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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,315 Documents
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Qualitative and quantitative phenotype of Kai Tor-Kai Tang (Gallus gallus) in the lower-northern region of Thailand Tossaporn Incharoen; Worawit Nakhen; Suphawadee Yaemkong
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 23 No. 10 (2022)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231049

Abstract

Abstract. Incharoen T, Nakhen W, Yaemkong S. 2022. Qualitative and quantitative phenotype of Kai Tor-Kai Tang (Gallus gallus) in the lower-northern region of Thailand. Biodiversitas 23: 5387-5395. The Kai Tor-Kai Tang (KT) chicken is a crossbreed between an indigenous domestic village breed and a local wild red junglefowl. Colorful plumage, a crowing voice, and a large single comb are specific characteristics of the phenotype. Due to their populations, there is a clear need to improve the qualitative and quantitative understanding of these chickens. A study of their phenotype variation may be an advantageous approach in the conservation and preservation of the breed, as well as social and commercial utilizations in rural communities. This study aimed to characterize the phenotypes of KT populations reared in the lower-northern region of Thailand, which includes Phetchabun, Phitsanulok, Phichit, Sukhothai, Uthai Thani, and Uttaradit provinces. A total of 100 KT chickens from 35 local farms were characterized under field conditions for 12 qualitative and 2 quantitative traits. Frequencies and means were calculated for phenotypical characteristics. Correlation coefficients and affecting factors factor were evaluated between qualitative traits among them. The results indicated that the most prominent colors of the earlobe, the colors around the eyes, beak, and shank were red (38%), orange (54%), brown (64%), and grey (56%), respectively. The main color of the neck and back plumage was brown-yellow (49% and 31%, respectively), the both long curving tail and back tail was black-green (96%), and the wing plumage color was red (79%) while 49.26%, 99% and 73% of the chickens had Jak Kod Hna comb, normal spur type, and Plod plods scale type, respectively. The overall mean body weight and age of the chickens were 1.07 ± 0.2 kg and 11.99 ± 7.4 months. The highest correlation (r: 1; p<0.01) was observed between the colors of the long curving tail and the back tail. The whole region had a significant effect on long-curving tail and back tail color (p<0.05), and all farm sizes had a significant effect on earlobe color (p<0.05).
First identification of marine anammox bacteria in Indonesia under tropical aquaculture conditions ELMI NURHAIDAH ZAINUDDIN; GUNO GUMELAR; SHAHRUL ISMAIL; MIA MIRANTI RUSTAMA; ZULKARNAINI ZULKARNAINI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 12 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261244

Abstract

Abstract. Zainuddin EN, Gumelar G, Ismail S, Rustama MM, Zulkarnaini Z. 2025. First identification of marine anammox in Indonesia under tropical aquaculture conditions. Biodiversitas 26: 6469-6479. Marine anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria offer a promising and sustainable pathway for nitrogen removal from aquatic environments, particularly in shrimp aquaculture, where nitrogen-rich waste can cause environmental problems. This study aimed to identify marine anammox bacteria (MAB) under tropical conditions in two filter bioreactors (FtBRs) operated at tropical ambient temperatures with seawater salinity of 32-33 ppt. FtBR 1 was inoculated with intensive shrimp pond sludge, while FtBR 2 received a mixture of sludge and freshwater anammox granules (Candidatus Brocadia fulgida). Microbial community profiling was performed using Illumina HiSeq sequencing targeting the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Both reactors successfully enriched the marine anammox species Candidatus Scalindua wagneri, accounting for 7% (FtBR 1) and 21% (FtBR 2) of the phylum Planctomycetota. In contrast, Candidatus Brocadia fulgida failed to survive under high salinity. Notably, Xanthomarina gelatinilytica emerged as the dominant genus in both systems, suggesting its important role in the hydrolysis and mineralization of organic nitrogen originating from shrimp aquaculture sludge. MAB were successfully identified and enriched despite their low relative abundance, suggesting potential interactions with co-occurring denitrifying communities. This study represents the first documented identification of MAB in Indonesia. These findings represent the first documented presence of MAB in Indonesia from aquaculture sludge. This work provides a foundation for developing localized, low-energy nitrogen removal technologies for sustainable shrimp aquaculture in coastal regions.
Relationship between viruliferous Bemisia tabaci population and disease incidence of Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus in chili pepper I GEDE RAI MAYA TEMAJA; DEWA GEDE WIRYANGGA SELANGGA; TRISNA AGUNG PHABIOLA; KHAMDAN KHALIMI; LISTIHANI LISTIHANI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 23 No. 10 (2022)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231046

Abstract

Abstract. Temaja IGRM, Selangga DGW, Phabiola TA, Khalimi K, Listihani L. 2022. Relationship between viruliferous Bemisia tabaci population and disease incidence of Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus in chili pepper. Biodiversitas 23: 5360-5366. Bemisia tabaci Genn is an important pest in horticulture crops. Until today, B. tabaci has always been found in chili pepper and causes damage. In addition to a direct injury to the chili pepper, it is also the vector of Begomovirus. There is no research till date regarding the relationship between B. tabaci with Begomovirus which caused damage to chili pepper crops. Thus, the aim of this research was to analyze the interaction between B. tabaci population with the disease incidence of Begomovirus on chili peppers crops, as well as the percentage of viruliferous B. tabaci. This research noted B. tabaci population dynamics, disease incidence of pepper yellow leaf curl disease, and the percentage of viruliferous B. tabaci via PCR by using Begomovirus universal primer and DNA analysis confirmation. The highest imago population occurred at 6 WAP with the average density 27.21 imago/yellow sticky card, while the highest nymph population occurred at 8 WAP with the average density of 4.26 nymph/leaf. The high population of B. tabaci nymph and imago caused the incidence of Begomovirus disease to reach 83.07% at 12 WAP. Result showed that high population of B. tabaci accelerated the speed of virus in the field. The confirmation result of Begomovirus in B. tabaci body showed that the virus was Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PYLCIV). The highest homology obtained was between PYLCIV isolates from Sekaan, Bangli with isolates from Bayung Gede, Bangli which ranged from 99.6 to 99.8%. Further phylogenetic analysis showed that PYLCIV isolates from Sekaan, Bali formed a group with the isolate from Bayung Gede, Bangli, which was from a different group with other isolates. This proved that B. tabaci carries and transmits PYLCIV to chili peppers in Bali.
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from raw milk in Pasuruan and Lumajang districts, East Java, Indonesia DIAN AYU PERMATASARI; FAUZIAH ANGGRAENI; BUDIARTO BUDIARTO; DEWA KETUT MELES; IWAN SAHRIAL HAMID; YULIANA PUSPITASARI; MUSTOFA HELMI EFFENDI; ASWIN RAFIF KHAIRULLAH; DHANDY KOESOEMO WARDHANA; EMMANUEL NNABUIKE UGBO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 23 No. 10 (2022)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231011

Abstract

Abstract. Permatasari DA, Anggraeni F, Budiarto, Meles DK, Hamid IS, Puspitasari Y, Effendi MH, Khairullah AR, Wardhana DK, Ugbo EN. 2022. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from raw milk in Pasuruan and Lumajang districts, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5050-5055. Milk and dairy products are nutritionally important in the diet worldwide. The microbiological quality of raw milk is essential for the quality of the final dairy product. The presence of Streptococcus agalactiae is frequently associated with high somatic cell counts in milk and decreased milk yield. Streptococcus agalactiae infections have major consequences for public health. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from raw milk in Pasuruan and Lumajang, East Java, Indonesia. Raw milk samples were collected from three sub-districts in Pasuruan (Tutur, Grati and Purwosari) and three sub-districts in Lumajang (Senduro, Karangbendo, and Tekung). California mastitis test (CMT) was performed to confirm the presence of somatic cells, S. agalactiae was identified using standard microbiological methods, and antibiotic resistance was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton agar. Results showed that 89 (79.46%) out of 112 dairy cows were positive for CMT, which indicated the presence of mastitis. Bacteria isolation was performed on CMT-positive samples and four samples were showed the presence of S. agalactiae (4.49%). Based on the sensitivity test against various antibiotics, it was observed that S. agalactiae isolates were resistant to ampicillin (75%), and erythromycin (50%), and were sensitive to cefotaxime (100%), tetracycline (75%), and chloramphenicol (100%). This research reported that Streptococcus agalactiae organism is one bacterium that is implicated in mastitis infections. Therefore, monitoring the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of this organism is needed in veterinary medicine, in order to make an appropriate choice of drug for treatment, improve high cure rates and minimize the increase of drug resistance.
Diversity, composition, structure and canopy cover of mangrove trees in six locations along Bintuni riverbank, Bintuni Bay, West Papua, Indonesia MARKUS SRAUN; RONI BAWOLE; JONNI MARWA; ANTON SILAS SINERY; REINARDUS LIBORIUS CABUY
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 23 No. 11 (2022)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231137

Abstract

Abstract. Srau M, Bawole R, Marwa J, Sinery AS, Cabuy RL. 2022. Diversity, composition, structure and canopy cover of mangrove trees in six locations along Bintuni riverbank, Bintuni Bay, West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5835-5843. Mangroves provide various benefits of ecological and socio-economic aspects. Such benefits could be delivered if mangrove vegetation is in good condition, indicated by several ecological parameters. This study was conducted to investigate the diversity, composition, structure, and canopy cover of mangrove trees along Bintuni riverbank, Bintuni Bay, West Papua, Indonesia. There were six different locations representing biotic and abiotic conditions. The study only focused on the mangrove tree stage with a total of 175 plots established, of which each plot had a size of 10 × 10 m. The name of mangrove species, tree diameter, total height, and canopy cover percentage was recorded and measured. The result showed that the diversity and composition of mangrove trees varied among the six locations indicated by the importance value index (IVI) parameter. The estuary and sub-estuary areas were dominated by Rhizophora mucronata, while in the further area from the estuary toward the land, the dominant mangrove species was Avicennia sp. The highest number of mangrove trees was found in Kampung Lama 1 with 989 trees/ha (593 trees in 60 plots) with an average diameter of 18.8077 cm (SD±7.0279) and an average height of 8.9477 m (SD±2.2814). The lowest tree distribution was found in Kampung Masuhi with 940 trees/ha (94 trees in 10 plots) with an average diameter of 15.4787 m (SD±3.8205). The highest average of canopy covers was noted in the sub-river estuary with a percentage of 86.97% (SD±85) and the lowest percentage was in Kampung Masina with 59.89% (SD±124.85). Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was a significant difference in terms of average tree diameter and height among the six locations with a p-value of 0.00021 < 0.05 at 95% CI. There was a strong positive correlation between tree diameter and height, as indicated by R2 of 0.69. In addition, a statistical test of analysis of variance from each location was significantly different among these six locations.
Daily behavioral research on Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii) mothers and offsprings at Suaq Balimbing Research Station, Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh Province, Indonesia Dalil Sutekad; Miftahul Jannah; Lenni Fitri; Fauziah Fauziah
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 23 No. 10 (2022)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231018

Abstract

Abstract. Sutekad D, Jannah M, Fitri L, Fauziah F. 2022. Daily behavioral research on Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii) mothers and offsprings at Suaq Balimbing Research Station, Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5108-5121. Discovering the daily behavior of female orangutan mothers and their offspring can provide information for use as a recent reference in orangutan conservation action plans. This research aims to determine the daily behavioral patterns of mother and offspring Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) at the Suaq Balimbing research station. This study was conducted between June 2019 and March 2020 and used focal animal sampling as the method. The method used consists of searching and daily behavioral logging. The results of the research showed that six orangutan mothers and offsprings (three mother-offspring pairs) showed different behavioral patterns. The distinction was felt in the distribution of time spent on activities. Eating, moving, resting, nesting, and social activity are all part of an orangutan's daily behavior. The proportion of time allocation used in the daily activities of female mother and Sumatran orangutan pairs (Pongo abelii) that is successfully observed in the Suaq Balimbing research station are eating (68.79%), resting (11.59%), moving (11.02%), nesting (1.11%), others (5.04%) and unknown (2.45%). Orangutans' diet plants in Suaq Balimbing consist of 30 species from 25 families, including the liana diet, plants consumed with the seeds, and plants consumed by the bark. According to the findings of this study, the behavior of a mother Sumatran orangutan, while it is with its offspring can be described.
Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi of Kalappia celebica: An endemic and endangered plant species in Sulawesi, Indonesia HUSNA HUSNA; FAISAL DANU TUHETERU; ALBASRI ALBASRI; ASRIANTI ARIF; BASRUDIN BASRUDIN; WIWIN RAHMAWATI NURDIN; EPRIANI ARMAN; DWI INTAN AGUSTIN; JUSMAN SARIBADU; RAHMAT RAHMAT; AHMAD DERMAWANSYAH; DALIANA DALIANA; LUCKY PERDANA LODY; ALKIKA SURYA DERI; IKRAENI SAFITRI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 23 No. 10 (2022)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231038

Abstract

Abstract. Husna, Tuheteru FD, Albasri, Arif A, Basrudin, Nurdin WR, Arman E, Agustin DI, Saribadu J, Rahmat, Dermawansyah A, Daliana, Lody LP, Deri AS, Safitri I. 2022. Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi of Kalappia celebica.): An endemic and endangered plant species in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5290-5297. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are a group of fungi belonging to Phylum Glomeromycota. AMF has a symbiotic relationship with higher plants, including endangered species in various climatic regions and land types. Research on AMF diversity related to endemic and endangered tree species in the tropics is still limited. This study aimed to examine the diversity of AMF in the natural habitat of Kalappia celebica Kosterm. (kalapi) in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Samples of soil and roots of K. celebica were collected from six natural habitat locations, i.e., Konawe District (Anggatoa and Abuki Villages), East Kolaka District (Lalingato and Anggaloosi Villages) and Kolaka District (Lalonaha and Lapao Pao Villages). The AMF spores were isolated by using the pouring method, followed by wet filtration. AMF identification was carried out by observing the morphology of AMF spores. A total of eight AMF species belonging to three genera Viz. Glomus, Funneliformis and Rhizophagus were isolated. Among the species identified, five species belong to genus Glomus, two species belong to the genus Funneliformis and one species belongs to the genus Rhizophagus. Glomus sp.1 and 2 and F. mosseae had the highest spore density, relative density and frequency, and importance index values. The AMF highest spore density was obtained in Anggaloosi Village of East Kolaka District. Soil properties such as organic C, total N and clay were positively correlated with spore density and negatively correlated with AMF colonization. The Simpson’s Index ranged from 0.42 ± 0.117 to 0.86 ± 0.068. The range of Shannon-Wiener Index was 0.12 ± 0.208 to 0.99 ± 0.198, while the Evenness Index ranged from 0.17 ± 0.189 to 0.75 ± 0.106. These findings indicated that K. celebica species are rich in AMF diversity. These symbiont fungi are key components of the ecosystem. Further research is needed to develop their use as promoters of plant establishment in conservation and restoration of those sites.
Effect of Aspergillus niger extract on production of coumarins in cell suspension cultures of Angelica archangelica DHUHA S. NADIR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 23 No. 10 (2022)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231020

Abstract

Abstract. Nadir DS. 2022. Effect of Aspergillus niger extract on production of coumarins in cell suspension cultures of Angelica archangelica. Biodiversitas 23: 5132-5138. Aspergillus niger is one of the most significant microbes employed in biotechnology and has been used for many years to make citric acid and extracellular enzymes. It is also utilized for waste treatment and biotransformation. In the last 20 years, A. niger has become a crucial transformational host to overexpress food enzymes. Different concentrations of A. niger extract were used to investigate their effects on the production of coumarin, both in the liquid medium and the cells, of batch cultures of Angelica archangelica L. Liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium enriched with 2.0 mg.L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) combined with 0.5 mg.L-1 Kinetin (Kin), was used as growth medium for batch cultures of A. archangelica incubated for different incubation periods (7, 14 and 21 days). The results showed that 3.053 mg.g-1 was the highest coumarin concentration, obtained from the nutritional medium drawn from cultures treated with 2.0 mL.L-1 of A. niger after 21 days of incubation. However, 2.055 mg.g-1 was the maximum coumarin concentration reached in the harvested cells after 21 days of incubation when the cultures were treated with 2.0 mL.L-1 of A. niger extract. This study was aimed at performing extraction, identification, and estimation of coumarins from cell suspension cultures of A. archangelica and also investigating the effects of A. niger extract, at different concentrations, for various incubation periods on the production of coumarins. The concluded that A. niger extract affected coumarin accumulation, both in the medium and cells, from the cultures of A. archangelica. A dose of 2.0 mL.L-1 of A. niger extract as a biotic elicitor was found to have the best elicitor concentration, and that 21 days of incubation was the optimum period for the elicitor concentration to produce the highest coumarin content in batch cultures. Therefore, these results may contribute to increasing coumarin production by using different fungal extracts as biotic elicitors in cell suspension cultures.
Comparative study of morphophysiological responses among cowpea and long beans plants under drought stress condition ELLY SYAFRIANI; KARTIKA RESTU SUSILO; RAHMI SRI SAYEKTI; MUHAMMAD HABIB WIDYAWAN; NABILAH SALMA KHOIRUNNISA; MUTIARI RAHMADHANI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 23 No. 10 (2022)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231063

Abstract

Abstract. Syafriani E, Susilo KR, Sayekti RS, Widyawan MH, Khoirunnisa NS, Rahmadhani M. 2022. Comparative study of morphophysiological responses among cowpea and long beans plants under drought stress condition. Biodiversitas 23: 5507-5518. Long bean plants are generally more susceptible to drought stress than cowpea plants. One of the promising solutions is through plant breeding to produce genetically modified long bean plants resistant to drought stress by crossing with cowpeas. Parental selection is the initial stage of the plant breeding program. This stage was performed by selecting parental varieties based on the desired superior characteristics, including morphological and physiological characteristics, as well as, yield production. Unfortunately, the comparison between long bean plants and cowpea plants is not well-studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the morphophysiological similarities and differences between long beans and cowpeas to withstand drought stress. A two-factorial randomized block design was used in this study and consisted of 2 factors (plant varieties and type of drought stress). The plant varieties used in this study are 7 long bean plants and 7 cowpea plants. While the level of drought stress were: T0 (watering every day), T1 (every 5 days), and T2 (every 10 days). The observational data from morphophysiological characters indicated that long bean plants were more tolerant to drought stress than cowpea plants. Interestingly, one of the cowpea varieties (C2) had the highest proline contents (20.27 µmol/gram of leaves sample) compared to other varieties. Hence, the C2 variety can be considered a candidate for further studies. Meanwhile, all the tested 7 varieties of long bean plants showed varying adaptability, possibly due to the genetic diversity of each variety against drought stress.
Evaluation of the quality of mangrove ecosystems using macrozoobenthos as bioindicators in the Southern Coast of East Java, Indonesia Catur Retnaningdyah; Satria Cahya Febriansyah; Luchman Hakim
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 23 No. 12 (2022)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231247

Abstract

Abstract. Retnaningdyah C, Febriansyah SC, Hakim L. 2022. Evaluation of the quality of mangrove ecosystems using macrozoobenthos as bioindicators in the Southern Coast of East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 6480-6491. The mangrove ecosystem in East Java has been degraded due to land use change. Some of these mangrove ecosystems have been restored. However, the success of these restoration activities has never been evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of some mangrove ecosystems on the Southern Coast of East Java by observing the physical and chemical quality of water and macrozoobenthos that live in mangroves, especially crustaceans and gastropods, as bioindicators. Samplings were carried out on seven mangrove ecosystems, namely restored ecosystems (Cengkrong, Sine, Getem, Kondang Merak, Clungup Mangrove Conservation/CMC) and natural ecosystems as reference sites (Alas Purwo National Park/TNAP and Sempu island). The water quality parameters observed were pH, conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrate, orthophosphate, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), salinity, sulfide content (H2S), oil and fat content, and dissolved lead (Pb) content. The macrozoobenthos communities observed were gastropods and crabs, while the mangrove communities  monitored were only trees, using plots, each measuring 10x10 m. The results showed that some water quality parameters did not meet the sea water quality standards for marine life, namely DO and nitrate levels for all locations, H2S, and oil/fat in some locations. The quality of the restored mangrove ecosystem in the Cengkrong and CMC areas was better than that of other sites, with a Shannon-Wiener species diversity index (H') for mangrove trees of 2.796 and 2.235 and was close to the quality at the reference sites, namely Alas Purwo and Sempu island (H' 2.953 and 2.356). The H' value of macrozoobenthos in the Cengkrong and CMC mangrove ecosystem was also high (4.37 and 3.47) and almost the same as the H' value of Sempu Island and Alas Purwo (3.45 and 3.88), while in other mangrove ecosystems it ranged from 1.33 to 2.60. The  species diversity of mangrove vegetation had a significant (? 0.05-0.1) to very significant (? <0.05) positive correlation with the diversity of crabs and gastropods, so the diversity of macrozoobenthos (crabs and gastropods) can be used as a bioindicator of the quality of the mangrove ecosystem.

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