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Academia Open
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27147444     DOI : 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.12985
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Academia Open is published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo published 2 (two) issues per year (June and December). This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal aims is to provide a place for academics and practitioners to publish original research and review articles. The articles basically contains any topics research or review. Academia Open is available in online version. Language used in this journal is Indonesia or English.
Arjuna Subject : Profesi Kesehatan - Profesi Kesehatan (Lain-Lain)
Articles 2,389 Documents
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Metformin Reduces Inflammatory Markers Through AMPK Activation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Khitam Hassan Saleh Salah Al-din
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13015

Abstract

General Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents a complex metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and systemic inflammation. Specific Background: Metformin, derived from Galega officinalis, has served as first-line pharmacotherapy for over six decades, demonstrating efficacy in glycemic control through multiple mechanisms including AMPK activation and mitochondrial modulation. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive clinical application, the precise molecular pathways underlying metformin's anti-inflammatory properties and their relationship to improved metabolic outcomes remain incompletely characterized. Aims: This systematic review examined metformin's effects on inflammatory biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes, focusing on molecular mechanisms involving AMPK activation, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress reduction. Results: Analysis of multiple studies revealed significant reductions in C-reactive protein, high-sensitivity CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, alongside decreased leukocyte-endothelial interactions through diminished expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin adhesion molecules. Novelty: This review synthesizes emerging evidence on brain-dependent pathways involving Rap1 protein modulation and identifies metformin's dual role in glycemic control and inflammation suppression. Implications: These findings support metformin's multifunctional therapeutic potential beyond diabetes management, with applications in cardiovascular protection, cancer prevention, and inflammatory disease modification.HIghlight : Metformin reduces blood glucose and inflammatory markers (CRP, HSCRP) in type 2 diabetes patients through AMPK activation. The drug works via mitochondrial Complex I inhibition, mTORC1 suppression, and CARM1 enzyme modulation. Pharmacogenetic testing for CYP450 enzymes predicts individual drug responses and adverse effects for personalized treatment. Keywords : Metformin, Type 2 Diabetes, AMPK, Inflammatory Markers, Molecular Mechanisms
Reducing Academic Stress through Autonomy Fulfillment: A Self Determination Theory Solution in the Context of Students' Cognitive Load Labibah Sayaka Ilma; Abdul Muhid; Arif Ainur Rofiq
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13017

Abstract

General Background Academic stress has emerged as a critical issue in contemporary education, with increasing learning demands and structural pressures contributing to students’ psychological strain. Specific Background Cognitive Load Theory explains that excessive academic demands, arising from material complexity, task accumulation, and inefficient instructional design, exceed students’ working memory capacity and intensify stress, while educational policies and curriculum structures at the exosystem level further reinforce this burden. Knowledge Gap Existing studies predominantly examine academic stress through isolated internal or external factors, with limited integration of cognitive load, exosystem structures, and autonomy within a unified analytical framework. Aims This study aims to explain the role of cognitive load in the emergence of academic stress, analyze exosystem factors that exacerbate learning burden, and evaluate autonomy fulfillment within Self-Determination Theory as a strategy for reducing academic pressure. Results The findings indicate that excessive cognitive load significantly contributes to academic stress, while dense curricula, rigid schedules, and assessment policies intensify this condition; autonomy-supportive learning environments reduce extraneous cognitive load and strengthen students’ self-regulation in managing academic demands. Novelty This study integrates Cognitive Load Theory, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological perspective, and Self-Determination Theory to provide a comprehensive explanation of academic stress. Implications The findings highlight the necessity of flexible curriculum design, autonomy-supportive instructional practices, and policy reform to promote students’ mental well-being and sustainable learning environments. Highlights: Excessive learning demands and structural academic arrangements are closely associated with heightened psychological strain. Policy-level curriculum density and assessment practices contribute to sustained mental burden among learners. Learner choice and self-regulation function as protective mechanisms against accumulated academic pressure. Keywords: Academic Stres, Autonomy, Self Determination, Cognitive Load.
Structural and Optical Properties of Fe₂O₃ Nanoparticles for Biosensing Applications Hiba Fouad Tawfeeq Wali; Saja Abdul Ameer Sayed; Ahmed A.Thamer
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13018

Abstract

General Background: Nanostructured metal oxides are widely explored for sensing technologies due to their tunable structural and optical behavior. Specific Background: Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), particularly hematite, offers stability, biocompatibility, and catalytic activity suitable for biosensing applications. Knowledge Gap: However, the combined structural–optical characterization of Fe₂O₃ synthesized via a simple sol–gel route and its integrated performance within a glucose biosensor remains insufficiently examined. Aims: This study investigates the structural, morphological, and optical properties of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and evaluates their functionality as an active layer in a glucose oxidase (GOx) sol–gel biosensor. Results: XRD confirmed hematite with sharp peaks at ~33.2° and ~35.7°, indicating high crystallinity; UV–Vis/Tauc analysis yielded a direct band gap of 2.1–2.2 eV; SEM/EDS revealed quasi-spherical aggregates composed predominantly of Fe and O. The biosensor exhibited first-order amperometric responses with T90 values of ~26 s (2 mM) and ~34 s (5 mM) and rapid T10 recovery (~2 s). Novelty: The combination of sol–gel immobilization and Fe₂O₃’s intrinsic catalytic behavior produced fast, stable, and reversible glucose sensing. Implications: These findings support Fe₂O₃–sol–gel platforms as promising candidates for next-generation enzymatic biosensors. Highlights: Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles exhibit high crystallinity and a 2.1–2.2 eV direct band gap. Sol–gel Fe₂O₃–GOx biosensor achieves rapid response and recovery times. Demonstrates a synergistic catalytic–structural design for reliable glucose detection. Keywords: Fe₂O₃ Nanoparticles; Hematite; Glucose Biosensor; Optical Properties; Sol–Gel
Enhancing Intrusion Detection in IoT Networks via Enhanced Flower Pollination and Ensemble Classification: Peningkatan Deteksi Intrusi pada Jaringan IoT Melalui Peningkatan Polinasi Bunga dan Klasifikasi Ensemble Abeer Gabbar Abed
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13019

Abstract

General Background: The rapid expansion of Internet of Things networks has intensified cybersecurity challenges, particularly distributed denial-of-service attacks targeting interconnected devices. Specific Background: Intrusion Detection Systems based on machine learning often suffer from high computational complexity and reduced performance when processing large-scale datasets due to manual feature extraction and dimensionality issues. Knowledge Gap: Existing approaches lack efficient hybrid frameworks that integrate advanced optimization algorithms with ensemble classification to address large modern intrusion datasets such as NSL-KDD and UNSW-NB15. Aims: This study proposes an Intrusion Detection System integrating the Enhanced Flower Pollination Algorithm for optimal feature selection with an ensemble classification framework combining Random Forest, Decision Tree, and Support Vector Machine. Results: Experimental evaluation achieved accuracy rates of 99.67% on NSL-KDD and 99.32% on UNSW-NB15, demonstrating reduced computational complexity and improved detection capability across multiple attack categories. Novelty: The study introduces a hybrid EFPA-based feature selection strategy integrated with majority voting ensemble classification for IoT security environments. Implications: The proposed framework supports scalable, high-accuracy intrusion detection suitable for real-time IoT deployments and provides a foundation for future integration with advanced security infrastructures. Keywords: Intrusion Detection System, Internet of Things, Enhanced Flower Pollination Algorithm, Ensemble Classification, Network Security Key Findings Highlights: Hybrid optimization reduced dimensionality while preserving critical attack indicators. Majority voting integration increased model generalization across attack categories. High detection performance achieved on two benchmark cybersecurity datasets.
Response of Sugarcane Varieties L. Saccharum Officinarum to Foliar Feeding with Nano-Fertilizers Under Drip Irrigation Technology Amjad Shaker Hamoud Al-Bawi; Raghda Safaa Alddin; Shuaa Majid Al-Zubaidi; Omar Mohammed Shadhan
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13020

Abstract

General Background: Sugarcane is a major tropical crop whose productivity depends on efficient nutrient management and irrigation systems. Specific Background: Recent advances in nanotechnology have introduced nano-fertilizers capable of enhancing nutrient uptake and improving physiological performance, yet their crop-specific efficacy under drip irrigation remains insufficiently characterized. Knowledge Gap: Empirical evidence on how distinct sugarcane varieties respond to varying nano-fertilizer concentrations in field conditions—particularly regarding vegetative growth, yield components, and sucrose accumulation—is still limited. Aims: This study evaluated the growth, physiological traits, and yield of four American sugarcane cultivars (CP72-2086, CP89-2143, CP81-325, LO3-371) subjected to three nano-fertilizer concentrations (1, 2, 3 L ha⁻¹) under drip irrigation. Results: The 3 L ha⁻¹ treatment consistently improved stem height, diameter, leaf area, and stem yield (229.67 t ha⁻¹), while cultivars CP89-2143 and CP81-325 showed the highest sucrose content (up to 16.20%). LO3-371 exhibited the greatest increase in extractable stems and dry biomass. Novelty: This study provides the first integrated comparison of nano-fertilizer dose–response patterns across multiple sugarcane varieties under drip irrigation in arid-field conditions. Implications: Findings highlight the potential of nano-fertilizers—particularly at 3 L ha⁻¹—to enhance growth efficiency and sugar yield, supporting more sustainable and productive sugarcane management strategies.Highlight : Nano-fertiliser 3 L ha⁻¹ consistently improves stem growth and leaf performance. Varieties CP81-325, CP89-2143, and LO3-371 show stronger vegetative responses. Sucrose and sugar yield increase under optimized nano-fertiliser levels with drip irrigation. Keywords : Stem Height, Sugar Yield, Nano-fertiliser, Sugarcane Varieties, Drip Irrigation
Using Citrus limon Extract and Evaluation of the Antibacterial Properties Saad Ali Hussein Al-Akabi; Aliea K. Al-Masoodi; Ibtisam Abdulnabi Jasim
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13021

Abstract

General Background: The escalating prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitates the exploration of natural antimicrobial alternatives. Specific Background: Citrus limon (lemon) peel contains bioactive phytochemicals with potential antibacterial properties, yet systematic evaluation against clinical isolates remains limited. Knowledge Gap: Comparative efficacy of different extraction solvents and their mechanisms against multidrug-resistant pathogens require comprehensive investigation. Aims: This study evaluated antibacterial activities of aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts of C. limon peel against clinically isolated Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results: Ethanolic extract demonstrated superior antibacterial activity with inhibition zones of 19.5 ± 0.3 mm against S. aureus and 18.7 ± 0.3 mm against E. coli, exhibiting lower minimum inhibitory concentration (12.5–50 mg/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentration (25–100 mg/mL) compared to other extracts. Phytochemical screening revealed abundant flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids responsible for membrane disruption and enzyme inhibition. Novelty: This research provides empirical evidence of solvent-dependent extraction efficiency from Iraqi cultivars against local clinical isolates. Implications: These findings support the development of cost-effective, environmentally sustainable natural antibacterial agents for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food preservation applications, particularly addressing multidrug resistance challenges.Highlight : Ethanolic extract demonstrated highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with lowest MIC and MBC values. Bioactive compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, tannins, and vitamin C contribute to antibacterial mechanisms. Lemon peel extracts showed effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, indicating potential for pharmaceutical and food preservation applications. Keywords : Citrus Limon, Lemon Peel, Antibacterial Activity, Multi-Drug Resistance, Natural Antibiotics
Instilling Social Care Character in Children Aged 4–5 Years Through the IHF 9 Character Pillars Book Sri Indahyani; Kartika Rinakit Adhe; Wulan Patria Saroinsong; Nurul Istiq’faroh; Andi Kristanto; Sayhidul Haq
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13022

Abstract

General Background Character education in early childhood is a critical foundation for developing prosocial behavior, particularly helping behavior as part of social-emotional development. Specific Background In Indonesian early childhood education settings, many children aged 4–5 years still demonstrate low initiative in sharing, cooperating, and assisting peers, partly due to the absence of structured and systematic learning media. Knowledge Gap Although the Indonesia Heritage Foundation (IHF) 9 Character Pillars Book is widely recognized in practice, empirical studies focusing on its use as a single, structured medium to instill the value of helping others remain limited. Aims This study aims to analyze the implementation process and outcomes of using the IHF 9 Character Pillars Book to cultivate helping behavior among Group A children aged 4–5 years in a formal early childhood education context. Results Using a descriptive qualitative case study approach at RA Al-Falah Tuban, the findings indicate that staged implementation of the IHF book—integrated into daily learning activities—was associated with observable improvements in children’s willingness to help, share, and participate in cooperative tasks, with the proportion of children demonstrating spontaneous helping behavior increasing from initial observations to the end of the intervention period. Novelty This study provides in-depth evidence on the use of a standardized character education book as a focused medium for instilling helping values in early childhood. Implications The findings offer a practical, structured model for teachers to integrate story-based character education into routine classroom practices, while highlighting the importance of consistency between school and home environments.Highlights: Staged classroom integration of character storybooks supported observable growth in children’s prosocial actions. Teacher-guided reflection and role play facilitated the internalization of care and cooperation values. Consistency between educational settings and home practices emerged as a key supporting condition. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Character Education, Helping Behavior, IHF 9 Character Pillars, Storybook Media
Metformin Antibacterial Activity on Vaginal Isolates in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Halah Dawood Salman
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13026

Abstract

General Background: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to intensify worldwide, creating an urgent need for adjunct therapies that enhance antimicrobial efficacy. Specific Background: Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic drug, has shown immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties, yet its effects on vaginal pathogens in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remain insufficiently explored. Knowledge Gap: Limited evidence exists regarding whether metformin can potentiate antibiotic activity against common vaginal bacterial isolates, particularly in PCOS patients who often exhibit reduced IL-10 levels and heightened inflammatory states. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the adjuvant antibacterial effect of metformin when combined with standard antibiotics against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from affected women. Results: Metformin enhanced antibiotic inhibition zones notably for K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, while producing a moderate but less consistent synergistic effect on E. coli. Serum IL-10 levels were significantly lower in patients than controls, confirming an underlying inflammatory imbalance. Novelty: This research provides one of the first empirical assessments of metformin’s antibacterial adjuvant role in vaginal infections among PCOS and non-PCOS women. Implications: Findings suggest metformin may serve as a promising supportive agent to strengthen antibiotic efficacy and help mitigate bacterial resistance.Highlight : Metformin enhances the antibacterial effects on K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. IL-10 is lower in PCOS patients, indicating inflammatory imbalance E. coli is the most common bacterium in vaginal infections. Keywords : Metformin, Vaginal Infection, PCOS, Antibacterial Synergy, Antibiotic Resistance
Evaluating Tourism Export Performance in Uzbekistan: Evidence from Empirical Survey Findings Bekmurodova F.A
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.13027

Abstract

General background: Tourism export has emerged as a strategic economic sector for diversifying national income, particularly for countries possessing substantial cultural and natural resources. Specific background: Uzbekistan, despite its rich cultural heritage and ongoing infrastructure development, faces challenges in maximizing its tourism export potential in the competitive global market. Knowledge gap: While previous studies have examined general tourism development patterns in Uzbekistan, empirical evidence regarding international visitors' perceptions and experiences remains notably limited. Aims: This study addresses this gap by investigating tourism export challenges from foreign visitors' perspectives through systematic survey analysis. Results: Based on questionnaire data from 172 international tourists collected during 2020-2023, findings reveal critical deficiencies in marketing strategies (84% rated performance as inadequate), limited infrastructure for eco-tourism and adventure tourism, and insufficient global information dissemination, though gastronomic and cultural tourism received favorable assessments. Novelty: This research contributes original empirical insights through direct visitor feedback rather than econometric modeling, providing authentic perspectives on service quality gaps. Implications: The study offers evidence-based recommendations for enhancing market segmentation, upgrading tourism facilities, and implementing targeted marketing interventions to strengthen Uzbekistan's competitive position in international tourism markets.Highlight : Highlights the underused tourism export potential despite strong cultural and historical assets. Shows low marketing visibility and limited eco-adventure facilities as major barriers. Emphasizes survey-based evidence revealing visitors’ needs for better infrastructure and diversified tourism products. Keywords : Tourism Export Performance, Visitor Perceptions, Service Quality, Marketing Gaps, Infrastructure Challenges
Simplified Audits Support Micro Small And Medium Enterprise Financial Governance: Audit Sederhana Mendukung Tata Kelola Keuangan Usaha Mikro Kecil Dan Menengah Naning Rahmawati
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13029

Abstract

General Background: Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises contribute 61.07% to Indonesia’s GDP and absorb 97% of the national workforce, yet 77.5% still lack adequate financial reporting. Specific Background: Most micro, small, and medium enterprises rely on manual or inconsistent bookkeeping, have limited understanding of financial standards, and experience obstacles in accessing financing due to unreliable financial statements. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies highlight financial literacy and reporting issues, but limited research explains how simplified audits aligned with national financial standards function as a practical mechanism for supporting financial governance. Aims: This literature review from 2022–2024 analyzes the urgency, mechanisms, and outcomes of simplified audits in strengthening financial management for micro, small, and medium enterprises in Indonesia. Results: Findings show simplified audits detect accounting errors, increase transparency, strengthen tax compliance, expand financing opportunities, reduce operational inefficiencies, and clarify real business conditions through digital tools that support audit trails and systematic documentation. Novelty: This study positions simplified audits as a transitional governance instrument that bridges financial illiteracy, the application of national financial standards, and the digitalization of enterprise administration, with processes adapted to the scale and constraints of small business operations. Implications: The study indicates that policy support, digital adoption, capacity building, and affordable audit services can enable long-term financial resilience, transparency, and competitiveness for micro, small, and medium enterprises in Indonesia’s economic landscape. Highlights• Routine verification identifies misstatements, tax exposure, and hidden cash flow discrepancies.• Digital accounting tools streamline documentation and strengthen audit traceability.• Audit stages offer a practical pathway for applying national financial reporting standards. KeywordsSimple Audit; Micro Small And Medium Enterprise; SAK EMKM; Financial Health; Digital Accounting

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