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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
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Increasing ploidy level of marigold (Tagetes patula Sudamala Barak) using colchicine with acute and chronic methods YUYUN NITA SARI; SYARIFAH IIS AISYAH; DEWI SUKMA; MUHAMAD SYUKUR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260617

Abstract

Abstract. Sari YN, Aisyah SI, Sukma D, Syukur M. 2025. Increasing ploidy level of marigold (Tagetes patula Sudamala Barak) using colchicine with acute and chronic methods. Biodiversitas 26: 2726-2734. Marigold (Tagetes sp.) is a popular and potential ornamental plant in Indonesia, especially in Bali, commonly used in religious ceremonies and industry. A significant challenge in the floriculture industry is producing plants with desirable traits, such as larger flowers. Sudamala Barak has dark red flowers with small size (4,5-5,6 cm), but consumers prefer larger ones (8-10 cm). Colchicine is a chemical mutagen that disrupts spindle fiber formation during mitosis, thereby inducing chromosome doubling and resulting in polyploid cells. Tagetes patula is an allotetraploid species (2n = 48). This study aimed to determine the LC50 value and analyze the morphological, histological, and cytological characteristics of Sudamala Barak mutants. The research was conducted from May 2024 to February 2025 using two application methods: acute (seven concentrations) and chronic (four concentrations) based on LC50 (lethal concentration 50%). The results showed that colchicine significantly affected various plant characteristics. The LC50 value was found to be 0.346%. Overall, the chronic method produced greater diversity than the acute method. Colchicine treatment influenced plant height, canopy width, number of primary branches, stem diameter, flowering time, and flower diameter. It also increased the number of stomata and chloroplasts, potentially improving photosynthetic efficiency. In the acute method, the highest ploidy level was euploid-pentaploid (2n = 60) at concentrations of 0.05%; 0.1%; 0.15%; 0.25%; and 0.3%. In contrast, in the chronic method, the highest ploidy level was euploid-autoalooctaploid (2n = 96) at 10× and 20× LC50 dilution concentrations.
Biodiversity, bioactivity, and chemical profile of endophytic fungi isolated from cashew (Anacardium occidentale) DEWI NOVIANTI; ELFITA ELFITA; HARY WIDJAJANTI; SALNI SALNI; ELIZA ELIZA; RIAN OKTIANSYAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260638

Abstract

Abstract. Novianti D, Elfita, Widjajanti H, Salni, Eliza, Oktiansyah R. 2025. Biodiversity, bioactivity, and chemical profile of endophytic fungi isolated from cashew (Anacardium occidentale). Biodiversitas 26: 2959-2969. Anacardium occidentale, called cashew, is used extensively in agriculture and medicine. Traditional medicine has extensively used the plant’s root barks, leaves, fruits, and seeds to cure various illnesses, including gastrointestinal issues, infections, and inflammation. Numerous reports have identified secondary metabolites that contribute to the biological activity of A. occidentale plants. The symbiotic endophytic fungi that inhabit the plant parts of A. occidentale may also generate bioactive substances that could be used as a source of medicine. This study examines the endophytic fungi associated with A. occidentale root barks, fruits, and seeds and their chemical profiles and bioactivity. Fresh tissue from root barks, fruits, and seeds was used to isolate endophytic fungi and identify them morphologically. The disk diffusion method was used to evaluate endophytic fungal extracts for antibacterial activity, while the DPPH method was used to test for antioxidant activity. Each endophytic fungal isolate's antibacterial and antioxidant activity was compared to the activity of the host plant. Endophytic fungal extracts with the same morphological characteristics in each plant part were subjected to GC-MS analysis to determine their chemical profiles. Sixteen endophytic fungal isolates were successfully isolated, including 8 isolates from root barks (RM1-RM8), 2 isolates from fruits (FM1-FM2), and 4 isolates from seeds (SM1-SM4). It shows that the highest number of endophytic fungi was found in the root bark, followed by the seed and fruit. The bioactivity of endophytic fungi in each organ is the same as that of its plant part. The results of morphological identification show that Aspergillus niger was found in all plant parts, namely in the root bark (RM7), fruit (FM1), and seeds (SM4). The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of A. niger isolates from the three different plant parts were varied. The results of the GC-MS analysis show that the endophytic fungal extract of A. niger in each plant part also has varying chemical profiles. The findings of this study can be used as information for drug development.
Diversity of true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of the Southern Aral Sea Region, Uzbekistan M.ZH. MEDETOV; J.K. ABDULLAEVA; AKHMED REYMOV; A.M. MIRATDINOVA; A.K. SEYTMURATOV; J.D. TAJIBAEVA; R.S. KADIROV; N.A. UTEMURATOV; S.K. KIMYONAZAROV; JASUR KUDRATOV; R.S. URAZOVA; X.A. KELDIYOROVA; U.B. URALOV
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260704

Abstract

Abstract. Medetov MZH, Abdullaeva JK, Reymov A, Miratdinova AM, Seytmuratov AK, Tajibaeva JD, Kadirov RS, Utemuratov NA, Kimyonazarov SK, Kudratov J, Urazova RS, Keldiyorova XX, Uralov UB. 2025. Diversity of true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of the Southern Aral Sea Region, Uzbekistan. Biodiversitas 26: 3125-3135. This article presents the results of a scientific study conducted in 2021-2023 on screening representatives of the order Heteroptera in various regions of the Southern Aral Sea, Uzbekistan, using modern zoological and ecological methods and the literature review of the available scientific sources. It was noted that the hemipterans in the Southern Aral Sea Region consist of 258 species belonging to 4 infraorders, 13 superfamilies, 25 families, 35 subfamilies, 35 tribes, 104 genera and 3 subgenera. According to the distribution of hemipterans in the Southern Aral Sea Region in terms of infraorers, 132 species belong to the infraorder Pentatomomorpha (51.2%), 106 species to Cimicomorpha (41.1%), 13 species to Nepomorpha (5.03%), 7 species to Gerromorpha (2.7%) and the infraorder Gerro-morpha made up the least numbers with 1 species (0.38%). 167 species identified in our research materials were found to be close to 124 species according to Khamraev’s data in 2003, (KJ: 0.25), as well, 146 species according to Ganjaeva’s data in 2021 (KJ: 0.30). According to the distribution of hemipterans in the Southern Aral Sea Region in landscapes, 89 species (34.5%) were identified in agro-biocenoses, 85 species (32.9%) in the Lower Amudarya Biosphere Reserve, 83 species (32.29%) in Kyzylkum desert areas, 19 species (7.36%) on water and water banks, as well, 100 species (38.7%) in Ustyurt. Based on the density and number of 167 species of hemipterans distributed in the natural and anthropogenic regions of the Southern Aral Sea, 13 species were recorded as very rare (7.8%), 25 species-rare (15%), 63 species-permanent (38%), 27 species-common (16.1%), and 39 species-very common (23.3%).
Enhancing fungal diversity in ex-coal mine soils through tillage and organic waste ZAINUDIN ZAINUDIN; DYAH ROESWITAWATI; ADI SUTANTO; ALI IKHWAN; RORO KESUMANINGWATI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260739

Abstract

Abstract. Zainudin, Roeswitawati D, Sutanto A, Ikhwan A, Kesumaningwati R. 2025. Enhancing fungal diversity in ex-coal mine soils through tillage and organic waste. Biodiversitas 26: 3516-3527. This study investigates the effects of tillage depth, urban organic waste application, and incubation period on fungal diversity in soils from former coal mining sites in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Using a Box-Behnken design within Response Surface Methodology (RSM), three factors, tillage depth (5-15 cm), incubation period (60-120 days), and organic waste application (20-60 tons ha?¹) were tested across 17 treatment combinations. Fungal populations were quantified using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) through serial dilution and colony counting. Fungal richness increased significantly with incubation time: four species were found at 60 days (Rhizoctonia sp., Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen., Chrysonilia sp., Aspergillus niger Tiegh.); six at 90 days (Aspergillus flavus Link, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Gliocladium sp., Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp.); and seven at 120 days (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, Rhizoctonia sp., A. niger, Gliocladium sp., Trichoderma sp., Colletotrichum sp.). Diversity indices also improved with time. At 60, 90, and 120 days, Shannon-Wiener index (H) values were 1.369, 1.691, and 1.846 (medium), dominance (D) values were 0.259, 0.197, and 0.174 (low), and Margalef indices (Dmg) were 1.365, 1.698 (low), and 2.502 (medium). Evenness values ranged from 0.944 to 0.987, indicating an almost even fungal distribution. Statistical analysis revealed that only the incubation period significantly affected fungal population density (p < 0.05), while tillage depth (p = 0.3654) and organic waste application (p = 0.6662) did not. The resulting regression model was: Total fungal colony = 10.24 + 2.12A + 5.63B + 1.0000C. This study contributes novel insights into the integrated effects of soil management practices on fungal diversity in tropical post-mining soils an area previously underexplored. The application of RSM allowed optimization of interacting variables. The findings reinforce the ecological role of fungi as bioindicators and agents for soil restoration, emphasizing incubation duration as a key driver in enhancing microbial recovery for sustainable land reclamation.
Quantification of 1-deoxynojirimycin content, ?-amylase inhibition activity, and secondary metabolites in four different mulberry accession leaves from Indonesia YASINTA RATNA ESTI WULANDARI; WILLIAM FRANS; YANTI YANTI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260647

Abstract

Abstract. Wulandari YRE, Frans W, Yanti. 2025. Quantification of 1-deoxynojirimycin content, a-amylase inhibition activity, and secondary metabolites in four different mulberry accession leaves from Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3047-3053. Mulberry (Morus spp.) is known to be one of the plants with potential as an antidiabetic. However, there is still limited information on the potential of mulberry leaves against diabetes, particularly mulberry from Indonesia. One of the compounds found in mulberry, namely 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ), has shown significant potential for diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the content of 1-DNJ, the inhibitory activity of ?-amylase enzyme, and secondary metabolites found in 4 types of mulberry accessions from various regions in Indonesia. Mulberry plant samples were obtained from Bogor, Pati, as well as Situbondo, and their leaves were made into extracts. The samples were analyzed for 1-DNJ content using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), a-amylase inhibitory activity through in-vitro tests, and secondary metabolite was determined with LCMS-QTOF. The results showed that accession 3 from Bogor had the highest 1-DNJ content with 0.357±0.003 mg 1-DNJ/g leaves. In terms of ????-amylase inhibitory activity, accession 3 also performed the best with an IC50 value of 5.1075±1.734 mg/mL compared to the acarbose with 2.062±0.424 mg/mL. Further analysis of extract found flavonoid groups such as luteolin, quercetin, and cyanidin 3,5-glucosidase, which could potentially contribute to the inhibition activity of ????-amylase. Compared to others, accession 3 from Bogor showed the most potential result due to its high 1-DNJ content and low IC50 value. Moreover, future studies were recommended to conduct in-vivo tests and examine the ability of mulberry leaves accession 3 in handling antidiabetic disease healing.
Change of fish composition in the Nong Leng Sai Wetland, Thailand, after newly completed dredging DUTRUDI PANPROMMIN; SUPHAKORN SORNPHUI; PRAMEDA TIPDACHO; WARARITH CHAISAN; SIRILUCK TUNCHAROEN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260606

Abstract

Abstract. Panprommin D, Sornphui S, Tipdacho P, Chaisan W, Tuncharoen S. 2025. Change of fish composition in the Nong Leng Sai Wetland, Thailand, after newly completed dredging. Biodiversitas 26: 2611-2621. The objective of this study was to explore changes in fish composition and fish species diversity in the Nong Leng Sai Wetland, Mae Chai District, Phayao Province, Northern Thailand, following the completion of dredging in 2023. Fish specimens were collected both in the areas of the Nong Leng Sai non-hunting area and in the Nong Leng Sai common properties area from February to December 2023. The results revealed the presence of 34 species, 31 genera, and 16 families, all belonging to 7 orders. Thirty-one native and three introduced species were found. A total of 561 individual fish were found with a total weight of 40,403.3 grams. The carp group was found in the highest numbers and with the heaviest weight: 325 individual fish, accounting for 57.9%, and a total weight of 29,462.7 grams, accounting for 72.9%, respectively. Fish were found in the miscellaneous group, where 177 fish were identified, accounting for 31.6% of the total, with a total weight of 5,876.4 grams, which represented 14.5% of the total weight. Smith's barb (Puntioplites proctozystron) was the dominant species in terms of numbers. In terms of threatened status, there were 28 species of Least Concern, 4 species of Data Deficient (Systomus rubripinnis, Clarias macrocephalus, Gobiopterus lacustris and Dermogenys pusilla), one species in Vulnerable (Wallago attu) and one species of Endangered (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). The fish composition and diversity changed from what had previously been reported and were markedly different from those prior to dredging operations. It is necessary to continue monitoring fish diversity and composition after the dredging is complete, to gather information about changes in fish resources over time, leading to informed resource management based on accurate academic data.
Prediction of live body weight from linear body measurements in sheep breeds of Botswana KAELO PELOTSHWEU; MONOSI A. BOLOWE; NICODEMUS P. MOSWEU; KETSHEPHAONE THUTWA; PATRICK M. KGWATALALA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260614

Abstract

Abstract. Pelotshweu K, Bolowe MA, Mosweu NP, Thutwa K, Kgwatalala PM. 2025. Prediction of live body weight from linear body measurements in sheep breeds of Botswana. Biodiversitas 26: 2696-2705. Phenotypic correlation data serve as a baseline to predict the outcomes of selection, which can in turn be used to inform appropriate conservation and breed improvement programs and strategies. Therefore, the study aimed to determine phenotypic correlations between body weight and morphometric traits and develop body weight prediction equations using morphometric traits for different sheep (Ovis aries) breeds in Botswana. Phenotypic correlation coefficients were determined from 595 sheep (Damara: 79, Dorper: 177, Karakul: 135, Meat-master: 156; Tswana: 48). Prediction equations were estimated from 94 sheep (Damara: 20, Dorper: 30, Karakul: 16, Meat-master: 28) using Stepwise regression procedures of Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.4. The highest positive significant (p<0.05) correlation coefficients were found between body weight and heart girth in both sexes across different sheep breeds. Males had higher correlation coefficients than females, except for Karakul males. Body length was more positively correlated (r: 0.81, 0.79, and 0.97) with body weight than height at withers (r: 0.78, 0.44, and 0.08) in Dorper, Meat-master, and Tswana male sheep, respectively. Morphometric traits like heart girth, body length, height at withers, neck length, cannon bone length, cannon bone circumference, and scrotal circumference in males were used for the prediction of body weight in Dorper, Damara, Meat-master, and Karakul sheep. Heart girth accounted for more variability in the prediction model for both sexes of all breeds, except for Damara males, where it was coupled with body length to predict their body weight. This indicates that body weight can be indirectly selected through selection for heart girth, height at withers, and body length. The study shows that heart girth, height at withers, and body length are the main traits that can be used in prediction equations of different sheep breeds to estimate body weight in the absence of weighing scales.
Dietary diversity of the vulnerable leaf-eating monkey Presbytis fredericae in the degraded forest of Mount Merbabu, Indonesia PUGUH KARYANTO; DHINDA TAZKIA; IKE NURJUITA NAYASILANA; ARI SUSILOWATI; SUNARTO SUNARTO; JAROT WAHYUDI; SRI SUTJI UTAMI ATMOKO; SHUKOR MD NOR
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 5 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260546

Abstract

Abstract. Karyanto P, Tazkia D, Nayasilana IN, Susilowati A, Sunarto, Wahyudi J, Atmoko SSU, Nor SM. 2025. Dietary diversity of the vulnerable leaf-eating monkey Presbytis fredericae in the degraded forest of Mount Merbabu, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 2508-2518. Extensive forest degradation and fragmentation on Java Island, Indonesia, have resulted in significant habitat loss and a sharp decline in tree diversity. The remnant forests, characterized by declining plant diversity and composition, could have a major impact on the diversity and food preferences of a vulnerable leaf-eating monkey (Presbytis fredericae). In response to changes in a new floristic structure, P. fredericae may develop new foraging adaptations, allowing them to diversify their diet by consuming a variety of plant species. However, such behavior may not be performed, as the monkey's food choices are evidence of an evolutionary strategy to maximize nutrient and energy intake for survival. Therefore, dietary diversity can serve as a good proxy to examine the extent to which folivore monkeys' foraging behavior adapts to food resource change. This study investigated the food diversity of plants selected by P. fredericae in a degraded montane forest on Mount Merbabu, Indonesia. We employed a molecular-based Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technique to analyze 13 fecal samples. Our downstream analysis in RStudio identified 132 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). By organizing the OTUs by their abundance in Microsoft Excel and comparing our results to an existing floristic database from previous vegetation surveys, we identified eight orders, nine families, and nine species in the tree stratum, and 11 orders, 12 families, and 14 species in the forest floor community. These findings indicate that P. fredericae selectively consumed only 34% of the total tree species and 14% of the available forest floor plant species. This food selection suggests that P. fredericae exhibits selective feeding and optimal foraging behavior, primarily by consuming immature foliage from a wide range of plant taxa. This behavior helps them meet their nutritional needs while minimizing the risk of toxin accumulation.
Floristic checklist and distribution of Trollius species (Ranunculaceae) in Kazakhstan DINA KARABALAYEVA; MERUYERT KURMANBAYEVA; ADIL KUSMANGAZINOV; BEKTEMIR OSMONALI; MOLDIR ZHUMAGUL
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260839

Abstract

Abstract. Karabalayeva D, Kurmanbayeva M, Kusmangazinov A, Osmonali B, Zhumagul M. 2025. Floristic checklist and distribution of Trollius species (Ranunculaceae) in Kazakhstan. Biodiversitas 26: 4103-4123. The genus Trollius, belonging to the family Ranunculaceae and order Ranunculales, includes species known for their ornamental and medicinal value. However, the current state of Trollius species in Kazakhstan remains insufficiently studied. This study provides a comprehensive floristic update on five species: T. altaicus, T. asiaticus, T. dschungaricus, T. lilacinus, and T. komarovii, the latter formerly assigned to Hegemone and recently transferred to Trollius. We analyzed a total of 391 herbarium specimens (including 8 newly collected specimens in 2023): T. altaicus (177), T. dschungaricus (129), T. lilacinus (75), T. asiaticus (7), and T. komarovii (3), from field studies and 12 domestic and international herbarium collections. Additionally, we utilized online biodiversity databases such as GBIF and iNaturalist. During recent fieldwork, four new localities were confirmed for T. altaicus and T. dschungaricus, with precise georeferencing, notably in the Western Altai (Ivanov Ridge), Zailiyskiy Alatau (Talgar District), Zailiyskiy-Kungei Alatau (Maloe Almatinskoe Gorge), and the Ketpen Ridge (Uygur and Raiymbek Districts). Using QGIS 3.28 and Google Earth, we produced updated distribution maps based on materials dated from 1826 to 2024. The confirmed range of Trollius species includes Southern, Southeastern, and Eastern Kazakhstan, covering the Altai, Saur, Tarbagatai, Dzungarian Alatau, the northern and western Tian Shan, and Kyrgyz Alatau regions. This study refines the known distribution of Trollius in Kazakhstan and fills important floristic gaps, particularly in high-mountain and border areas. Our results highlight the need for further monitoring and conservation of these species, especially those with restricted distribution such as T. komarovii. This updated dataset lays the groundwork for future taxonomic, ecological, and conservation research on Central Asian flora.
Diversity and composition of anurans on Mount Gutom Protected Landscape, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines ANDRIE BON A. FLORES; EDDIE P. MONDEJAR; ELBERT B. CABALLERO; JUSTIN N. MACEDA; LILYBETH F. OLOWA; OLGA M. NUÑEZA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260810

Abstract

Abstract. Flores ABA, Mondejar EP, Caballero EB, Maceda JN, Olowa LF, Nuñeza OM. 2025. Diversity and composition of anurans on Mount Gutom Protected Landscape, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. Biodiversitas 26: 3769-3780. Mount (Mt.) Gutom Protected Landscape is among the last remaining natural forests and serves as one of the most critical watersheds in Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. Despite its ecological importance, no comprehensive studies on anuran species have been conducted in the area, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of the area’s amphibian biodiversity and its conservation needs. This study investigates the species composition, abundance, and conservation status of anurans in the Mt. Gutom Protected Landscape. An opportunistic sampling method was employed at four sites: Sikitan, Malikas, Lower Gutom, and Upper Gutom. A total of 269 individuals representing 19 species from six families were recorded, with the highest species richness observed in Sikitan and Malikas. Notably, 12 species (63.16%) are endemic to the Mindanao Faunal Region, while three (15.79%) species are Philippine endemics, and the remaining are native (21.05%) to the country but more widely distributed. The Near Threatened species Limnonectes magnus was recorded as the most abundant and dominant species. According to the Bray-Curtis similarity analysis, two distinct site clusters (Sikitan-Malikas and Lower-Upper Gutom) indicate habitat differences that influence species distribution. SIMPER analysis confirmed that L. magnus contributed significantly to observed dissimilarities. Diversity indices revealed substantial variation: Malikas had the highest Shannon diversity index (H?: 2.328) and the lowest dominance index (D: 0.1208), reflecting a balanced and less disturbed habitat. Sikitan followed closely (H?: 2.205, D: 0.1431). In contrast, Lower Gutom (H?: 1.819, D: 0.2535) and Upper Gutom (H?: 1.489, D: 0.3399) exhibited higher dominance and lower diversity, suggesting anthropogenic pressures. These results highlight the ecological importance and site-specific vulnerabilities of Mt. Gutom’s anuran communities, emphasizing the need for urgent conservation interventions, including habitat protection, continued monitoring, and community-based stewardship programs to safeguard these endemic and threatened amphibians.

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