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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
 598   599   600   601   602 
Fecal contamination and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli in rural water sources of Bali, Indonesia I WAYAN AGUS GEDE MANIK SAPUTRA; I PUTU BAYU MAYURA; MADE AGUS HENDRAYANA; I WAYAN SUARDANA; NI NYOMAN SRI BUDAYANTI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 10 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261008

Abstract

Abstract. Saputra IWAGM, Mayura IPB, Hendrayana MA, Suardana IW, Budayanti NNS. 2025. Fecal contamination and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli in rural water sources of Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4923-4931. Escherichia coli is a key indicator of human fecal contamination in environmental waters, providing insight into sanitary conditions and potential health risks, including the presence of diarrheagenic genotypes and antimicrobial-resistant strains such as extended-spectrum ?-lactamase (ESBL) producers. This study assessed fecal coliform contamination in rural water sources and characterized E. coli isolates for pathogenic potential and antimicrobial susceptibility within the context of the SAJAKA (Antibiotic-Wise Village) Project in Bali, Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in August 2024 across 24 sites, including 16 river points (upstream, midstream, downstream) and 8 springs, in four rural villages. Single 250 mL water samples were analyzed using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, cultured in Lactose Broth at 37°C, and confirmed in Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth at 44.5°C. Positive cultures were transferred to eosin methylene blue agar, colonies with a metallic green sheen were purified and identified using the VITEK 2 Compact system, and confirmed E. coli isolates were subjected to PCR to detect virulence-associated genes. Fecal coliforms were detected in 41.7% of sites (10 of 24, n=24) of sites, with higher prevalence in rivers (8 of 16, 50%) compared to springs (10 of 24, 25%), and spatial clustering was observed in downstream segments of the Yeh Ge and Yeh Dati Rivers. Eight isolates were identified as E. coli and two as Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. None of the E. coli isolates carried virulence genes of diarrheagenic pathotypes, and all were susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins, indicating the absence of ESBL production. Although ESBL and diarrheagenic E. coli were not detected, the presence of E. coli indicates contamination and therefore the water is nonpotable and calls for corrective action. Continued monitoring, particularly for antimicrobial resistance, is essential to support water safety and public health strategies within a One Health framework.
Environmental factors affecting Macrocephalon maleo presence in nesting habitats of Lore Lindu National Park, Indonesia RINA FATKHIYAH; SANDY NURVIANTO; SENA ADI SUBRATA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270431

Abstract

Abstract. Fatkhiyah R, Nurvianto S, Subrata SA. 2026. Environmental factors affecting Macrocephalon maleo presence in nesting habitats of Lore Lindu National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270431. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270431. Macrocephalon maleo, commonly known as the maleo, is a critically endangered bird endemic to Sulawesi, recognized for its distinctive nesting strategy of burying eggs in geothermally or solar-heated soil. This study examined nesting habitat characteristics and environmental factors influencing its presence in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. From June 2024 to February 2025, field surveys and camera trap monitoring were conducted at 27 nesting sites. Active nesting grounds were primarily located on gentle slopes from lowland to lower montane forests, which associated with sandy soils near geothermal sources. Soil temperature at nesting sites ranged from 25 to 41°C. Canopy cover ranged from 24-88%, while understory cover ranged from 46-89%. Logistic regression analysis indicated that understory vegetation cover was the only variable significantly associated with maleo presence (p-value: 0.00997), with higher understory cover corresponding to lower occurrence. Other measured environmental variables showed no significant relationship with maleo presence, indicating that soil and thermal conditions across nesting sites met the species’ nesting requirements, whereas understory structure directly influenced nesting accessibility and predator detection. These results demonstrate that maleos select nesting habitats with open ground conditions. Conservation management should therefore prioritize the maintenance of open understory structure and the protection of confirmed active nesting grounds. This study was limited to a single-season observational design and did not address interannual variation in nesting activity. The findings provide quantitative ecological evidence to support habitat-based conservation of maleo populations in LLNP and Sulawesi.
Comparative analysis of chemical and biological properties of essential oils from fresh and dried leaves of Ocimum americanum MUHAMMAD RUSDI; ABDUL RAHIM; HERLINA RANTE; SUBEHAN LALLO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 10 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261013

Abstract

Abstract. Rusdi M, Rahim A, Rante H, Lallo S. 2025. Comparative analysis of chemical and biological properties of essential oils from fresh and dried leaves of Ocimum americanum. Biodiversitas 26: 4976-4982. Ocimum americanum is a tropical aromatic plant native to Southeast Asia and Africa, widely used in traditional medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of post-harvest drying on the chemical composition and bioactivities of the essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of O. americanum EOs were extracted via steam distillation and analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant capacity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells was determined using the MTT assay, while antimicrobial activity was measured using the agar diffusion method. GC-MS analysis revealed that geranial, neral, geraniol, and nerol were the most dominant components in the essential oil from fresh leaves. The most dominant compounds in dried leaves were geranial, neral, linalool, and trans-13-octadecenoic acid methyl ester. The essential oil from fresh leaves showed higher antioxidant capacity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with a value of 38.08±2.17 mg TE/g EO. Conversely, the essential oil from dried leaves showed higher antioxidant capacity in the CUPRAC (278.23±1.78 mg TE/g EO) and FRAP (15.59±0.06 mg TE/g EO) assays. Fresh and dried EOs showed antimicrobial activities and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells, and the dried leaf EO demonstrated better anticancer potential, with an IC?? value of 22.91 µg/mL. These findings suggest that drying significantly alters EO composition and modulates its biological activities. The findings indicate that drying extends shelf life and diversifies applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and phytopharmaceuticals. Optimizing post-harvest processing could improve the therapeutic value and market potential of O. americanum, supporting its sustainable use and conservation.
Vertebrate biodiversity in King Khalid Royal Nature Reserve, Central Saudi Arabia, with a new range-expansion of Trachylepis tessellata ABDULLAH A. ALMUTAIRI; MOHAMMED F. ALBESHR; EHAB EID
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260836

Abstract

Abstract. Almutairi AA, Albeshr MF, Eid E. 2025. Vertebrate biodiversity in King Khalid Royal Nature Reserve, Central Saudi Arabia, with a new range-expansion of Trachylepis tessellata. Biodiversitas 26: 4065-4076. Arid protected areas in Central Saudi Arabia remain under-surveyed for vertebrate diversity, constraining evidence-based management. King Khalid Royal Nature Reserve (KKRNR), an arid habitat mosaic northeast of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, lacks contemporary faunal baselines. We conducted the first systematic, year-round assessment of vertebrates in KKRNR to compile a field-verified checklist, highlight notable distributional records, and identify conservation-value habitats. In 2023, we sampled four habitat types (wadis, dunes, plains, plateaus) across 19 fixed sites using complementary methods: diurnal/nocturnal line transects, fixed-radius point counts, visual-encounter surveys, camera trapping (760 trap-days), Sherman live-trapping (665 trap-nights), and verified opportunistic records. We documented 77 species (14 mammals, 43 birds, 20 reptiles), including eight globally threatened taxa and two introduced breeding residents. Birds comprised the largest share (43/77; 56%), consistent with KKRNR’s location on the Palearctic–African flyway. Seasonal richness peaked in autumn (57 species) and was lowest in winter (28), with significant seasonal differences (ANOVA F = 12.84, p < 0.001). Spatial patterns were pronounced: wadis supported the highest diversity (Shannon H? = 2.73; evenness J? = 0.84), whereas dunes and plateaus were comparatively species-poor, underscoring moisture and structural complexity as key drivers. We confirmed a range extension of the tessellated mabuya (Trachylepis tessellata) into the Riyadh region, with seven individuals near cultivated, mesic microhabitats, suggesting broader habitat tolerance or prior under-detection. These results establish a current baseline and pinpoint wadi networks as priority habitats for protection and restoration. Management should safeguard and rehabilitate wadis, regulate grazing/infrastructure on dune and plateau margins, and institute long-term monitoring that couples standardized surveys with passive acoustics and environmental DNA to improve detection of cryptic taxa. The findings align with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 objectives for effective protected-area management and biodiversity monitoring in arid ecosystems.
Plant diversity and vegetation structure across reclamation ages in a tropical gold mine landscape, North Sumatra, Indonesia SYAIFUL ANWAR; ASYRAF BIN MANSOR; HAZZEMAN HARIS; RIZKY WAHYUDI; QESHY NATA HAYATI; BUDIMAN BUDIMAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 12 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261209

Abstract

Abstract. Anwar S, Mansor AB, Haris H, Wahyudi R, Hayati QN, Budiman. 2025. Plant diversity and vegetation structure across reclamation ages in a tropical gold mine landscape, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 6056-6073. Restoration is essential to recover biodiversity in post-mining landscapes. This study aimed to descriptively compare the plant diversity and vegetation structure in reclamation sites aged 3 to 12 years at the Martabe gold mine, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Vegetation was sampled using nested quadrat methods with 10% sampling intensity (2.36 ha of 22.8 ha total area); species richness (S), Shannon–Wiener diversity (H?), Margalef richness (R), and evenness (E) were calculated. The Morisita index quantified community similarity, and species dominance was assessed using the Importance Value Index (IVI). Density profiles (ind·ha-¹) were also constructed to examine stand structure. This research provides novel insights into the trajectories of ecological succession and restoration potential in tropical mining landscapes. Across all age groups, 177 species were recorded, with seedling-stage richness peaking at 58 species in 3-year-old sites. Seedling communities showed high diversity but low evenness, indicating pioneer species dominance. Sapling and pole stages exhibited moderate diversity with balanced species distributions, while tree communities had the lowest richness but increasing evenness with age. Community similarity increased from the seedling to the tree stage, suggesting convergence toward a mature assemblage. Falcataria falcata dominated the tree layer, while Samanea saman and Hibiscus tiliaceus prevailed in sapling and pole layers. Pioneer plants like Melastoma malabathricum and Asystasia gangetica were common among the young seedlings. The vegetation density displayed an inverted J-shaped pattern, indicating healthy regrowth. These findings reveal changes in species composition, dominance, and structure over a decade of reclamation, providing valuable information to enhance mine-land restoration strategies in tropical regions.
Characterization, molecular and pathogenicity of Metarhizium huainamdangense isolated from Dumoga against the corn leafhopper Peregrinus maidis PARLUHUTAN SIAHAAN; MAGFIRA LANGANAWA; ROWLAND ERVAN RUSFANDI MANGAIS
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 12 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261213

Abstract

Abstract. Siahaan P, Langanawa M, Mangais RER. 2025. Characterization, molecular and pathogenicity of Metarhizium huainamdangense isolated from Dumoga against the corn leafhopper Peregrinus maidis. Biodiversitas 26: 6111-6119. The corn leafhopper (Peregrinus maidis) is a major pest of maize, causing significant yield losses and threatening sustainable production. Reliance on chemical pesticides has led to resistance and environmental risks, creating a demand for eco-friendly alternatives. Entomopathogenic fungi, particularly Metarhizium spp., have shown strong potential as biological control agents. This study characterized and evaluated the pathogenicity of a local Metarhizium isolate from West Dumoga, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Morphological observations confirmed colony and conidial traits typical of Metarhizium. Molecular identification through ITS sequencing placed the isolate within the Metarhizium huainamdangense clade with >98% similarity. Conidial density reached 1.39 × 10? conidia/mL with 100% germination after 24 hours, indicating strong physiological fitness. Pathogenicity assays against P. maidis demonstrated concentration- and time-dependent mortality, with up to 100% mortality at 10? conidia/mL by day 14. However, the high LC?? (1 × 10?. conidia/mL) and LT?? (>8.5 days) values indicate relatively low virulence compared with other Metarhizium species. This study confirms the Dumoga local isolate as Metarhizium huainamdangense and has potential as a promising biocontrol agent with formulation optimization to improve field effectiveness in integrated pest management.
Ethnobotanical utilization and cultural significance of taro (Colocasia spp.) in Berau District, East Kalimantan, Indonesia LINDA OKTAVIANINGSIH; NABILA WULANDARI; DWI SUSANTO; MUHAMMAD FAUZI ARIF
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 11 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261107

Abstract

Abstract. Oktavianingsih L, Wulandari N, Susanto D, Arif MF. 2025. Ethnobotanical utilization and cultural significance of taro (Colocasia spp.) in Berau District, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5458-5467. Taro (Colocasia spp.) is a tuber crop of the Araceae family valued for its high nutritional and medicinal properties, widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. Indonesia, particularly Kalimantan, harbors rich taro diversity and a long history of its utilization. However, comprehensive ethnobotanical studies on taro remain limited, especially concerning varietal diversity, plant parts used, processing methods, and cultural contexts. This study aimed to identify taro varieties in Berau District, East Kalimantan, and document their utilization by different ethnic groups. Data were collected through exploratory surveys, field observations, and semi-structured interviews involving approximately 50 informants from 14 ethnic groups across 26 villages in 10 sub-districts. Twenty accessions belonging to Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta and C. e. var. antiquorum were recorded, thriving in diverse habitats such as home gardens, swamps, and roadsides. Plant parts utilized included tubers (64%), stems (27%), leaves (6%), leaf stalks (2%), and leaf tips (1%). Taro served multiple purposes: staple food and vegetables, ceremonial materials (e.g., natural nail dye for weddings), traditional remedies for skin irritation, and livestock feed. Common preparation methods comprised frying, boiling, sautéing, and steaming. Women constituted the majority of users (92%), predominantly homemakers (60%), with most consumers aged 41-50 years. This study represents the first comprehensive ethnobotanical documentation of taro in Berau, highlighting its cultural and nutritional significance. The findings emphasize the urgency of preserving traditional knowledge to support germplasm conservation, local food innovation, and food security enhancement in tropical regions.
Insect abundance and pest prevalence across landscape types and seasons in arabica coffee plantations of West Java, Indonesia YANI MAHARANI; ASTARINA UTARI; TSAMARA SABITHA ANDRIANI; YUDITHIA MAXISELLY; SISKA RASISKA; SUDARJAT SUDARJAT; DEDI HUTAPEA; PURNAMA HIDAYAT
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 11 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261105

Abstract

Abstract. Maharani Y, Utari A, Andriani TS, Maxiselly Y, Rasiska S, Sudarjat, Hutapea D, Hidayat P. 2025. Insect abundance and pest prevalence across landscape types and seasons in arabica coffee plantations of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5438-5448. West Java is renowned for being a leading producer of high-quality arabica coffee in Indonesia and has received international recognition for its products. The presence of insects, particularly pests, and the extent of the damage they cause are critical factors that influence coffee productivity. This study investigated the effects of landscape composition and climate on insect abundance and pest damage severity in Arabica coffee plantations in West Java, Indonesia. Sampling was conducted across three landscape types: settlements, agricultural, and agroforestry systems, during dry and rainy seasons in Cilengkrang and Pangalengan Districts. For each landscape type, five plots measuring 10 × 10 m were established for data collection. Insect sampling combined brocap traps, beating sheets, a yellow pan trap, and direct collection, while pest intensity was evaluated on fruiting coffee plants. The study revealed that insect community composition varied significantly across coffee plantations, influenced by landscape type and seasonal changes. Insect abundance was notably higher during the dry season, with 5,938 individuals counted, compared to 2,024 individuals during the rainy season. Climatic conditions had a significant impact on insect distribution and community structure. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) revealed more distinct community composition among landscapes in the dry season, while rainy-season communities were more homogeneous. Herbivorous insects were most abundant in agricultural areas, regardless of the season. Pest damage was mostly low, except for Hypothenemus hampei (coffee berry borer), which caused consistently high damage in settlements and agricultural areas regardless of season and exceeded economic thresholds (>5%). Findings highlight the strong influence of landscape structure and seasonal climate on insect community dynamics and pest pressure. The study's implications for pest management practices suggest that promoting habitat heterogeneity through agroforestry and diversified vegetation could enhance natural pest control and support sustainable Arabica coffee production.
Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by the Agta community in Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines VENUS B. GUIMBUAYAN; CECILIA S. CORDERO; GRECEBIO JONATHAN D. ALEJANDRO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 12 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261231

Abstract

Abstract. Guimbuayan VB, Cordero CS, Alejandro GJD. 2025. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by the Agta community in Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines. Biodiversitas 26: 6316-6334. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants remains an integral part of primary healthcare systems in the Philippines, especially among indigenous communities. This study aimed to document the medicinal plant species used by the Agta indigenous peoples of Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines. From August 2024 to February 2025, 34 key informants were selected through purposive sampling and interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed to determine the most culturally important species using Use Value (UV) and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF). Disease categories were classified in accordance with the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (WHO-ICD 11). The Agta community reported 81 medicinal plant species, representing 74 genera and 37 families, with Poaceae being the most represented family (nine species). Leaves were the most commonly used plant part (41%), and decoction (43%) was the most frequent mode of preparation. Myristica sp. and Vitex arvensis were the most cited species, with UVs of 0.88 and 0.62, respectively. The highest ICF value (1.0) was recorded for disease category 5 (endocrine, nutritional, or metabolic diseases), followed by the Disease Categories 12 (Diseases of the Respiratory System) and 18 (Pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium) and with ICF values of 0.76 and 0.71, respectively. This study provides the first documentation of the medicinal flora used by the Gonzaga Agta, offering a comprehensive inventory that underscores its dual significance for safeguarding cultural heritage and guiding future pharmacological research.
First evidence of breeding and eastward range expansion of the Mediterranean short-toed lark (Alaudala rufescens) in King Abdulaziz Royal Reserve, Saudi Arabia HAZEM ABDULLAH AL-ASMARI; ABDELWAHAB CHEDAD; ABDULAZIZ MUBARAK AL-QAHTANI; NUWAYYIR MOHAMMAD ALSHAMMARI; MOHAMMED HAMED ALTALHI; ABDULRAHAMAN SALEM ALZAHRANI; HUSSEIN H. ALKHAMIS; ABDULLAH MOHAMMED ALOWAIFEER; ABDULWAHED FAHAD ALREFAEI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260834

Abstract

Abstract. Al-Asmari HA, Chedad A, Al-Qahtani AM, Alshammari NM, Altalhi MH, Alzahrani AS, Alkhamis HH, Alowaifeer AM, Alrefaei AF. 2025. First evidence of breeding and eastward range expansion of the Mediterranean short-toed lark (Alaudala rufescens) in King Abdulaziz Royal Reserve, Saudi Arabia. Biodiversitas 26: 4048-4056. We report the first confirmed breeding records of the Mediterranean short-toed lark (Alaudala rufescens) in the King Abdulaziz Royal Reserve (KARR), eastern Saudi Arabia. Field surveys conducted during the winter and spring of 2025 documented territorial pairs and fledglings, indicating successful local reproduction. Based on observed chick development and known incubation and fledging periods, egg-laying likely began in mid-March, with juveniles still present in late May, suggesting a prolonged breeding period under favorable spring conditions. This represents a notable eastward expansion of the species' known breeding range, previously limited to western and northern Saudi Arabia, and may drive by ecological or climatic factors such as increased aridity tolerance or changes in habitat availability. Seasonal monitoring revealed high winter abundance (2,387 individuals) followed by a marked decline in spring (296), including an estimated 90 breeding pairs, 45 juveniles, and 70 fledglings, highlighting both temporal dynamics and the effectiveness of mobile transects in detecting desert bird populations. The species displayed notable trophic flexibility: while nestlings fed primarily on soft-bodied invertebrates, adults consumed a broader omnivorous diet including insects and plant matter. These results illustrate the ecological adaptability of A. rufescens and emphasize the importance of continued monitoring in arid environments to track range shifts and inform conservation strategies. Additionally, our study confirms the presence of a resident breeding population in the northern sector of the King Abdulaziz Royal Reserve, coexisting with a winter migratory group.

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