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Outline Journal of Economic Studies
Published by Outline Publisher
ISSN : -     EISSN : 29638364     DOI : -
Core Subject : Economy, Social,
Economics, Econometrics & Finance Social Sciences
Outline Journal of Economic Studies is published by Outline Publishers. The journal is published twice a year in March and September. The editorial accepts general articles covering the economy both nationally and internationally where no other media has ever published.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Ekonomi, Ekonometrika dan Keuangan (semua kategori) - Ilmu Ekonomi, Ekonometrika dan Keuangan (Lain-Lain)
Articles 90 Documents
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Innovative Processing of Local Ginger's Superior Products into Instant Ginger Drink in Samosir Regency Sheryl Valencia Pangaribuan; Manik, Elisabeth Fitryany; Pramana, Harry Jaya; Kuntuy, Jacob
Outline Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 5 No. 1: October - March 2026
Publisher : Outline Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61730/erq9nf92

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the potential of ginger (Zingiber officinale) as a superior regional commodity in Samosir Regency, North Sumatra, and to formulate development strategies for value-added processed products in the form of instant ginger drink. Methods: This research uses a descriptive quantitative approach. The analytical tools applied are the Location Quotient (LQ) to identify the comparative advantage of ginger among agricultural commodities in Samosir Regency, and SWOT analysis to evaluate internal and external factors affecting the development of instant ginger drink products. Results: The analysis shows that ginger has an LQ value of 2.117, indicating that it is a comparatively superior commodity in the region. The SWOT analysis identifies key strengths of instant ginger drink products, including ease of preparation and recognized health benefits. Conclusions: The development of instant ginger drink has strong potential to increase the added value of ginger production, improve farmers’ income, strengthen the local economy, and encourage diversification of horticultural products in Samosir Regency. Originality: This study combines LQ and SWOT analyses to assess both the regional superiority of ginger and strategic opportunities for developing value-added ginger-based products.
The Influence of Population Number and Unemployment Rate on Poverty Level in North Tapanuli Regency 2013-2023 Sheryl Valencia Pangaribuan; Riris Hotma Roito Manalu; Mika Jun Fera Br. Limbong; Elisabeth Fitryany Manik
Outline Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 5 No. 2: April - September 2026
Publisher : Outline Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61730/wzpnxx55

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effect of population size and unemployment rate on poverty levels in North Tapanuli Regency during the period 2013–2023. The research is conducted to understand how demographic and economic factors contribute to poverty dynamics in the region. Methods: This study employs a quantitative approach using descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression methods. Secondary data were obtained from the Central Statistics Agency and processed using SPSS software. The analysis includes classical assumption tests, namely normality and multicollinearity tests, as well as hypothesis testing through partial (t-test) and simultaneous (F-test) analysis. Results: The partial test results reveal that population has a significant negative effect on poverty levels (t = -5.585; sig = 0.001), while unemployment does not have a significant effect (t = 0.880; sig = 0.408). The simultaneous test indicates that population and unemployment jointly have a significant effect on poverty levels (F = 17.175; sig = 0.002). The coefficient of determination (R²) shows that 83.1% of the variation in poverty levels can be explained by the two independent variables. Originality: This study provides empirical evidence on the relationship between population, unemployment, and poverty at the regional level, particularly in North Tapanuli Regency. It highlights that population dynamics play a more dominant role in influencing poverty compared to unemployment, offering insights for policymakers in designing targeted poverty alleviation strategies.
Analysis of Coffee MSME Production Cost Efficiency Using the Leontief Matrix Model Based on Monthly Production Data at Sumatra Roastery in Medan City Simanjuntak, Loranty Folia; Siregar, Joan Unedo; Wahyudi, Teguh Aditya; KD, Paloma Elisabeth; Aritonang, Rahayu Grasela Br; sitorus, Benny
Outline Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 5 No. 2: April - September 2026
Publisher : Outline Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61730/vegjaa70

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to examine the impact of digital technology adoption on the sales performance of culinary Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Medan City, particularly through the use of food delivery platforms such as Shopee Food, Go Food, and Grab Food. Methods: A quantitative approach was employed using transformation matrix modeling and Pearson correlation analysis. Data were collected through structured interviews with MSME operators who actively utilize digital platforms in their business operations. The variables analyzed include digital adoption, market reach, transaction efficiency, and consumer accessibility. Results: The findings reveal a statistically significant positive correlation between digital platform utilization and improved sales performance. Digital adoption enhances market reach by expanding customer access, increases transaction efficiency through streamlined ordering systems, and improves consumer accessibility. These factors collectively contribute to higher sales and business growth among culinary MSMEs in Medan. Originality: This study offers a novel approach by integrating transformation matrix modeling with correlation analysis to assess the impact of digitalization at the MSME level. It provides practical insights for MSME actors and policymakers in optimizing digital platforms to strengthen competitiveness in the digital economy era.
Transformation Matrix Modeling and Correlation Analysis to Measure the Impact of Digitalization on the Sales Performance of Culinary SMEs in Medan Amelia, Bella; Simanjuntak, Loranty Folia; Pandiangan, Tiara Mahdalena; Sinaga, Yose Renaldy; Siregar, Yosua Alberto; Pasaribu, Alberto Inzaghi Haposan
Outline Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 5 No. 2: April - September 2026
Publisher : Outline Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61730/sjx07624

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to examine the impact of digital technology adoption on the sales performance of culinary Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Medan City, particularly through the use of food delivery platforms such as Shopee Food, Go Food, and Grab Food. Methods: A quantitative approach was employed using transformation matrix modeling and Pearson correlation analysis. Data were collected through structured interviews with MSME operators who actively utilize digital platforms in their business operations. The variables analyzed include digital adoption, market reach, transaction efficiency, and consumer accessibility. Results: The findings reveal a statistically significant positive correlation between digital platform utilization and improved sales performance. Digital adoption enhances market reach by expanding customer access, increases transaction efficiency through streamlined ordering systems, and improves consumer accessibility. These factors collectively contribute to higher sales and business growth among culinary MSMEs in Medan. Originality: This study offers a novel approach by integrating transformation matrix modeling with correlation analysis to assess the impact of digitalization at the MSME level. It provides practical insights for MSME actors and policymakers in optimizing digital platforms to strengthen competitiveness in the digital economy era.
Analysis of Production Cost Efficiency of Coffee Shop Business "Prestasi Kopi" at Medan State University Based on Linear Equation System and Inverse Matrix in Marginal Cost Analysis, Marginal Revenue, and BEP Sadewa, Yudhistira; Simanjuntak, Loranty Folia; Afrinkus, Yohanes; Magdalena , Bela; Luna Selciella; Shella Halim
Outline Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 5 No. 2: April - September 2026
Publisher : Outline Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61730/8xwy8y74

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the efficiency of production costs in the "Prestasi Kopi" coffee shop located at Universitas Negeri Medan using a mathematical approach based on a system of linear equations and inverse matrices. Methods: The research employed a descriptive-quantitative method through direct observation and in- depth interviews with the business owner and managers. The collected data included the structure of fixed costs, variable costs, and sales data of coffee products, specifically the Sea Salt Butterscotch, Choco Hazelnut, and Sanger Prestasi Kopi. The analysis utilized a system of linear equations and the inverse matrix method to model the components of production costs, obtaining the total cost and total revenue functions as the basis for calculating the marginal cost, marginal revenue, and break-even point in units and rupiah. Results: The findings showed that the "Prestasi Kopi" coffee shop exceeded the break-even point with a marginal revenue value greater than the marginal cost. Conclusions: This indicated a profitable business condition and an efficient cost structure, proving that this mathematical approach was effective in supporting managerial decision-making for small businesses in a university environment. Originality/value: This study provided empirical evidence on the practical application of mathematical economics to evaluate andoptimize the financial performance of micro-enterprises.
The Impact of Renewable Energy, CO2 Emissions, and Population on Economic Growth in ASEAN 2013-2023 Syarifah
Outline Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 5 No. 2: April - September 2026
Publisher : Outline Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61730/h9jrrm93

Abstract

Purpose: This study investigates how renewable energy consumption, CO₂ emissions, and population size influence economic growth in selected ASEAN countries Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam over the period 2013–2023. It aims to provide insights into the role of environmental and demographic factors in achieving sustainable economic development. Methods: The research employs panel data regression analysis, utilizing both Fixed Effects Model (FEM) and Random Effects Model (REM). The Hausman test is applied to determine the most appropriate model for estimation, ensuring robust and reliable results across the dataset. Results: The findings reveal that renewable energy consumption has a positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth. In contrast, CO₂ emissions negatively impact economic performance, indicating environmental degradation may hinder growth. Population size shows a generally positive influence, although its effect varies across countries and periods. Conclusions: The study emphasizes the importance of expanding renewable energy use and implementing effective emission control policies to foster sustainable growth. Policymakers should balance economic expansion with environmental preservation. Originality: This research offers updated panel evidence from ASEAN economies, integrating environmental and demographic variables within a decade-long analysis.
Digital Supply Chain Optimization in E-Commerce Bubiess Beads Using The Simplex Method Based On Coefficient Matrix Naila, Nabilla Alya; Fauziah, Najwa; Nurhalimah; Mukhtar, Naufal Ihsan Hadi; Simanjuntak, Loranty Folia
Outline Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 5 No. 2: April - September 2026
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61730/kejper26

Abstract

Purpose: Differences in raw material shipping costs from multiple suppliers can increase production costs for small e-commerce businesses, especially handmade product businesses reliant on multi-source procurement. This issue is also experienced by bubiess.beads in determining the most efficient supplier. This study aims to determine optimal raw material procurement decisions to minimize production costs while maximizing monthly production profit. Methods: A mathematical model representing the relationship between decision variables and procurement constraints in coefficient matrix form was developed, combining supplier consolidation through cost minimization and production mix optimization through profit maximization, both solved using the simplex method. Results: Consolidating procurement to a single supplier reduced total costs from Rp131,900 to Rp114,700 per month through a 75.9% reduction in shipping fees. The optimal production mix of 15 units each for bracelets, necklaces, and accessories generated maximum profit of Rp817,500 per month, an 11.2% improvement over pre-optimization conditions. Conclusions: The model provides more efficient procurement decision alternatives, reducing production costs and supporting supply chain decision-making in small-scale e-commerce businesses. Originality/value: This study introduces an integrated two-model approach combining supplier selection and production mix optimization within a coefficient matrix framework, applied to a handmade accessory MSME operating through digital supply chains, an underexplored context in existing operations research literature.
Analysis of the Implementation of Accrual-Based Government Accounting Standards in the Financial Statements of Medan City Government Lubis, Putri Kemala; Matondang, Khairani; Nababan, Donita Nababan; Sihombing, Nursandi; Barus, Reginta
Outline Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 5 No. 2: April - September 2026
Publisher : Outline Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61730/1w5r5t80

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the application of accrual-based Government Accounting Standards (GAS) in the financial statements of the Medan City Government. The implementation of accrual-based SAP is the government's effort to improve the quality of transparent and accountable financial reports in accordance with applicable regulations. Methods: The method used in this study is qualitative, using a literature review approach and secondary data obtained from previous research and official data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Results: Accrual-based Government Accounting Standards (GAS) is an accounting system that recognizes revenue, expenses, assets, liabilities, and equity in comprehensive financial reporting, thereby providing a more accurate picture of the financial condition. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of accrual-based SAP in regional government financial reports has generally been successful and in accordance with applicable standards. This is demonstrated by increasingly structured regional financial management and improvements in the transparency and accountability of financial reports. Data on Medan City's regional revenue realization in 2020 also indicates that the regional government has managed its finances quite well to support the implementation of government activities. Conclusions: Thus, the implementation of accrual-based SAP has an important role in improving the quality of local government financial reports and supporting the creation of good governance.
Optimization of Weekday Inventory Allocation Based on Sales Targets at the Indomaret Point Rest Area at KM 65 B Using a Constraint Coefficient Matrix and Linear Programming Simanjuntak, Loranty Folia; Siregar, Felysha Putri Saulina; Sinaga, Rut Yosepina; Nasution, Gita Andhara; Tarigan, Wajra Ceyna Cakti
Outline Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 5 No. 2: April - September 2026
Publisher : Outline Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61730/zcrmtn27

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to formulate an optimal inventory allocation strategy for weekdays at Indomaret Point Rest Area KM 65 B in order to improve profitability and achieve sales targets more effectively amid capital and shelf-capacity constraints. Methods: The analysis focuses on identifying the optimal combination of products based on contribution margins, capital availability, and storage limitations. Results: The findings reveal that inventory optimization is achieved by prioritizing product x9, which provides the highest contribution margin of Rp3,212 per unit, along with product x1 to maintain stable daily sales volume. The proposed optimization model recommends stocking a total of 434 units with a required capital investment of Rp1,376,733. The model also demonstrates the ability to reduce the risk of dead stock while improving Sales Per Day (SPD) target achievement. Conclusions: The implementation of Linear Programming through the Simplex method can support more efficient inventory management and enhance profitability in modern retail operations. The optimization model provides a practical basis for improving logistics and stock allocation decisions. Originality/value: This study contributes by applying a mathematical optimization approach to inventory allocation in a modern retail context, particularly in minimizing dead stock risk and maximizing sales performance under operational constraints.
The Role of Product Quality and Pricing Strategies in Enhancing Purchase Decisions Ramadan, M. Fahmi; Nasution, Atika Aini; Meutia, Zahara
Outline Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 5 No. 2: April - September 2026
Publisher : Outline Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61730/1gs2s188

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the partial and simultaneous effects of product quality and price on purchasing decisions for Honda motorcycles at PT. Aksara Motor Medan. Methods: The research employs a quantitative approach using multiple linear regression analysis. Product quality and price are treated as independent variables, while purchasing decisions serve as the dependent variable. The population consists of 133 consumers, with a sample of 100 respondents determined using the Slovin formula. Results: The findings indicate that product quality has a positive and significant partial effect on purchasing decisions (t-count = 4.162 > t-table = 0.806; significance = 0.000 < 0.05). Similarly, price also shows a positive and significant partial effect (t-count = 5.284 > t-table = 0.806; significance = 0.000 < 0.05). Furthermore, product quality and price simultaneously have a significant effect on purchasing decisions, as indicated by a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. Conclusions: Both product quality and price significantly influence purchasing decisions, either partially or simultaneously, highlighting their importance in shaping consumer behavior at PT. Aksara Motor Medan. Originality/value: This study provides empirical evidence on the combined role of product quality and pricing strategies in influencing motorcycle purchasing decisions within a local dealership context.

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