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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
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Ecosystem carbon stock and annual sequestration rate from three genera-dominated mangrove zones in Benoa Bay, Bali, Indonesia I PUTU SUGIANA; TRI PRARTONO; RASTINA RASTINA; ALAN FRENDY KOROPITAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250133

Abstract

Abstract. Sugiana IP, Prartono T, Rastina, Koropitan AF. 2024. Ecosystem carbon stock and annual sequestration rate from three genera-dominated mangrove zones in Benoa Bay, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 287-299. The mangrove ecosystem is an ecologically productive wetland system that serves as a carbon sink. However, various factors have contributed to the variation in values when calculating ecosystem carbon stock and the sequestration rate in the mangrove ecosystem. The presence of varying environmental conditions has resulted in the categorizing different species of mangroves, which may lead to variations in ecosystem carbon stock and sequestration rates. In this study, we aim to assess the ecosystem carbon stock and sequestration rate of the mangrove ecosystem in Benoa Bay, Bali, Indonesia. The ecosystem has been categorized into three zones based on the dominant genera: Bruguiera, Rhizophora, and Sonneratia. This research aimed to investigate the influence of mangrove zoning on the variability of carbon stock values and sequestration rates within the ecosystem. The allometric calculation technique and net primary productivity and soil organic carbon percentage values obtained using the Loss on Ignition (LOI) method are used to estimate each zone's ecosystem carbon stock and sequestration rate. The findings of our study indicate that there are notable variations in the carbon stock of ecosystems across different zones. However, we did not observe any substantial changes in the annual carbon sequestration rates. The Sonneratia zone exhibits the maximum value of ecosystem carbon stock and sequestration rate (1,570.9±248.0 tCO2ha-1 and 81.8 tCO2ha-1yr-1), while the Bruguiera zone demonstrates the lowest values (1,029.6±130.9 tCO2ha-1 and 75.6 tCO2ha-1yr-1). The three zones' average carbon stock and sequestration rate are estimated as 338.2 tCha-1 (1239.9 tCO2ha-1) and 21.5 tCha-1yr-1 (78.9 tCO2ha-1yr-1), respectively. In total, the carbon storage and absorption capacity of Benoa Bay amounts to 421,149 tC (equivalent to 1.5 million tCO2), with an annual rate of 25,769.4 tCyr-1 (equivalent to 94,573.6 tCO2yr-1). We recommended that future ecosystem carbon stock evaluations consider mangrove-type zoning characteristics due to significant value fluctuations in various mangrove zones found.
Morphoanatomy and physiology of Swietenia macrophylla in different light environments: Insights into its invasive ability in the Philippines REGULOS NOLASCO AGOTO JR.; JONATHAN OGAYON HERNANDEZ; BYUNG BAE PARK
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250129

Abstract

Abstract. Agoto Jr. RNA, Hernandez JO, Park BB. 2024. Morphoanatomy and physiology of Swietenia macrophylla in different light environments: Insights into its invasive ability in the Philippines. Biodiversitas 25: 257-263. Evidence supporting Swietenia macrophylla G.King's invasive ability is primarily inferential to date. The present study analyzed the variation in morphoanatomical and physiological traits of the species between shaded and sun-exposed environments to provide insights into its invasive ability in the Philippines. The variations in leaf area, seedling height, leaf pH, biomass, parenchyma and collenchyma cell thickness, lumen area of xylem vessels, stomatal conductance, and leaf relative water content were analyzed between shaded and sun-exposed light conditions. While stem and leaf biomass did not differ between the two light conditions, root biomass was 27% higher in the shaded than in the sun-exposed seedlings. Leaf pH was substantially lower in the shaded than in the sun-exposed condition. The vessel lumen area in both leaf and root was significantly larger in shaded than in sun-exposed condition by 10-15%. The parenchyma of seedlings in the shady area of the forest was thicker (c.a., 1-2 layers) compared to those in the well-lit environment, particularly in the leaf and root. While stomatal conductance was similar between the two light environments, shaded ones had a much larger leaf relative water content, up by 9-12%. Overall, we found significant morphoanatomical and physiological variations between shaded and sun-exposed seedlings, indicating invasive species' light-capture strategy and providing insights into S. macrophylla's invasive potential in the Philippines.
Effect of Curvularia andropogonis infection on secretory tissues and phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme of Cymbopogon nardus ROFIATUN SOLEKHA; NI N. T. PUSPANINGRUM; AISYAH H. RAMADANI; FEBIANTI D. HAPSARI; DINI ERMAVITALINI; HERY PURNOBASUKI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250218

Abstract

Abstract. Solekha R, Puspaningrum NNT, Ramadani AH, Hapsari FD, Ermavitalini D, Purnobasuki H. 2024. Effect of Curvularia andropogonis infection on secretory tissues and phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme of Cymbopogon nardus. Biodiversitas 25: 598-604. Cymbopogon nardus L. oil production decreased due to red spot disease caused by Curvularia andropogonis fungal infection. The objective of this study was to investigate the infection effect of C. andropogonis on secretory tissue formation in citronella leaf epidermis and the enzymatic defense expression response in C. nardus. Anatomical responses were observed from leaf secretory structure slide while PAL reactions were measured from enzyme activity in leaf samples of three treatment groups with healthy, wounded, and infected conditions. The morphological results of infected leaves changed from green to brownish triggered by pathogenic infection conditions that activated the PAL enzyme pathway and phenylpropanoid production as a defense. The results showed that the density of cells storing secondary metabolites flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in infected leaves increased compared to wounded and healthy ones. Secondary metabolites flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in wounded leaves increased compared to healthy leaves. It was observed that enzymatic response escalated when infection occurred. PAL enzyme activity test of C. nardus leaves showed that infected leaves had the highest value (0.0051 U/mL), followed by wounded leaves (0.0033 U/mL) and healthy leaves (0.0027 U/mL). Likewise, the specific activity of PAL enzyme in infected leaves was highest (0.121 U/mg), followed by injured leaves (0.040 U/mg) and healthy leaves (0.022 U/mg). The overall results exhibited that C. andropogonis infection affects the quality of secretory tissue and increases PAL enzyme activity as a form of defense. By detecting secretory tissue and defense enzymes after infection, further research can be carried out regarding controlling Curvularia andropogonis infections by engineering enzymes and secondary metabolites.
Morpho-anatomical characteristics, phytochemical and antibacterial potential of Sargassum polycystum collected along the southern coast of Java, Indonesia MARIA DYAH NUR MEINITA; RISKI YULIA; MUHAMMAD NURSID; NUNUK ARIES NURULITA; DICKY HARWANTO; RIVIANI RIVIANI; RIYANTI RIYANTI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 8 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250840

Abstract

Abstract. Meinita MDN, Yulia R, Nursid M, Nurulita NA, Harwanto D, Riviani, Riyanti. 2024. Morpho-anatomical characteristics, phytochemical and antibacterial potential of Sargassum polycystum collected along the south coast of Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2669-2681. The southern coast of Java is one of the coastal areas in Indonesia with a high abundance of seaweed. Sargassum polycystum, a brown marine macroalga that is abundant in southern coast of Java, contains high secondary metabolites and exhibits promising potential as an antibacterial agent. There is lack of comprehensive study on morpho-anatomical characteristic and bioactivity of S. polycystum. Hence, this study investigated the morpho-anatomical characteristics, phytochemical compound content, and antibacterial activity of S. polycystum collected from three different beaches along the southern coast of Java Island against pathogenic bacteria Bacillus megaterium, Micrococcus luteus, and Escherichia coli. Specimen collection was done using purposive random sampling along southern coast of Java Island, followed by descriptive exploratory of morpho-anatomical characteristic, extraction, phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity assay. Maceration with methanol solvent during 48 hours was used for extraction. The phytochemical analysis employed a qualitative descriptive method, while the antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). The morpho-anatomical characteristics observed of S. polycystum include the characteristic of a rough-textured stipe, round tapered serrated blade, small disc-shaped holdfast, alternate pinnate branching, cell wall, vacuole and cytoplasm. The morphology and anatomy of S. polycystum particularly the thallus and blade structure are strongly impacted by the environmental condition of southern coast of Java. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids in S. polycystum extract. Antibacterial assay demonstrated a medium to strong antibacterial activity against B. megaterium with bacteriostatic properties, strong to very strong antibacterial activity against M. luteus, and weak antibacterial activity against E. coli. Future research is required to examine how environmental conditions affect the composition and concentration of phytochemical compounds in S. polycystum.
Phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity of ethyl acetate extracts from fifteen Orthosiphon aristatus leaves genotypes RAISADIBA PUTRI BOVANI; NOVIAN LIWANDA; IRMANIDA BATUBARA; LAKSMI AMBARSARI; WARAS NURCHOLIS
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250236

Abstract

Abstract. Bovani RP, Liwanda N, Batubara I, Ambarsari L, Nurcholis W. 2024. Phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity of ethyl acetate extracts from fifteen Orthosiphon aristatus leaves genotypes. Biodiversitas 25: 763-769. Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq., also known as kumis kucing in Indonesia, is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family that contains various phytochemical compounds with antioxidant properties. This study investigated the phenolic content, flavonoid, rosmarinic acid,  sinensetin,  and antioxidant capacity of 15 genotypes of O. aristatus ethyl acetate extracts. Therefore, 15 genotypes were analyzed using quercetin as the standard for Total Phenolic Content (TPC) using a colorimetric method with gallic acid and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC). Sinensentin and rosmarinic acid were measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant capacity was determined using Trolox as a standard antioxidant by 2-Diphenyl Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The results revealed a diverse range of phytochemical compounds, with total phenolic content ranging from 3.39 to 13.80 mg GAE/g DW, total flavonoid content from 0.20 to 1.43 mg QE/g DW, rosmarinic acid from 0.02 to 0.19 mg/g DW, and sinensetin from 1.61 to 21.67 mg/g DW. Furthermore, the antioxidant assays demonstrated varying degrees of efficacy, with DPPH ranging from 2.09 to 13.98 ?mol TE/g DW and FRAP from 0.07 to 2.96 ?mol TE/g DW. Genotypes A10, A11, and A12 exhibited superior phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities, highlighting their potential as valuable sources of medicinal compounds.
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants by indigenous community of Aek Guo Village, Mandailing Natal District, Indonesia RIDAHATI RAMBEY; FEBRISA NELASUFA; ASEP PERRY MUHAMMAD ATHORIEZ; SOLIHIN SOLIHIN; RAHMAWATY RAHMAWATY; ARIDA SUSILOWATI; YUNUS AFIFUDDIN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 3 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250318

Abstract

Abstract. Rambey R, Nelasufa F, Athoriez APM, Solihin, Rahmawaty, Susilowati A, Afifuddin Y. 2024. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants by indigenous community of Aek Guo Village, Mandailing Natal District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1046-1056. Aek Guo Village, Mandailing Natal District, Indonesia, falling under the jurisdiction of Forest Management Unit or Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan (KPH) IX Panyabungan, serves as a home for the Mandailing indigenous tribe, primarily engaged in agriculture with a significant dependence on the forest for sustenance. Within the cultural fabric of the Aek Guo community, there exists a profound tradition of employing medicinal plants as an alternative form of treatment, a practice deeply rooted in ethnobotanical knowledge passed down through generations. The study aimed to identify the diverse array of medicinal plants, their utilization practices, and key parameters such as Use Value (UV), Family Use Value (FUV), Plant Part Value (PPV), and Fidelity Level (FL) associated with their applications. A comprehensive approach that integrates qualitative and quantitative methods, the study involves semi-structured interviews and meticulous documentation. The findings reveal a rich repertoire of 66 plant species distributed across 36 families, constituting a vital component of the Aek Guo community. Noteworthy is the pre-eminence of ginger (Zingiber officinale) with the highest UV value (0.68), while paku gajah (Angiopteris evecta) being the lowest (0.01). Family Use Value (FUV) demonstrated variations, with Fabaceae leading the chart (0.39), and Simaroubaceae recording the lowest value (0.01). A closer examination of Plant Part Value (PPV) indicated a preference for leaves, comprising 56.06% of the utilized plant parts, while flowers contribute minimally at 1.51%. Fidelity Level (FL) values, crucial for assessing the significance of particular plants within the community, peak for kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus) and ginger (Z. officinale) at 22.54%. In contrast, jerangau (Acorus calamus), pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia), salam (Syzygium polyanthum), and paku gajah (A. evecta) exhibit the lowest FL values at 1.41%. These findings contribute significantly to the broader understanding of ethnobotanical practices across different Mandailing communities, with potential implications for conservation, healthcare, and sustainable resource management.
Indication of feeding ground inside the Manta Ray's cleaning station by investigation of the zooplankton community composition in Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia WIDIASTUTI WIDIASTUTI; DEBBY BORUMEI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 3 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250340

Abstract

Abstract. Widiastuti, Borumei D. 2024. Indication of feeding ground inside the Manta Ray's cleaning station by investigation of the zooplankton community composition in Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1239-1245. Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia, hosts reef manta ray (Mobula alfredi) and oceanic manta ray (Mobula birostris). Studies reported that these areas have functioned as manta ray cleaning and nursery sites. However, food availability is also the main attraction for manta ray aggregation. Thus, this study investigated the zooplankton community composition and abundance in the Manta Sandy Spot, a manta's cleaning station, to indicate its other role as the manta ray's feeding ground. Three sampling sites were located around the cleaning station bordered by mooring. A plankton net collected samples with a 100 µm mesh size, a mouth diameter of 30 cm, and a 1 m length horizontally towed from a boat for 5-10 min at a speed of ~2 knots. Manta ray's behavior was observed by snorkeling in the surface waters. Results demonstrated that the zooplankton was only composed of Copepod, consisting of three orders: Calanoida, Cyclopoida, and Harpacticoida. Among these orders, Calanoids dominated the zooplankton composition (93%). These genera were further grouped according to their body sizes, whereas three genera in Calanoids (Eucalanus, Calanus, and Undinula) were categorized as large-bodied zooplankton. The presence of the large-bodied zooplankton in the water samples, Calanoids, and Cyclopoids, which have been reported as the manta rays' preferred prey, indicates the area's role as the manta ray's feeding ground. This finding is supported by studies that found these zooplankton in the water where manta rays' feeding activity occurred and were absent in areas with no feeding activity. More indications were demonstrated by the manta ray's behavior, which followed the feeding activity criteria.
Isolation and identification of Bifidobacterium species from human breast milk and infant feces in Indonesia ROBIN DOSAN; SAMUEL OWEN MUDANA; CLARA MEIRINZHA PANG JULYANTO; EMILY TANIA PURNAMA; MARCELIA SUGATA; JUANDY JO; TJIE JAN TAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250139

Abstract

Abstract. Dosan R, Mudana SO, Julyanto CMP, Purnama ET, Sugata M, Jo J, Tan TJ. 2024. Isolation and identification of Bifidobacterium species from human breast milk and infant feces in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 337-343. There has been a growing interest in identifying emerging probiotic strains because of their benefits for human health. Many bifidobacteria originated from humans have been reported to possess probiotics properties. They are commonly found in the intestine of breast-fed infants. Hence, this study aimed to isolate and identify bifidobacteria from human breast milk and infant fecal samples in Indonesia and evaluate their probiotic properties. Twenty colonies were isolated from two independent fecal samples and two independent breast milk samples. Ten isolates (BR1-M1, BR1-B1, BR2-5, BR2-6, BR2-12, BS2-PB3, BS2-PB5, BS2-PS1, BS2-PS2, BS2-MB1) showed a compatible phenotypic character with Bifidobacteria based on the Bergey’s Manual, including Gram-positive, irregular rods, no catalase activity, non-spore-forming, and non-motile. Subsequently, four isolates with similar carbohydrate fermentation patterns as Bifidobacterium spp. were selected for further molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The results showed that BR2-5 and BR2-6 were found to be closely related to Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis with 100 and 98.39% similarity, respectively. Meanwhile, BS2-PS1 and BS2-PB3 were found to be closely related to Bifidobacterium breve with 100 and 98.26% similarity, respectively. Further investigation revealed that BR2-5 and BS2-PB3 were resistant to low pH (?4) and could tolerate the exposure of bile salts (1%). Both isolates survived under different oxidative stress conditions (aerobic and microaerophilic). In conclusion, BR2-5 and BS2-PB3 exhibited promising characteristics as probiotic candidates, though further investigations are required to substantiate these current findings.
Biodiversity value of tree vegetation in Rainbow Forest Biosite, Ijen Geopark, East Java, Indonesia HARI SULISTIYOWATI; ELA APRILIYANTI HASANAH; ARIF MOHAMMAD SIDDIQ; TRI RATNASARI; NILASARI DEWI; AGUNG SIH KURNIANTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 6 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250637

Abstract

Abstract. Sulistiyowati H, Hasanah EA, Siddiq AM, Ratnasari T, Dewi N, Kurnianto AS. 2024. Biodiversity value of tree vegetation in Rainbow Forest Biosite, Ijen Geopark, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2670-2678. Biodiversity value representing the monetary estimation of the ecological value (ecoval) of species composing a forest is often applied for ecosystem change assessment. Tree community in Rainbow Forest Biosite (RFB) or Biosite Hutan Pelangi, Ijen Geopark, East Java, Indonesia was planted in 1937 and has experienced significant regrowth and changes over time by replacing one another until a mature forest becomes established. Yet, no empirical work has been done to assess the biodiversity value in RFB. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive estimation of the ecological value of tree vegetation in the RFB at Ijen Geopark. As many as 100 plots with size of 10×10 m each were established to acquire structural data of tree vegetation. Semi-destructive method was used to collect functional data on tree carbon. The result shows that RFB comprises 21 families, 34 genera, and 43 species. This forest has high diversity with dominant tree species are Trevesia sundaica Miq. and Dendrocnide stimulans (L.fil.) Chew due to the large number of individual and area coverage. Tree vegetation in RFB has a total basal area of 330 m2/ha and a total volume of 4,171.01 m3/ha, equivalent to an ecoval 182,439,286,595 IDR/ha in monetary terms. Three species including Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Rich. & A.Rich. and Cedrela odorata L., have unique existence, while others are quite unique (88.37%). Tree growth in RFB sequesters approximately 9,773.30 Mg CO2eq/ha while storing 873.17 Mg C/ha and producing 7,105.19 Mg O2eq/ha, equivalent to an ecoval of 11,401,417,827 IDR/ha. In total, the combined structural and functional biodiversity value of the explored vegetation is estimated to be 193,840,704,423 IDR/ha. By assigning this biodiversity value to RFB, authorities should focus on designing and implementing policies to maintain the existing tree species composition naturally and prevent deforestation.
Morphology of porang (Amorphophallus muelleri) in the Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia ASEP ZAINAL MUTAQIN; MARZHAVIRA AZLIKA KHRISNAN; JOKO KUSMORO; JOHAN ISKANDAR; RULY BUDIONO; MADIHAH MADIHAH; MOHAMAD NURZAMAN; TIA SETIAWATI; RUSDI RUSDI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 8 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250838

Abstract

Abstract. Mutaqin AZ, Khrisnan MA, Kusmoro J, Iskandar J, Budiono R, Madihah, Nurzaman M, Setiawati T, Rusdi. 2024. Morphology of porang (Amorphophallus muelleri) in the Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2656-2662. The porang plant (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is a plant from the Araceae family that grows widely in various regions in Indonesia, including West Java Province. The porang plant contains various compounds, especially glucomannan, which can be used as food, cosmetics, medicines, etc., making it a prospective agricultural commodity widely cultivated by farmers. Like other plants, the characteristics of the porang plant are dependent on the environmental growing conditions. This research aims to determine the morphological characteristics of porang plants in several locations under various growing environments in the Citarum watershed, West Java Province. This research makes use of qualitative and quantitative approaches. The sampling technique was exploratory, with observation and interviews as additional data sources. Exploration was carried out to find the growing porang locations. Observations were carried out to observe or record the morphological characteristics and growing environment of porang. Interviews were conducted with competent community groups regarding the porang plant, such as farmers, to enrich information, especially regarding morphology and the growing environment. The research shows that porang are found in several locations, including the Citarum watershed. Unfortunately, this research observed intensively porang grown in Soreang Sub-district, Bandung District, Cipatat Sub-district, West Bandung District, and East Cikalong Sub-district, West Bandung District. Furthermore, specific observations of porang showed morphological differences in different growing environments in several locations, such as differences in light intensity, temperature, and soil pH.

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