : 02151324     EISSN : 25498908     DOI : https://doi.org/10.55981/amt
Core Subject : Religion, Humanities, Education, Art, Social,
Religion Arts Humanities Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences
Starting at Volume 40 Number 2 December 2022, AMERTA’s objective is to promote the wide dissemination of the results of systematic scholarly inquiries into the broad field of archaeological research in proto-history and history chronology themes in the Indonesian Archipelago. The primary, but not exclusive, audiences are researchers, academicians, graduate students, practitioners, and others interested in archaeological research. AMERTA accepts original articles on historical archaeology-related subjects and any research methodology that meets the standards established for publication in the journal. Papers published in the journal may cover a wide range of topics in historical archaeology, including, but not limited to: 1. Field of archaeological findings in Indonesia’s Proto History, Hindu-Buddhist, Islam, and Colonial periods; 2. New theoretical and methodological analyses; 3. Synthetic overviews of topics in the field of historical archaeology.
Arjuna Subject : Seni dan Humaniora - Arkeologi
Articles 727 Documents
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF POTTERY MAKING TRADITIONS AND MARITIME NETWORKS DURING THE EARLY METAL AGE IN NORTHERN MALUKU ISLANDS Ono, Rintaro; Aziz, Fadhila Arifin; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Ririmasse, Marlon; Iriyanto, Nurachman; Zesse , Irwansyah B.; Tanaka, Kazuhiko
AMERTA Vol. 35 No. 2 (2017)
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Abstrak. Perkembangan Tradisi Pembuatan Tembikar dan Jejaring Maritim pada Masa Logam Awal di Bagian Utara Kepulauan Maluku. Selama masa Pasca-Neolitik atau Zaman Logam Awal setelah 2300 sampai 2000 tahun BP di Wallacea, migrasi manusia dan jaringan maritime menjadi lebih berkembang. Melalui bukti linguistik, misalnya, trans-migrasi oleh kelompok berbahasa Austronesia dan kelompok berbahasa Papua, atau bukti arkeologi seperti perluasan dan pengembangan tembikar yang memiliki kemiripan, membuat tradisi ini menjadi bukti sejarah adanya perdagangan rempah-rempah dengan Cina, India dan lebih jauh ke arah barat dalam studi kasus di Maluku. Kedatangan budaya logam (baik perunggu maupun besi) dan bahan kaca dinilai penting karena mungkin menunjukkan pengembangan lebih lanjut jejaringan migrasi manusia dan perdagangan yang aktif di wilayah ini. Dengan berpijak pada pemahaman tersebut, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan bukti-bukti kedatangan budaya logam di Maluku Utara sebagai indikasi jaringan migrasi dan perdagangan masa lalu. Ekskavasi sebagai pendekatan penelitian dilakukan pada situs baru di Maluku Utara antara tahun 2012-2014. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa Situs terbuka Gorua di pesisir timur laut Pulau Halmahera (Kabupaten Tobelo) merupakan salah satu dari situs-situs tersebut yang berumur sekitar 2300-2000 tahun BP (atau 300-50 SM). Sekaligus menjadi penanda perkembangan pembuatan tembikar dan pola jaringan maritim di Kawasan Maluku Utara pada Masa Paleometalik/Perundagian. Kata Kunci: Tembikar, Jejaring Maritim, Masa awal Logam, Maluku Utara Abstract. During the post Neolithic times or Early Metal Age, after 2300 to 2000 years BP, in Wallacea human migrations and maritime networks were more developed. Through linguistic evidence, for instance the trans-migration by Austronesian-speaking groups and Papuan-speaking groups, or archaeological evidences such as expansion and development of similar pottery, make the traditions a historical evidence for the spice trade with China, India, and further west for the Maluku case. The arrival of metal (both bronze and iron) and glass materials is also considered important due to the fact that it possibly shows further development of active human migrations and trade networks in that region. On the basis of such backgrounds and understanding, the aim of this research is to uncover evidences of the arrival of metal culture in Northern Maluku as an indication of migration and trade networks in the past. Excavations an approach in this research were carried out at some new sites in Northern Maluku during 2012-2014. Results show that an open site, Gorua, on the the northeastern coast of Halmahera Island (Tobelo Regency) is one of such sites, which dates to around 2300-2000 years BP (or 300-50 BC). It also marks the development of pottery-making and the pattern of maritime network within the Northern Maluku Islands during the Early Metal Age. Keywords: Pottery, Maritime Networks, Early Metal Age, Northern Maluku
BHIMA DAN TOYA PAWITRA DALAM CERITA “DEWA RUCI” Santiko, Hariani
AMERTA Vol. 35 No. 2 (2017)
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Abstract. Bhima and "Toya Pawitra" in The Dewa Ruci Story. A number of statues and also reliefs of Bhima were found at the slope of mountains nearby the terrace sanctuaries from the Majapahit era. Besides the artefactual data, there is also a story known as Dewa Ruci, telling about Bhima being told by Drona to go to Candramuka Mountain and also to the wide ocean in search of the water of life (“toya pawitra”). Suddenly he met Dewa Ruci, who looks like Bhima but much smaller. Dewa Ruci explains to Bhima about the doctrine of the perfect life according to Saiwasiddhanta teaching, and also the relationship between man, God and universe in terms of monistic mysticism. The purpose of writing this article is to find out the result of the meeting between Bhima and Dewa Ruci. In this case I use the Historical-Archaeology and also the phenomenology method to understand the symptoms within culture, including archaeology. By talking to his Guru, Dewa Ruci, Bhima the ordinary Pandawa’s warrior became a Divine Guru in the world, who can give guidance to men who want to attain eternal unity between Servant and the Lord/God. Keywords: Toya pawitra, Lengkung Kala-mṛga, Bhima-bungkus, Sang Hyang Mahasukṣma Abstrak. Tinggalan arkeologi berupa arca dan relief Bhima banyak ditemukan di sekitar bangunan berundak teras di lereng-lereng gunung pada masa Majapahit Akhir. Di samping data artefaktual itu, terdapat sebuah cerita, yaitu cerita “Dewa Ruci”, yang sangat terkait dengan tokoh Bhima. Dalam cerita tersebut, Bhima disuruh Drona mencari toya pawitra ‘air penghidupan’ di Gunung Candramuka dan juga di tengah laut. Pada waktu itu muncul tokoh Dewa Ruci yang mirip Bhima, namun sangat kecil ukurannya. Ia memberi penjelasan (wejangan) tentang rahasia hidup yang terkait dengan ajaran agama Saiwasiddhanta dan Bhima dianggap berhasil menghadapi berbagai kesulitan dan tantangan kehidupan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode fenomenologi atau metode “mengerti”, metode yang mengungkapkan makna berbagai gejala yang terkandung dalam kebudayaan, termasuk arkeologi. Pendekatan yang dipakai adalah pendekatan arkeologi sejarah dengan menggunakan data aktefaktual dan data tekstual. Bhima yang pada awalnya adalah seorang pahlawan Pandawa, setelah bertemu dengan gurunya, Dewa Ruci, menjadi tokoh anutan atau semacam guru bagi mereka yang sedang menempuh “perjalanan spiritual” untuk mencari, bertemu, dan bersatu kembali dengan Tuhan. Kata Kunci: Toya pawitra, Lengkung Kala-mṛga, Bhima-bungkus, Sang Hyang Mahasukṣma
PELESTARIAN TINGGALAN BUDAYA BAWAH AIR: PEMANFAATAN KAPAL KARAM SEBAGAI DAYA TARIK WISATA SELAM Ardiwidjaja, Roby
AMERTA Vol. 35 No. 2 (2017)
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Abstract. Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage: Shipwreck as a Diving Attraction. Indonesia is the largest archipelago country in the world; two thirds of its territory is the sea. One of President Jokowi's missions is that the government will focus more on Indonesian maritime strategic thinking, by implementing the concept of "Global Maritime Fulcrum." The keys to make it happen are embodied in two important pillars of the five-pillar concept, namely maritime culture revitalization and marine resource management. Marine-based sustainable tourism development is to be conducted with a synergy between reinforcing maritime culture and utilizing marine resources. The problem is, on one side, is that the condition of coral reef ecosystem as a diving attraction has deteriorated due to human activities. On the other side, the underwater cultural resources have not been optimally utilized, and are often taken illegally. This research intends to present a general overview about utilization of underwater cultural heritages as diving tourism attraction, using method of literature study. Many references mention that the territorial waters of Indonesia in the past were important international vessel shipping lanes, as evidenced by the number of shipwrecked artifacts discovered by fishermen or stolen by treasure seekers. The availability of underwater cultural resources underwater such as shipwrecks and the declining quality of coral reefs can be utilized as a marine tourism attraction, particularly diving, while we also attempt to preserve marine cultural heritage. Keywords: Preservation, Shipwreck, Attraction, Marine Tourism Abstrak. Indonesia adalah negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia. Dua pertiga dari wilayahnya adalah laut. Salah satu misi Presiden Jokowi, Pemerintah Indonesia akan lebih fokus pada pemikiran strategis maritim Indonesia dengan mengimplementasikan konsep Global Maritime Fulcrum (Poros Maritim Dunia). Kunci keberhasilan untuk mewujudkannya telah tertuang dalam dua pilar penting dari konsep lima pilar, yaitu membangun kembali budaya maritim dan mengelola sumber daya kelautan. Pembangunan pariwisata berkelanjutan berbasis bahari dilakukan dengan sinergi antara memperkuat budaya bahari dan pemanfaatan sumber daya kelautan. Permasalahannya di satu sisi bahwa kondisi ekosistem terumbu karang sebagai atraksi selam semakin memburuk akibat ulah manusia. Pada sisi lain sumber daya tinggalan budaya bawah air belum optimal dimanfaatkan, bahkan seringkali diambil secara ilegal. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran tentang pemanfaatan warisan budaya bawah air sebagai daya tarik wisata selam. Metode yang digunakan ialah kajian kepustakaan. Wilayah perairan Indonesia pada masa lalu merupakan jalur pelayaran kapal internasional yang penting. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan banyaknya artefak kapal karam ditemukan oleh nelayan atau dicuri oleh pencari harta karun. Ketersediaan sumber daya budaya tinggalan bawah air seperti kapal-kapal karam dan menurunannya kualitas terumbu karang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai daya tarik wisata bahari khususnya selam, sekaligus upaya pelestarian warisan budaya bahari. Kata Kunci: Pelestarian, Kapal Karam, Atraksi, Wisata Bahari
Appendix Amerta Volume 35, Nomor 2, Tahun 2017 Redaksi Amerta
AMERTA Vol. 35 No. 2 (2017)
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Back Cover Amerta Volume 35, Nomor 2, Tahun 2017 Redaksi Amerta
AMERTA Vol. 35 No. 2 (2017)
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TEMUAN FOSIL POLEN PADA SEDIMEN DI DASAR PERAIRAN DANAU CANGKUANG (POLLEN FOSSILS IN THE SEDIMENT DEPOSIT AT THE BASE OF THE CANGKUANG LAKE) S, Arfian
AMERTA Vol. 24 No. 1 (2006)
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ABSTRAK. Analisis fosil polen telah dilakukan terhadap contoh-contoh tanah yang diambil dari dasar perairan Danau Cangkuang untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis tumbuhan yang hidup pada masa lampau di daerah sekitar danau tersebut. Dari hasil pengamatan yang dilakukan, didapatkan 1250 butir fosil polen dan spora yang berasal dari berbagai macam famili tumbuhan. Identifikasi dan determinasi terhadap spesimen fosil polen dan spora yang didapatkan, diketahui bahwa butir-butir polen dan spora tersebut berasal dari jenis-jenis famili tumbuhan yang tergolong kedalam tiga kelompok tumbuhan utama, yaitu kelompok tumbuhan berbiji terbuka (Gymnospermae) sebanyak 3 jenis famili, kelompok tumbuhan berbiji tertutup (Angiospermae) sebanyak 21 jenis famili, dan kelompok tumbuhan paku-pakuan (Pteridophyta) sebanyak 2 jenis famili. Oleh karena kelompok Anggiospermae merupakan kelompok yang dominan ditemukan, maka kelompok ini merupakan penentu kondisi lingkungan vegetasi masa lampau di daerah sekitar Danau Cangkuang Dari 21 jenis famili dari kelompok Angiospermae yang didapatkan, umumnya hidup berupa terna dan perdu/semak, sedangkan jenis pohon atau tumbuhan lain sedikit ditemukan. Keadaan ini memberikan suatu gambaran bahwa pada masa lampau lingkungan di sekitar Danau Cangkuang merupakan lingkungari vegetasi yang agak terbuka, keadaan ini sangat membantu manusia dalam membuka lahan untuk tempat bermukim. Disamping itu jenis-jenis famili tumbuhan yang tersebut umumnya dapat bermanfaat dalam memenuhi kebutuhan bahan pangan dan obat-obatan bagi manusia. Hal inilah mungkin salah satu sebab mengapa daerah sekitar Danau Cangkuang dipilih sebagai tempat bermukim oleh manusia pada masa lampau. Berdasarkan ketinggian letak Danau Cangkuang kurang 1000 meter dari atas permukaan laut, dan jenis-jenis dari famili tumbuhan yang ditemukan, Kartawinata (1976) berpendapat lingkungan vegetasi di daerah sekitar Danau Cangkuang pada masa lampau termasuk dalam tipe ekosistem "Hutan non Dipterocarpaceae". Secara umum tipe ekosistem ini tidak berubah sejak berlangsungnya hunian di daerah ini hingga masa sekarang, hanya saja pada masa sekarang daerah ini lebih terbuka lagi karena kebutuhan lahan untuk perkembangan usaha pertanian dan pertambahan pemukiman manusia. ABSTRACT. Pollen Fossils in the Sediment Deposit at the Base of the Cangkuang Lake. Pollen fosil analysis had been done to soil examples which were token from the base of Cangkuang lake to detect plant species that lived in the past in that lake's area. From the result of that observation, we get 1250 of pollen fosil grains and spores that come from various plant families. Identification and determination of speciment pollen fosils and spores that show that all of that pollen and spore's grains come from various plant families that are classified into 3 groups of plants, that are opened seeds plant (Gymnospermae) 3 families, closed seeds plants (Angiospermae) 21 families, and nail plants (Pteridophyta) 2 families. Because angiospermae is the group which is dominantly found this group are the determiner of environment condition in the past in Cangkuang lake area. From 21 genre of famili from angiospermae group which we got, they generally live as bushes, while the other genre of tree or other plants are tonly found a few. This condition gave an inspiration that in past the Cangkuang lake vegetation area was a little opened. This condition also help human to open the land to be establised. Besides that, that varieties of plant families are usually ful use to fulfill the need of food and medicine for human. This becames one of the reasons why that Cangkuang lake are selected as the place to live by the human in the past. Based on the height of Cangkuang lake that is less than 1000 m from the sea, and genre from plants family that were found, according to Kartawinata (1976) Cangkuang lake area in the past belongs to the "Hutan non Dipterocarpaceae" ecosystem type. This type of ecosystem didn't change since the initial existence of the area until now, but today this area is more opened because of the needs of lands for agriculture and human settlement. Keyword: Pollen; Sedimen; Cangkuang Lake.
RESOLUSI KONFLIK PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA ARKEOLOGI DI INDONESIA: SUATU KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL (RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS REGARDING THE UTILIZATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURES IN INDONESIA: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK) Sulistyanto, Bambang
AMERTA Vol. 24 No. 1 (2006)
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ABSTRAK. Sejak era reformasi tahun 1999, masyarakat Indonesia telah mengalami pencerdasan dan pencerahan yang luar biasa. Selain itu, masyarakat kini semakin menjadi sadar akan hak-haknya dalam konteks memaknai warisan leluhurnya. Oleh karena itu tidak mengherankan, dalam urusan pengelolaan sumberdaya arkeologi, mereka tidak lagi bersikap apatis seperti yang terjadi pada masa orde baru. Sebaliknya pada masa otonomi daerah ini, mereka lebih bersikap proaktif dan bahkan mulai menuntut hak-haknya untuk ikut terlibatkan dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya arkeologi. Sebagai akibatnya, muncul berbagai konflik pemanfaatan yang akhir-akhir ini sering terjadi di berbagai tempat khususnya pada situs-situs yang menjadi pusat perhatian masyarakat luas. Banyak faktor penyebab munculnya konflik pemanfaatan sumberdaya arkeologi baik secara kultural maupun struktural. Tetapi faktor penyebab tersebut tidak dapat dilihat secara sepihak, karena dilatarbelakangi oleh sejarah sistem pengelolaan warisan budaya yang selama ini masih mengikuti pola kolonial dan beberapa factor perubahan sosial budaya dan politik yang sangat rumit dan cepat, sehingga solusi pemecahannya pun diperlukan kebijakan ekstra yang tidak mudah. Demikian pula, faktor penyebab konflik yang terjadi di berbagai tempat tidaklah sama, sehingga dalam penanganannya diperlukan strategi resolusi konflik yang sesuai dengan akar permasalahan pada masing-masing daerah tersebut. Secara konseptual resolusi konflik pada hakekatnya lebih merupakan proses penghapusan konflik melalui metode analitis dan mampu menjangkau akar permasalahan. Resolusi konflik juga merupakan solusi yang bersifat permanen terhadap suatu problematik yang melibatkan dua pihak atau lebih di dalam suatu konteks pemanfaatan sumberdaya arkeologi yang khusus.   ABSTRACT. Resolution of Conflicts regarding the Utilization of Archaeological Resources in Indonesia: A Conceptual Framework. The people of Indonesia have become more educated and cultured, since the beginning of the reformation period in 1999. Further effect of reformation is the awareness of the rights of the people of Indonesia to present the significance of their cultural heritages. Therefore, it is understandable that the people of Indonesia are more conscious dynamic in regard to the management of archaeological resources than that of the new order before 1999. Since the commencement of the regional autonomy, the people of Indonesia have become pro-active and began to claim their rights for involvement in managing the archaeological resources. This circumstance has resulted numerous of conflicts of benefiting from the archaeological resources in various regions, especially at sites which attract public interest. The conflict of benefiting from the archaeological resources is caused by a variety of aspects, cultural and structural. However, these aspects cannot be examined independently. The history of cultural heritage management indicate that 1) the system which have been used up to the present adhere to the colonial pattern constructed before the independence of Indonesia in 1945; and 2) A number of complicated and rapid change of social, culture, and politics aspects have also affected the conflict of interests. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an admirable policy to solve this problematical issue. Moreover, the conflict that occurred in each place is also caused by aspect particular to that place. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a strategic resolution to manage the conflicts taken place in every specific region. Conceptually, the essence of resolution for conflicts is a process of eliminating conflicts by way of analytical method that enable to reach the roots of problems. The resolution for conflicts is also a permanent solution for solving a problem between two parties or more in regard to a specific benefiting from archaeological resources.
PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM: PENDUKUNG AKTIVITAS BUDAYA MEGALITIK DI SITUS LOLAH, KECAMATAN TOMBARIRI, KABUPATEN MINAHASA, PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA (THE EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: THE SUBSISTENCE OF THE BEARERS OF THE MEGALITHIC CULTURE AT THE...) Abdillah, Dariusman
AMERTA Vol. 24 No. 1 (2006)
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ABSTRACT. The Exploitation of Natural Resources: The Subsistence of the Bearers of the Megalithic Culture at the site of Lolah, Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province. Lolah sites is one of sites of exist in North Celebes which owning data from pickings of human life of past that is some waruga, menhir, dakon stones, ceramic fragments and also the swampy forest ceramic fragment around waruga. Arrange situation from this building megalithic do not refer into one certain pattern seen in distance of among waruga which is one with unequal other and disseminate. Substance artifact source petrify exist in this sites there are not far from location sites and in number which is a lot of even abundance. Rock used to menhir selected by a forms come near or as according to its allotment without change or form it totally. Substance from waruga of located in River Panaiki walls in west side of countryside Lemoh. Rock which is laid bare in the river Panaiki walls have equality with elementary substance of Waruga of exist in sites, beside that at the river is also met by the footstep existence of ex-base relief. Relied on the footstep hence can said that by this making waruga is conducted in place this substance source or rock reside in. After becoming grave form petrifies the desired is then brought to location sites. From result analyze physical which have been conducted can be said that by this election substance is relied on by its physical condition having high absorption, is easy to chiseled by because having hardness 2-3 Mosch scale. Even though the physical condition from this rock tuff, compact still and strong. From result of perception of geology known that by rocks of farm of Sites Lolah is congelation rock of young volcanic that is Pleistocene of early Holocene of Early Regional Morphology of sites and its surroundings represent a hilly with many rivers having the character of periodic, so that can be said that by accomplishment of adequate amount of water required here. That way also with level of fertility of land in this region is very conducive to make it as area plantation. Others the availability plant of elementary forest upon which inaker of wooden house very support for creation of settlement of resident in the region. In election of substance of maker of artifact stone, good that substance of maker of Waruga and also Menhir at past, have considered some aspect among other things is quality of substance as well as election of substance as according to its allotment.
PEMUKIMAN DI LINGKUNGAN BIARO (STUDI TERHADAP BIARO MANGALEDANG, PADANG LAWAS) (THE SETTLEMENT WITHIN THE BIARO AREA (A STUDY ON BIARO MANGALEDANG AT PADANG LAWAS)) Susetyo, Sukawati
AMERTA Vol. 24 No. 1 (2006)
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ABSTRAK. Biaro Mangaledang merupakan salah satu bagian dari percandian Padang Lawas yang secara administrasi berada di Dusun Torna Tambang, Desa Mangaledang Godang, Kecamatan Portibi, Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan. Sebagai sebuah bangunan pemujaan yang difungsikan pada sekitar abad ke 11-14 tentu saja ada yang mengelola bangunan tersebut yaitu merawat dan menggunakannya. Untuk itulah dalam tulisan ini dicoba mencari tahu apakah ada permukiman kuna di lingkungan biaro. Berdasarkan hasil test-pit di beberapa lokasi yang diduga sebagai tempat bermukim ditemukan indikasi adanya permukiman yang sejaman dengan Biaro Mangaledang berupa fragmen keramik Cina abad ke-10-14 M, yaitu dari masa Dinasti Song abad ke-10- 13 M serta Dinasti Yuan abad ke-13-14 M. Namun demikian karena lokasi temuan berada sangat dekat dengan Sungai Sirumambe (berjarak 50 meter) masih diragukan apakah artefak tersebut in-situ. Keraguan didasarkan pada lapisan tanah berupa hamparan kerakal menyerupai bekas sungai (lama?), yang menimbulkan dugaan bahwa artefak tersebut terbawa oleh banjir. Tulisan ini belum dapat menyimpulkan siapa yang bermukim di lokasi tersebut, hanya dapat memberikan gambaran bahwa permukiman kuno di sekitar Biaro Mangaledang memang ada. ABSTRACT. The Settlement within the Biaro Area (A Study on Biaro Mangaledang at Padang Lawas). Mangaledang biaro is a sanctuary building that was used in 11-14th century AD. The biaro was a part of Padang Lawas temples that is administratively located at Dusun Torna Tambang, Desa Mangaledang Godang. Kecamatan Portibi in South Tapanuli. In this paper, it would be analyzed the correlation between the ceramic- earthenwares found with the possibility of people living according to the test-pit in the vicinity of the biaro. The ceramics are known from Yuan and Song Dynasty from China in the same century era as the biaro, 10-13th AD and 13-14th AD respectively. Due to the fact that the location of artefacts found were near to the Sirumambe river, which is about 50 meters from the biaro, and the other facts which indicated of flood. This research it is still hard to conclude if there were people living around the biaro.
AGTA AND PUNAN: SURVIVING HUNTER-GATHERERS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (AGTA DAN PUNAN: SISA-SISA POPULASI PEMBURU DAN PERAMU DI ASIA TENGGARA) Kusmartono, Vida Pervaya Rusianti
AMERTA Vol. 24 No. 1 (2006)
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