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Al-battar: Jurnal Pamungkas Hukum
Published by Yayasan Cendekia Gagayunan Indonesia
ISSN : -     EISSN : 30638895     DOI : https://doi.org/10.63142/9td8h174
Core Subject : Education, Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Other
al-Battar: Jurnal Pamungkas Hukum is a scientific journal published by Yayasan Cendekia Gagayunan Indonesia, with a frequency of publication three times a year. This journal focuses on legal studies, especially in the realm of Islamic Law, Family Law, Criminal Law, Inheritance Law, Civil Law, and Sharia Economic Law. al-Battar aims to be a forum for legal academics, researchers, and practitioners in publishing research results and scientific studies relevant to legal developments in Indonesia and the Islamic world.
Arjuna Subject : Umum - Umum
Articles 24 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Desember" : 24 Documents clear
Reformulation of Criminal Sanctions For Perpetrators And Legal Protection For Victims of Sexual Harassment Rahardjo, Anthony; Jon Vic, Binsar
al-Battar: Jurnal Pamungkas Hukum Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Yayasan Cendekia Gagayunan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63142/al-battar.v2i3.446

Abstract

Sexual harassment remains a persistent and systemic problem in Indonesia, reflecting ongoing weaknesses in criminal regulation, law enforcement practices, and victim-oriented protection mechanisms. Although legal frameworks such as the Indonesian Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023) and the Law on the Crime of Sexual Violence (Law No. 12 of 2022) have been enacted to address sexual violence, their implementation has not yet produced a sufficient deterrent effect for perpetrators nor comprehensive legal and psychosocial protection for victims. This study aims to critically examine the adequacy of existing criminal sanctions against perpetrators of sexual harassment and to formulate a more effective model of legal protection for victims based on principles of justice and victim recovery. The research is grounded in normative legal research employing a statutory and conceptual approach, with primary legal materials consisting of relevant legislation and secondary materials derived from legal doctrines, scholarly literature, and previous studies. The underlying hypothesis of this study is that current criminal sanctions and victim protection mechanisms are inadequate to address the complex impacts of sexual harassment and therefore require substantive reform. The findings indicate that the relatively light criminal penalties, evidentiary difficulties, and the persistence of victim-blaming practices undermine effective law enforcement and victim recovery. Accordingly, this study emphasizes the urgency of reformulating criminal sanctions to enhance their deterrent effect, strengthening victim-centered legal protection, improving access to legal aid and psychosocial rehabilitation, and refining evidentiary standards in judicial proceedings to ensure a more just, responsive, and comprehensive legal framework for addressing sexual harassment in Indonesia.
Unfair Treatment of Criminal Suspects and Systemic Failure in Human Rights Protection within Indonesia’s Criminal Justice System Prasetyo, Anton; Jon Vic, Binsar
al-Battar: Jurnal Pamungkas Hukum Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Yayasan Cendekia Gagayunan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63142/al-battar.v2i3.447

Abstract

The protection of human rights for criminal suspects constitutes a fundamental element of a criminal justice system governed by the rule of law and the principle of due process. However, law enforcement practices in Indonesia continue to demonstrate persistent structural deficiencies that result in unequal and unfair treatment of suspects. This study critically examines systemic failures in the protection of suspects’ human rights, particularly concerning the absence of clear statutory limits on investigation periods, the subjective and repetitive extension of detention, the continued use of coercion and torture during investigative examinations, and the limited access to effective legal assistance, especially for vulnerable groups. Employing a normative legal approach, this research analyzes relevant provisions of the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code, the Human Rights Law, and international human rights instruments ratified by Indonesia, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention Against Torture. The findings reveal a significant gap between normative legal guarantees and their practical implementation, which has enabled abuses of authority by law enforcement officials and undermined fundamental rights such as personal liberty, humane treatment, and the right to a fair trial. The study emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive criminal justice reform through the clarification of investigation time limits, the strengthening of independent oversight mechanisms, and the expansion of accessible legal aid in order to ensure a more transparent, accountable, and human rights–oriented criminal justice system in Indonesia.
Comparative Authority in Cybercrime Investigation: Indonesian Police and Related Institutions Tampubolon, John Piter; Sara, Rineke
al-Battar: Jurnal Pamungkas Hukum Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Yayasan Cendekia Gagayunan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63142/al-battar.v2i3.448

Abstract

The rapid expansion of information technology has significantly increased cybercrime in Indonesia, necessitating a clear and coordinated law enforcement framework. This article aims to comparatively analyze the authority to investigate cybercrime between the Indonesian National Police (Polri) and other related institutions, including the Attorney General’s Office, the National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN), and the Ministry of Communication and Informatics (Kominfo). The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by comparative analysis of institutional authority based on Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), and Law Number 16 of 2004 concerning the Prosecutor’s Office. The findings indicate that Polri holds dominant and comprehensive investigative authority, while other institutions perform supportive, supervisory, and technical functions without direct investigative attribution. However, regulatory fragmentation and weak coordination mechanisms create overlaps and inefficiencies in cybercrime handling. This study concludes that regulatory harmonization and the establishment of an integrated coordination framework are essential to ensure effective, accountable, and human-rights-oriented cybercrime law enforcement in Indonesia.
Legal Reform In Handling Inmates With Mental Health Disorders In Correctional Institutions Hutagalung, Tiur Hasmida; Suparno
al-Battar: Jurnal Pamungkas Hukum Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Yayasan Cendekia Gagayunan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63142/al-battar.v2i3.449

Abstract

The treatment of inmates with mental health disorders remains a persistent challenge within the Indonesian correctional system. Although Law No. 22 of 2022 on Corrections, Law No. 18 of 2014 on Mental Health, and several implementing regulations recognize prisoners’ rights to healthcare, they fail to provide explicit mechanisms for the identification, treatment, and rehabilitation of inmates with mental health disorders. This study aims to analyze the extent to which existing legal frameworks accommodate the specific needs of inmates with mental health disorders and to identify legal gaps that hinder the effective protection of their rights. Employing a normative juridical research method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this study examines relevant legislation and compares Indonesia’s regulatory framework with practices adopted in several other jurisdictions. The findings reveal a significant legal vacuum characterized by the absence of standardized procedures for early identification, inadequate mental health services within correctional institutions, and weak coordination between correctional and health authorities. This condition increases the risk of human rights violations, institutional violence, ineffective rehabilitation, and failed social reintegration. The study concludes that comprehensive legal reform is urgently required to establish clear regulatory standards, strengthen institutional capacity, and integrate a rehabilitation-oriented, health-based approach within the correctional system. Such reforms are essential to ensure the protection of inmates’ rights and to realize a humane and effective correctional framework.
Regulatory Harmonization of Plea Bargaining for Petty Corruption in Indonesia’s Criminal Justice System Opsunggu, Eben Patar; Budianto , Azis
al-Battar: Jurnal Pamungkas Hukum Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Yayasan Cendekia Gagayunan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63142/al-battar.v2i3.450

Abstract

The eradication of corruption in Indonesia continues to face structural challenges, particularly in the handling of petty corruption cases that involve relatively small state losses but consume disproportionate law enforcement resources. This study aims to analyze the urgency, feasibility, and regulatory implications of implementing a plea bargaining mechanism as an alternative resolution model for petty corruption cases within Indonesia’s criminal justice system. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, this research examines relevant laws, including the Anti-Corruption Law, the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), and the Prosecutor’s Office Law, as well as comparative practices from the United States, Italy, and the Philippines. The findings indicate that the absence of explicit legal regulation has resulted in procedural rigidity, inefficiency, and suboptimal recovery of state losses in minor corruption cases. Plea bargaining, if strictly limited and transparently regulated, has the potential to enhance legal efficiency, prioritize restitution of state losses, reduce judicial and correctional burdens, and support a more restorative justice orientation. This study concludes that regulatory harmonization through limited revisions to the Corruption Law and KUHAP, complemented by clear prosecutorial guidelines issued by the Attorney General’s Office, is essential to ensure accountability, legal certainty, and public trust. Properly designed plea bargaining should be positioned not as a form of impunity, but as a strategic instrument to optimize corruption eradication while upholding substantive justice and the rule of law.
Effectiveness of Investigator Certification in Improving Special Crime Investigation Quality at Bengkulu Police Wibisono, Sonny; Sara, Rineke
al-Battar: Jurnal Pamungkas Hukum Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Yayasan Cendekia Gagayunan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63142/al-battar.v2i3.451

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of investigator and assistant investigator certification as a mandatory instrument for improving the quality of special criminal investigations at the Directorate of Special Criminal Investigation of the Bengkulu Regional Police. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches by examining the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), Law No. 2 of 2002 on the Indonesian National Police, Perpol No. 6 of 2019 on Criminal Investigation, and Perkap No. 99 of 2020 on the development of superior police human resources. The findings demonstrate that certification significantly enhances investigator competence, professionalism, and compliance with procedural law, which is reflected in more complete case files, higher procedural accuracy, and increased success rates in achieving the P-21 stage. Certified investigators also show stronger legal reasoning in case handling and investigation termination decisions. However, the effectiveness of certification is constrained by limited certified trainers and assessors, unequal distribution of certified investigators, and weak integration of competency supervision among internal units. The study concludes that investigator certification is an effective legal and managerial instrument to improve investigation quality, provided it is supported by strengthened internal regulations, digitalized training and assessment systems, and an integrated performance-based evaluation framework.
Strengthening Notary Reporting Obligations to Prevent Money Laundering in Property Transactions Hartati, Titin; Herman, KMS
al-Battar: Jurnal Pamungkas Hukum Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Yayasan Cendekia Gagayunan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63142/al-battar.v2i3.452

Abstract

Money laundering through property transactions poses a significant threat to Indonesia’s legal system and economic integrity due to the high value and complex nature of real estate dealings. Notaries, as public officials authorized to draft authentic deeds and verify legal transactions, occupy a strategic position in detecting and preventing money laundering activities. This study aims to analyze the role of notaries in preventing money laundering in property transactions through the reformulation of reporting obligations. The research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches by examining Law Number 8 of 2010 on the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering, Law Number 2 of 2014 on the Position of Notaries, and PPATK Regulation Number 3 of 2021 concerning reporting procedures for certain professions. The findings reveal that although the legal framework clearly establishes notaries as reporting parties, implementation remains ineffective due to internal obstacles such as limited technical understanding and conflicts with professional secrecy, as well as external obstacles including weak coordination with PPATK and insufficient legal protection for reporting notaries. This study concludes that reformulating reporting obligations is necessary through clearer normative positioning of notaries, simplified and digitized reporting mechanisms, strengthened legal protection, and continuous professional training. Optimizing these aspects will enhance the preventive function of notaries and significantly contribute to national efforts to combat money laundering in the property sector.
Constitutional Challenges in Formulating the National Education System Bill from the Perspective of Citizens’ Constitutional Right to Education Rakhmawaty, Popy; Budianto , Azis
al-Battar: Jurnal Pamungkas Hukum Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Yayasan Cendekia Gagayunan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63142/al-battar.v2i3.453

Abstract

Article 31 of the Republic of Indonesia's 1945 Constitution clearly guarantees the right to education. All citizens must get high-quality, just, and equal education from the state. In this regard, the National Education System Bill (RUU Sisdiknas) is being drafted as a calculated move to update the country's educational legislation, which has been regulated in various sectoral laws. This study aims to analyze the conformity of the formulation of the RUU Sisdiknas with the principle of citizens' constitutional rights to education, as well as to identify legal problems that arise in the process and substance of its formulation. With a statutory, conceptual, and comparative perspective, this study employs a normative juridical method. The analysis's findings show that while the RUU Sisdiknas makes an effort to incorporate different educational laws, there are a number of clauses that could jeopardize the right to education, especially when it comes to the removal of particular clauses pertaining to the teaching profession and basic education funding. In addition, the less participatory formulation process raises questions about the public legitimacy of the draft. Therefore, harmonization of norms is necessary to ensure that the National Education System Bill truly aligns with the constitutional mandate, human rights principles, and the state's goal of improving the nation's life.
Reassessing Command Responsibility for Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems under International Humanitarian Law Irfantoro, Fery; Syahputra, Amry; Fahlevi, Muhammad Charles Syahreza; Ahmad , Ridho Sa’adillahh
al-Battar: Jurnal Pamungkas Hukum Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Yayasan Cendekia Gagayunan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63142/al-battar.v2i3.455

Abstract

The rapid development of artificial intelligence–based military technology poses significant conceptual and normative challenges to the application of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), particularly with regard to the deployment of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS). The autonomous capacity of such systems to select and engage targets raises complex questions of legal accountability when violations of the laws of armed conflict or civilian harm occur. This article reassesses the doctrine of command responsibility in the context of LAWS by positioning the core principles of IHL—distinction, proportionality, precaution, and accountability—as evaluative benchmarks. Employing a normative juridical approach, this study analyzes the 1949 Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I of 1977, and the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, alongside relevant Indonesian national legislation, particularly Law No. 3 of 2002 on National Defense and Law No. 34 of 2004 on the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). The findings demonstrate that although increasing technological autonomy may reduce direct human involvement in lethal decision-making, the legal obligations of military commanders cannot be disregarded. Nevertheless, algorithmic complexity, opacity in decision-making processes (the “black box” problem), and the involvement of multiple actors necessitate a reconceptualization of existing accountability frameworks, including the recognition of shared or joint responsibility. This article argues that in the absence of specific international regulations governing LAWS, a significant accountability gap risks undermining the effective enforcement of IHL in future armed conflicts. Accordingly, it calls for the strengthening of international legal frameworks to explicitly regulate LAWS, ensuring that humanitarian principles remain aligned with the realities of contemporary military operations.
Reconstructing Independence of Indonesia’s Corruption Eradication Commission After Supervisory Board Reform in Criminal Justice Putra, Agus; Pujianto, Nawan; Hutomo, Irfan Rizky; Esdarwati, Susila
al-Battar: Jurnal Pamungkas Hukum Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Yayasan Cendekia Gagayunan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63142/al-battar.v2i3.456

Abstract

The Corruption Eradication Commission (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi/KPK) was established as an independent state institution under Law No. 30 of 2002 to address corruption as an extraordinary crime. However, its institutional independence experienced a significant shift following the enactment of Law No. 19 of 2019, particularly through the establishment of the Supervisory Board with authority to grant prior approval for pro justitia actions such as wiretapping, searches, and seizures. This article aims to analyze the implications of the Supervisory Board’s authority on the independence of the KPK and to formulate a normative reconstruction model that balances accountability and effectiveness within the Indonesian criminal justice system. Using normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study examines national legislation, Constitutional Court Decision No. 70/PUU-XVII/2019, international standards under the 2003 United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), and comparative practices of anti-corruption agencies in Hong Kong and Singapore. The findings demonstrate that the ex-ante control model exercised by the Supervisory Board has the potential to undermine operational independence, efficiency, and confidentiality in corruption law enforcement. This article concludes that reconstructing KPK independence requires reformulating the Supervisory Board’s authority toward an ex-post oversight model, reaffirming the KPK’s independent constitutional position, and harmonizing oversight mechanisms with principles of good governance. Such reconstruction is essential to preserve public trust and ensure the effectiveness of corruption eradication in Indonesia.

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