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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 22526951     EISSN : 25026844     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Chemistry Physics
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science publishes basic research articles and conceptual of Chemistry, issued three (3) times a year, overall 10 articles per issued. To commemorate important events and agenda, may be issued a special edition that will include 10 articles in each issue.
Arjuna Subject : Kimia(semua kategori) - Kimia (Lain-Lain)
Articles 73 Documents
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Optimization of Ethanol-Water Solvent System for Total Flavonoid Extraction from Okara Reny Salim; Tuty Taslim; Irene Puspa Dewi; Verawaty
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science
Publisher : Prodi Kimia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcs.v15i2.46170

Abstract

Okara, an agro-industrial by product of soybean processing, is a potential source of flavonoids, particularly isoflavones. However, its large scale production often exceeds current utilization, resulting in its underexploitation. This study investigates the effect of ethanol-water solvent ratios on the total flavonoid content of dried okara powder and includes physicochemical characterization of the raw material. Extraction was carried out by maceration using ethanol-water mixtures (v/v) of 1:2 and 2:1. The total flavonoid content was 676.88 ± 15.66 µg/g dry weight for the 1:2 solvent system and 137.87 ± 0.53 µg/g dry weight for the 2:1 solvent system. These findings demonstrate that increasing the proportion of water in the solvent system enhances the extraction efficiency of flavonoids from okara.
Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Nanoparticles using Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Leaf Extract as A Bioreductant and Evaluation of its Antibacterial Activity Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Neneng Lestari; Suyatno Sutoyo
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science
Publisher : Prodi Kimia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcs.v15i2.49783

Abstract

Copper nanoparticles are metal particles with a size range of 1–100 nm that have potential as antibacterial agents. This study aimed to determine the characteristics and antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles synthesized using Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaf extract as a bioreductor. The synthesis was carried out using a green synthesis method through the reduction of CuSO₄·5H₂O solution with Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaf extract. Optimization was performed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer with variations in the ratio of CuSO₄ to extract from 1:1 to 1:4 and pH variations from 7 to 11. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, and PSA, while the antibacterial activity was evaluated using the well diffusion method. The results showed that the optimum conditions were obtained at a ratio of 1:4 and pH 8. The synthesized copper nanoparticles had a particle size of 17.03 nm with a maximum UV-Vis absorption wavelength at 310 nm. The Cu–O functional group was identified at a wavenumber of 598.91 cm⁻¹. The copper nanoparticles exhibited very strong antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an inhibition zone diameter of 21.96 mm, indicating their potential as an antibacterial agent.
A Review of Bioethanol Derived from Lignocellulosic Agricultural Waste: Fermentation Pathways, Microbial Roles, Bioreactor Design, and Process Integration Mizanurafi' Ghifarhadi Prasiefa; Faiz Harits Pranaya; Evi Nadilah Giandita; Ridho Hafilisya Rahman; Mohammad Nazarudin Ali
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science
Publisher : Prodi Kimia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcs.v15i2.50010

Abstract

Growing demand for sustainable energy has accelerated development of lignocellulosic bioethanol as a viable substitute for fossil fuels. This review presents a comprehensive evaluation of lignocellulosic bioethanol production from diverse agricultural residues as sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels, with emphasis on integrating feedstock characteristics, pretreatment technologies, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation strategies within a single framework. Feedstocks examined include rice, wheat, corn, sugarcane, oil palm, kenaf, cotton, sesame, ramie, and soybean residue. Various pretreatment approaches, including dilute acid and alkaline treatments, steam explosion, deep eutectic solvents (DES), ionic liquids, microwave-assisted processes (MAP), nanoparticle-assisted hydrolysis (NAH), γ-irradiation, and biological delignification, are reviewed together with enzymatic saccharification and advanced fermentation systems. Fermentation configurations include separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF), fed-batch, repeated-batch, and consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) using conventional and engineered microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Scheffersomyces stipitis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Zymomonas mobilis, recombinant Escherichia coli, and Clostridium. Reported ethanol titers exceed 90 g/L with yields approaching 0.57 g/g substrate under optimized conditions. This review further highlights current challenges and future directions involving inhibitor tolerance, pentose–hexose co-utilization, high-solid loading optimization, and scalable bioreactor integration for industrial implementation.

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