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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Published by Pustaka Media Publishing
ISSN : -     EISSN : 30255244     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy (IJSP) accepts scientific articles as original research articles, short communication, reviews, and mini-reviews from anyone without any discrimination, as long as they submit articles that meet scientific principles. Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy publishes various scientific articles covering Science and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences. The following are the field within the scope of Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy: Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacology-Toxicology, Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, Pharmaceuticals, Analytical Pharmacy-Medicinal Chemistry, Natural Product Development, Management Pharmacy, Clinical-Community Pharmacy, Microbiology Pharmacy.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 57 Documents
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Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Syzygium polyanthum Extract and Their Antioxidant Potential via DPPH Assay Nasution, Shamila Sufi Aulia; Miswanda, Dikki; Ridwanto, Ridwanto; Dalimunthe, Gabena Indrayani
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v3i1.117

Abstract

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have gained attention for their cost-effective synthesis and potent antioxidant properties, offering a promising approach to address the bioavailability challenges of herbal medicines. This study investigates the green synthesis of CuNPs using bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp.) extract as a bioreductor and evaluates their antioxidant activity via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Bay leaf extract, rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, was prepared through heating extraction and mixed with copper nitrate (CuNO₃) at varying ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4). The formation of CuNPs was confirmed by a color change from yellow to greenish-brown after 24 hours, with particle sizes ranging from 527.48 nm to 3256.81 nm, as determined by Particle Size Analysis (PSA). UV-Vis spectrophotometry verified the reduction of Cu⁺ ions, with Cu concentrations decreasing post-synthesis. The antioxidant activity of CuNPs exhibited an IC₅₀ value of 15.49 ppm, classified as very strong, compared to 72.09 ppm for the bay leaf extract alone (strong) and 13.82 ppm for vitamin C (very strong). These results demonstrate that bay leaf extract-mediated CuNPs possess enhanced antioxidant potential, highlighting the efficacy of green synthesis in producing bioactive nanoparticles for potential therapeutic applications.
Formulation and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Suspensions Using Hemicellulose Extracted from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Savika, Anggraini; Miswanda, Dikki; Lubis, Minda Sari; Dalimunthe, Gabena Indrayani
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v3i1.113

Abstract

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), a major solid waste from palm oil processing, represent a rich source of lignocellulosic biomass that can be valorized into high-value bioproducts. This study aimed to isolate hemicellulose from OPEFB and evaluate its potential as a natural suspending agent in pharmaceutical suspension formulations, either alone or in combination with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na). A series of formulations (F0–F5) were prepared and characterized for organoleptic properties, pH, density, viscosity, sedimentation volume, and redispersibility over seven days of storage. The results showed that suspensions containing OPEFB hemicellulose exhibited acceptable sensory characteristics, stable pH values (5–7), and densities above 1.00 g/mL. The addition of hemicellulose and CMC-Na significantly increased viscosity (up to 683.5 cP) and improved sedimentation stability, with sedimentation volumes reaching 0.22 and redispersibility up to 90% in formulations F2 and F3. These findings indicate a synergistic effect between hemicellulose and CMC-Na, enhancing suspension uniformity and preventing particle aggregation without compromising flowability. In conclusion, OPEFB-derived hemicellulose demonstrates excellent potential as a biodegradable and eco-friendly suspending agent for pharmaceutical suspensions. Its use not only improves formulation stability but also promotes the sustainable utilization of palm oil industry waste in green pharmaceutical product development. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), a major solid waste from palm oil processing, represent a rich source of lignocellulosic biomass that can be valorized into high-value bioproducts. This study aimed to isolate hemicellulose from OPEFB and evaluate its potential as a natural suspending agent in pharmaceutical suspension formulations, either alone or in combination with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na). A series of formulations (F0–F5) were prepared and characterized for organoleptic properties, pH, density, viscosity, sedimentation volume, and redispersibility over seven days of storage. The results showed that suspensions containing OPEFB hemicellulose exhibited acceptable sensory characteristics, stable pH values (5–7), and densities above 1.00 g/mL. The addition of hemicellulose and CMC-Na significantly increased viscosity (up to 683.5 cP) and improved sedimentation stability, with sedimentation volumes reaching 0.22 and redispersibility up to 90% in formulations F2 and F3. These findings indicate a synergistic effect between hemicellulose and CMC-Na, enhancing suspension uniformity and preventing particle aggregation without compromising flowability. In conclusion, OPEFB-derived hemicellulose demonstrates excellent potential as a biodegradable and eco-friendly suspending agent for pharmaceutical suspensions. Its use not only improves formulation stability but also promotes the sustainable utilization of palm oil industry waste in green pharmaceutical product development.
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Jatropha multifida Leaf Extract Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Manik, Umi Chairani; Rahmadani, Rahmadani
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v3i2.133

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has encouraged the exploration of alternative antibacterial agents derived from medicinal plants. Jatropha multifida L., commonly known as the Bethadine plant, has been traditionally used for treating infections and wounds due to its bioactive phytochemical compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Jatropha multifida leaf extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to identify the presence of secondary metabolites through phytochemical screening. The study employed an experimental laboratory design. Jatropha multifida leaves were processed into simplicia powder and extracted using the maceration method. Phytochemical screening was performed to detect the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, and tannins. The antibacterial activity of the extract was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the agar disc diffusion (Kirby–Bauer) method at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Chloramphenicol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of several secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, and tannins in the Jatropha multifida leaf extract. The antibacterial assay demonstrated that the extract inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as indicated by the formation of inhibition zones around the discs. The diameter of the inhibition zones increased with increasing extract concentration, indicating a concentration-dependent antibacterial effect. Jatropha multifida leaf extract possesses antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which may be attributed to the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites. These findings suggest that the plant has potential as a natural source of antibacterial agents. Further studies are recommended to isolate and characterize the active compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity.
Comparative Determination of Vitamin C Content in Different Varieties of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Using UV Spectrophotometry Ainun, Nur; Daulay, Anny Sartika; Ridwanto, Ridwanto; Pulungan, Ainil Fitri
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v3i2.134

Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most widely consumed fruits and vegetables due to its nutritional value and health benefits. This study aimed to determine the vitamin C, glucose, and crude fiber contents in different tomato varieties, namely red, yellow, green, and cherry tomatoes. The analysis included phytochemical screening, qualitative tests, and quantitative determination. Phytochemical screening was performed to identify the presence of secondary metabolites, while qualitative tests were conducted to confirm the presence of vitamin C and glucose. Quantitative analysis of vitamin C and glucose was carried out using the UV–Vis spectrophotometric method, whereas crude fiber content was determined using the gravimetric method. The results showed that flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins were present in all tomato samples, while glycosides and tannins were detected only in certain varieties, and steroids/triterpenoids were not detected. Quantitative analysis indicated that the highest vitamin C content was found in red tomatoes (21.62 ± 0.178 µg/100 g), followed by cherry tomatoes (18.78 ± 0.002 µg/100 g), yellow tomatoes (18.38 ± 1.038 µg/100 g), and green tomatoes (12.20 ± 2.287 µg/100 g). The glucose content was 39.2 ± 0 µg/100 g in red tomatoes and 34.53 ± 0.597 µg/100 g in green tomatoes. Meanwhile, the crude fiber analysis showed the highest content in yellow tomatoes (53.44%), followed by cherry tomatoes (48.10%), red tomatoes (42.05%), and green tomatoes (40.37%). These findings indicate that different tomato varieties possess distinct nutritional profiles, and tomatoes can be considered a valuable dietary source of vitamin C, natural sugars, and dietary fiber that may contribute to maintaining human health.
Isolation of Hemicellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and Its Application as a Gelling Agent in Topical Gel Formulations Sitompul, Maysaro; Dalimunthe, Gabena Indrayani; Rani, Zulmai; Miswanda, Dikki
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v3i2.128

Abstract

This study aimed to isolate hemicellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and evaluate its potential as a gelling agent in topical gel formulations. Hemicellulose was extracted using alkaline treatment with varying NaOH concentrations (0.05–0.5 N). The highest yield of 12.84% was obtained at 0.5 N NaOH. The isolated hemicellulose was then formulated into five gel preparations using hemicellulose alone, Carbopol 940 alone (2%), and their combinations at different ratios. All formulations were evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesiveness, pH, and viscosity over 14 days. The results showed that all gels were homogeneous with acceptable physicochemical properties. Spreadability ranged from 5.3–6.7 cm, adhesiveness from 2.02–2.66 seconds, and viscosity from 2,470–32,800 cPs. Most formulations maintained pH values within the ideal skin range (4.5–6.5). Combination formulations exhibited better gel characteristics than hemicellulose alone, indicating a synergistic effect with Carbopol 940. This research demonstrates that hemicellulose derived from OPEFB can serve as a promising natural gelling agent in pharmaceutical gels. The utilization of this agricultural waste offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic excipients while adding economic value to oil palm biomass.
Modification of Durian Peel-Based Activated Carbon with Silver Nanoparticles for Enhanced Antibacterial Properties: A Literature Review Pratiwi, Pina Budiarti; Tarigan, Ayu Syufiatun Br; Hasibuan, Adelia Yesya Putri; Yanti, Elsa Novri
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v3i2.138

Abstract

Durian (Durio zibethinus) peel, an abundant agricultural waste in Southeast Asia, represents a sustainable lignocellulosic precursor for producing activated carbon (AC) with high surface area and porous structure. However, pristine durian peel-derived AC exhibits limited intrinsic antibacterial activity, primarily relying on physical adsorption. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well-known broad-spectrum antibacterial agents that disrupt bacterial membranes, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interfere with cellular processes. Immobilization of AgNPs onto AC is expected to create a synergistic composite that combines adsorptive capacity with potent bactericidal effects. This literature review systematically examines the synthesis and characterization of activated carbon from durian peel, green synthesis routes of AgNPs using durian peel extract or pectin as reducing and stabilizing agents, and the potential of AgNP-modified durian peel AC for enhanced antibacterial performance. Key findings indicate that chemical activation (KOH or acid-based) yields AC with surface areas ranging from 257 to 666 m²/g. Pectin extracted from durian peel enables eco-friendly synthesis of stable, spherical AgNPs (core size ≈13.5 nm, zeta potential ≈ –50 mV) with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 61.8 ppm against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Comparative analysis reveals that while pristine durian peel AC shows only moderate bacterial capture, AgNP integration significantly improves bactericidal efficacy through combined adsorption-bactericidal mechanisms. Potential applications include water disinfection, antimicrobial filters, and biomedical materials. Challenges such as silver leaching, scalability, and long-term stability are discussed. This review highlights the emerging potential of AgNP-modified durian peel activated carbon as a low-cost, multifunctional material for addressing bacterial contamination while promoting waste valorization. Future research should focus on direct composite synthesis, comprehensive antibiofilm testing, and real-matrix performance evaluation.
Implementation of Village Pharmacies (Apotek Desa/Klinik Desa) in Indonesia: Challenges, Opportunities, and Impact on Primary Care Access – A Scoping Review Wahyuni, Sri; Manik, Umi Chairani; Rahmadani, Rahmadani
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v3i2.139

Abstract

The Indonesian government launched the Village Pharmacy (Apotek Desa/Klinik Desa) program in 2025, integrated with Merah Putih Village Cooperatives, to improve access to essential medicines and primary healthcare services in rural areas. This scoping review aimed to map the implementation of Apotek Desa/Klinik Desa, identify challenges and opportunities, and evaluate its impact on primary care access. Guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s framework guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Garuda, Sinta, and official Ministry of Health websites. Literature published between 2015 and March 2026 in English or Indonesian was included. Data were extracted and synthesized thematically. Seven studies and policy documents were included. The program is in its early implementation stage with infrastructure preparation in over 100 mock-up sites. Key challenges include pharmacist shortages in remote areas, regulatory gaps, limited infrastructure, and poor inter-sectoral coordination. Opportunities involve better availability of essential medicines, reduced travel and out-of-pocket costs, local job creation, and improved equity in primary care. However, empirical evidence on clinical and economic impacts remains limited. Apotek Desa/Klinik Desa shows strong potential to reduce health disparities and support Universal Health Coverage in Indonesia. Successful rollout requires strengthened regulation, pharmacist capacity building, quality supervision, and rigorous impact evaluation.
Critical Evaluation of Lecithin-Tween 80 Parenteral Emulsion: Challenges in Maintaining Droplet Size Post-Sterilisation Milala, Alasen Sembiring; Aryani, Ni Luh Dewi; Purnomo, Ika Angelina
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v3i3.132

Abstract

Parenteral emulsions are essential for patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Lecithin benefits liver function, but formulating sterilisation-stable emulsions while maintaining safe droplet size remains challenging. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical stability of a lecithin-Tween 80 combination parenteral emulsion following sterilisation, focusing on droplet size as a critical parameter. Formulation contained lecithin (5%), Tween 80 (20%), isopropyl myristate (9%), propylene glycol (1%), nipagin (0.18%), nipasol (0.02%), and cassava starch (2.5%) in Water for Injection. Emulsion was prepared mechanically using a multimix mixer at 1500 rpm. Three bottles were sterilised by autoclaving (115°C, 30 minutes); one bottle remained unsterilised as control. Seven-day evaluation assessed organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, droplet size, creaming, and sterility. Statistical analysis used T-test and one-way ANOVA. Sterilisation significantly increased droplet size (p<0.05), from 5.90±0.45 μm to 8.48±0.62 μm. White precipitate (cassava starch) formed in all preparations from day 2. pH remained stable (5.00-5.42). Viscosity decreased by 47% (111.04 cP to 58.86 cP). Sterility testing revealed microbial growth. The lecithin-Tween 80 parenteral emulsion containing cassava starch requires further optimisation. Key concerns include selecting a more suitable stabiliser, adjusting pH, and sterilising raw materials prior to formulation. This study offers valuable insights for developing future parenteral emulsion preparations.
Utilization of a Combination of Rice Husk and Silica Sand as an Adsorbent for Palm Oil Mill Effluent Whywhen, Whywhen; Harimu, La; Mulyana, Wa Ode
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v3i3.147

Abstract

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is one of the main wastes generated from the palm oil industry, characterized by high organic content and significant potential to pollute the environment. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a combination of rice husk ash and silica sand as adsorbents in reducing COD, BOD, and TSS levels, as well as stabilizing the pH of POME, and to evaluate changes in the physical characteristics of the wastewater after the adsorption process. The method used in this study was column adsorption. The evaluation included pH, COD, BOD, and TSS analyses, as well as organoleptic tests covering color, odor, and turbidity. The results showed that the pH increased from 3.3 to 6.3 with an efficiency of 90.90% and met the required quality standards. COD decreased from 660 mg/L to 40 mg/L (88.88%), BOD from 18 mg/L to 2 mg/L (93.93%), and TSS from 1,050 mg/L to 130 mg/L (87.61%). Organoleptic test results indicated an improvement in wastewater quality, as shown by the color change from brown to clearer/grayish, reduced odor intensity, and decreased turbidity. Based on these findings, the combination of rice husk ash and silica sand is effective as an economical and efficient adsorbent in improving POME quality in accordance with environmental standards.
Evaluation of Amlodipine Use Among Geriatric Patients at Mojogedang I Community Health Center, Karanganyar Hapsari, Eliza; Adiningsih, Retnowati
Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy
Publisher : Pustaka Media Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63763/ijsp.v3i3.153

Abstract

Evaluation of Amlodipine use in geriatric patients is important because this age group often experiences pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes that increase the risk of side effects. Amlodipine is effective in controlling hypertension, but geriatric patients with comorbidities such as kidney disease or those taking multiple medications are vulnerable to drug interactions that exacerbate side effects. This study aims to evaluate the use of Amlodipine and provide a realistic picture of the quality of Amlodipine use in geriatric patients. This is a non-experimental descriptive study with retrospective data collection using medical records in the Community Health Center Management Information System (SIMPUS). The sample was selected using purposive sampling that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. An evaluation of Amlodipine use was then conducted based on the indicators of appropriate patient, appropriate drug, and appropriate dose, in accordance with the JNC VIII guidelines. Among the 46 patients evaluated, 100% fulfilled the criteria for appropriate patient selection and appropriate drug use, while 97.83% met the criterion for appropriate dosage. A dosage inaccuracy rate of 2.17% was identified, highlighting the need for increased attention to dosage determination in geriatric patients. The use of Amlodipine in geriatric patients does not yet fully comply with the JNC VIII guidelines; therefore, periodic evaluation of medication use remains necessary to ensure optimal and safe therapy for geriatric patients.

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