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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,259 Documents
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Species diversity and composition, conservation status, and carbon stocks of the mangrove forests in Zamboanga City, Philippines PATRICIA ANGELA S. EPAN; ARMI G. TORRES; JENNET R. MAG-ASO; WELLA A. TIU-TATIL
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 6 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270608

Abstract

Abstract. Epan PAS, Torres AG, Mag-Aso JR, Tiu-Tatil WA. 2026. Species diversity and composition, conservation status, and carbon stocks of the mangrove forests in Zamboanga City, Philippines. Biodiversitas 27 (6): d270608. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270608. Mangrove ecosystems are essential protective barriers for coastal areas and provide important ecological services to society, such as shelter from storms and strong waves, habitat for a variety of fish species, and an extensive amount of carbon sequestration. However, specific data on the species composition and management strategies for this ecosystem are currently insufficient in Zamboanga City, Philippines. To address this gap, this study assessed the taxonomic diversity and composition, aboveground living biomass and carbon stock, and conservation status of mangrove forests in three sites: Talabaan, Victoria, and Great Sta. Cruz Island (GSCI). The field sampling was conducted in June, July, December of 2025, and January of 2026. In each study site, three 150-m transects were established perpendicular to the shoreline. Within each transect, eight 10 m x 10 m quadrats were systematically positioned at 10-m intervals, resulting in a cumulative sample size of n = 72 quadrats across the study area. A total of 15 mangrove species from 7 families and 8 genera were identified across all sites, with Rhizophora genus dominating (Rhizophora apiculata, 346 individuals; Rhizophora mucronata, 223 individuals). Taxonomic surveys revealed that while the majority of the identified species are categorized as 'Least Concern' by the IUCN, the presence of Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Vulnerable) and Sonneratia ovata (Near Threatened) indicates the conservation importance of the study sites. Victoria exhibited a relatively high diversity (H' = 1.86), while Talabaan showed the lowest (H' = 1.39). GSCI recorded the highest carbon stock at 41.61 t C ha⁻¹ with a carbon equivalent of 152.71 t CO2 ha⁻¹. Results show that while reforested sites like Talabaan and Victoria contribute to mangrove vegetation cover, protected natural stands like GSCI remain superior in both carbon sequestration and biodiversity. By quantifying the ecological disparities between reforested and natural stands, this study provides localized ecological data that may serve as a preliminary baseline for future conservation planning and carbon sequestration strategies in Zamboanga Peninsula.
Checklist of native freshwater fish from Surabaya River, Indonesia ABDUL R. FAQIH; RR. JUNI TRIASTUTI; DITA WISUDYAWATI; SEPTI ANITASARI; VIOL D. KHARISMA; RAHMI RAHAYU; HERI CAHYONO; JILA SULIASTINI; R. ADHARYAN ISLAMY; FITRI S. VALEN; MUHAMMAD B. TAMAM; PRIGI ARISANDI; JOSIE SOUTH; AHMAD S. KAMARUDIN; ALIFA K. WIJAYA; VERYL HASAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270327

Abstract

Abstract. Faqih AR, Triastuti RRJ, Wisudyawati D, Anitasari S, Kharisma VD, Rahayu R, Cahyono H, Suliastini J, Islamy RA, Valen FS, Tamam MB, Arisandi P, South J, Kamarudin AS, Wijaya AK, Hasan V. 2026. Checklist of native freshwater fish from Surabaya River, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270327. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270327. Surabaya River is a tributary of the Brantas River and is habitat to several freshwater fish species. The aim of this study was to provide information on the species composition of freshwater fish in the Surabaya River, one of the most important rivers in East Java, Indonesia. All samples used in this study were caught from December 25, 2025, to January 25, 2026. Sampling was conducted at three stations on the Surabaya River: the starting point of the bifurcation at Mlirip Sluice Gate, Mojokerto Regency (Station 1); Krian Sub-District, Sidoarjo Regency (Station 2); and the end of the river at Jagir Sluice Gate, Surabaya City (Station 3). Specimens were identified using specialized papers and books. This work recorded 35 fish species across 31 genera and 17 families. Cyprinidae was the dominant family, comprising 10 genera and 11 species. Station 1 had the highest species richness (34 species), while Station 3 had the lowest (17 species). Several species endemic of Java, such as Java walking catfish Clarias batrachus, Asian redtail catfish Hemibagrus nemurus, wrestling halfbeak Dermogenys pusilla, and spotted barb Barbodes binotatus, were found in this study, indicating that further attention is needed to preserve their habitat. The new information on freshwater fish diversity across different parts of the river will be useful for updating the current database on Javanese freshwater fish species diversity and for providing an updated native species inventory for three segments during the 2025-2026 sampling. Information on the habitat use and ecological interactions of fish occurring in the Surabaya River is urgently needed to make appropriate conservation decisions and plans.
Biochemical responses of a wild and a cultivated accession of Momordica charantia under contrasting soil moisture regimes THUAN VAN NGUYEN; MUSLIAR KASIM; TUTY ANGGRAINI; LINH NHUT DOAN; NHA VAN DUONG; THI CAM THI VO; SANG TRONG DO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270403

Abstract

Abstract. Nguyen TV, Kasim M, Anggraini T, Doan LN, Duong NV, Vo TCT, Do ST. 2026. Biochemical responses of a wild and a cultivated accession of Momordica charantia under contrasting soil moisture regimes. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270403. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270403. Water deficit is a major abiotic constraint affecting plant growth, functional traits, and genotype-level variation under field conditions. This study evaluated growth performance and antioxidant-related biochemical traits of a wild and a cultivated accession of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) under three soil moisture regimes (80%, 65%, and 50% field capacity) using a split-plot field design. Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging), and biomass-related traits were quantified in leaves at defined crop ages and in fruits at commercial maturity, and yield-based biochemical indices were calculated to integrate concentration and dry matter accumulation. Moderate moisture deficit (65% field capacity) was associated with increased TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity in several instances, while severe deficit (50% field capacity) reduced biomass stability and biochemical performance, particularly in the cultivated accession. Fruits accumulated greater absolute biochemical yields per plant, whereas leaves exhibited stronger concentration-based responsiveness to moisture variation. The wild accession generally showed greater biochemical plasticity and higher yield-integrated metabolite production than the cultivated accession under moisture stress. These findings demonstrate a clear trade-off between metabolite concentration and biomass accumulation under drought conditions, with moderate stress generally supporting higher biochemical performance. The results highlight the importance of genotype selection and irrigation management in maximizing functional traits and support the use of wild germplasm in breeding strategies for improved drought adaptation in bitter melon.
Elevational patterns and seasonal baseline of bird diversity in the Lomas de Atiquipa, Southern Peru CESAR R. LUQUE-FERNANDEZ; LUIS N. VILLEGAS-PAREDES
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 6 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270603

Abstract

Abstract. Luque-Fernandez CR, Villegas-Paredes LN. 2026. Elevational patterns and seasonal baseline of bird diversity in the Lomas de Atiquipa, Southern Peru. Biodiversitas 27 (6): d270603. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270603. Coastal lomas are fog-dependent vegetation oases in the South Pacific desert, where wet-dry seasonality influences vegetation cover and habitat availability. We characterized bird diversity in the Lomas de Atiquipa, southern Peru, and evaluated its variation along elevation, habitat types, and seasons. We integrated historical records compiled between 2002 and 2018 with standardized surveys conducted in 2018 during the dry and wet seasons. Historical records were used to describe the local avifaunal inventory and broad richness patterns across 100-m elevational bands and habitat types, whereas the standardized surveys were used to evaluate habitat- and season-related variation in community structure based on observed counts. We recorded 110 species belonging to 17 orders and 41 families, including four Peruvian endemics. The highest compiled richness was recorded at mid elevations, particularly between 600 and 700 m asl (55 species), and in open forest, agricultural areas, and herbaceous-shrub habitat. Community composition in the standardized 2018 surveys differed significantly among habitats (ANOSIM R: 0.633, P: 0.003), whereas the overall separation between dry and wet seasons was weak and not significant (R: 0.052, P: 0.258). Although mean Bray-Curtis dissimilarity between seasons was high (78.6%), this reflected shifts in the relative contribution of species within the system rather than a consistent wet-vs-dry grouping of samples. These results identify the mid-elevation fog belt and its habitat mosaic as an evidence-based priority for future monitoring and conservation management in Atiquipa.
COI-based diversity of mahseer (Tor spp.) reveals divergent lineages across four foothill rivers of Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia SUWARSITO SUWARSITO; IKHSAN PRATAMA; HINDAYATI MUSTAFIDAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 5 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270505

Abstract

Abstract. Suwarsito, Pratama I, Mustafidah H. 2026. COI-based diversity of Mahseer (Tor spp.) reveals divergent lineages across four foothill rivers of Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270505. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270505. DNA barcoding has become an essential tool for resolving taxonomic ambiguity in freshwater fishes, including the economically and ecologically important mahseer (Tor spp.). This study employed mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) barcodes (~700 bp) to identify species, assess genetic diversity, and infer phylogenetic relationships among 14 individuals collected from four upstream rivers at the foothills of Mount Slamet, Indonesia (Comal, Welo, Tutung Gunung, and Pelus rivers). Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) analyses assigned sequences to Tor tambroides (99.68% to 99.84% similarity) and Tor tambra (100% similarity). Analysis of Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) genetic distances by species revealed extremely low intraspecific divergence within T. tambroides (0.0000-0.0035) and generally low divergence within T. tambra (0.0000-0.0266). In contrast, interspecific divergence between T. tambroides and T. tambra ranged from 0.0285 to 0.0303, forming a clear barcode gap. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis placed all samples within the Southeast Asian Tor clade, with clustering concordant with species-level identification. However, given the limited sample size (n = 14) and reliance on a single mitochondrial marker, population-level interpretations remain preliminary. These findings demonstrate that COI barcoding is highly effective for discriminating closely related Tor species and provide important genetic baseline data for biodiversity assessment. The presence of a clear barcode gap reinforces the reliability of molecular identification, while the observed genetic patterns highlight the need for broader sampling and the application of multilocus or genomic approaches. This study contributes to conservation-oriented management by improving species resolution and supporting future efforts to delineate population structure in Indonesian freshwater ecosystems.
Morpho-anatomical responses of Sertani and Trisakti upland rice genotypes to contrasting soil moisture regimes CHAIRANI HANUM; BRYAN DEVA SIMATUPANG
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270334

Abstract

Abstract. Hanum C, Simatupang BD. 2026. Morpho-anatomical responses of Sertani and Trisakti upland rice genotypes to contrasting soil moisture regimes. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270334. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270334. Water availability critically determines upland rice agronomic performance, necessitating characterization of genotypic responses across moisture gradients. This study evaluated morpho-anatomical responses of two upland rice genotypes (Sertani and Trisakti) under contrasting moisture regimes of 40%, 60%, and 80% field capacity (FC) during the vegetative phase, using a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. As FC increased from 40% to 80%, both genotypes showed significant (p<0.05) progressive increases in leaf area, leaf thickness, Relative Chlorophyll Index (RCI), bulliform cell dimensions, stomatal length, stomatal width, stomatal density, root volume, and total biomass. Root volume increased nearly five-fold from 0.25 cm³ at 40% FC to 1.23 cm³ at 80% FC, while total plant dry weight increased 3.9-fold (0.20 to 0.78 g) over the same gradient. Anatomical cross-sections revealed moisture-dependent structural differentiation: at 40% FC, plants displayed reduced cortical aerenchyma with endodermal lignification, whereas at 80% FC, extensive aerenchyma development was observed; these observations are qualitative and descriptive. Observed root:shoot ratios were numerically highest at 40% FC (Sertani: 0.50; Trisakti: 0.82); however, as these represent treatment means only and were not subjected to replicate-level statistical testing, no inferential conclusion regarding biomass allocation shifts is drawn. Trisakti showed numerically higher mean values than Sertani for root volume (variety mean: 0.82 vs. 0.70 cm³) and root dry weight (0.18 vs. 0.13 g), though these differences were not statistically significant (variety main effect: F (1,15) ≤ 2.36, p>0.05). The sole trait showing a significant variety effect was RCI (F (1,15) = 5.41, p<0.05), with Trisakti recording a higher mean. These moisture-responsive morpho-anatomical plasticity patterns provide a phenotypic reference for future comparative studies of climate-adaptive upland rice germplasm.
Diversity and altitudinal structure of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) in the Zarafshan Valley, Uzbekistan MANZURA S. UMIRZOKOVA; ISLAMBEK M. AREPBAEV; DILSHOD N. OLJAYEV; SHOVKAT U. BAYSARIYEV; ULUGBEK N. USANOV; MASHKHURA S. SAFAROVA; RANO S. URAZOVA; MUSLIMBEK A. DAMINOV; GULOM M. SAYFULLAYEV; RAFIK A. KHAMZAEV; MUKHAMMADTUYCHI R. RAKHIMOV; IXTIYOR B. AKRAMOV; LUIZA KH. ALIMOVA; FAZLITDIN Z. KHALIMOV
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270411

Abstract

Abstract. Umirzokova MS, Alimova LKH, Akramov IB, Rakhimov MR, Khamzaev RA, Sayfullayev GM, Daminov MA, Urazova RS, Safarova MS, Usanov UN, Baysariyev SU, Oljayev DN, Arepbaev IM, Khalimov FZ. 2026. Diversity and altitudinal structure of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) in the Zarafshan Valley, Uzbekistan. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270411. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270411. Darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) are a major component of arid and semi-arid ecosystems and are widely used as indicators of environmental conditions, particularly under increasing aridization in Central Asia. The present study aims to assess species diversity, taxonomic structure, and altitudinal patterns of Tenebrionidae assemblages in the Zarafshan Valley, one of the most biogeographically heterogeneous regions of Uzbekistan. Sampling was conducted in 2022-2024 across 30 localities representing different elevations and vegetation types. Beetles were collected using pitfall traps, light traps, and manual sampling. Uzbekistan, using standardized sampling across 30 sites (2022-2024). A total of 84 species belonging to 36 genera, 17 tribes, and 4 subfamilies were recorded, including 1 genus newly reported for Central Asia and 11 species newly recorded for Uzbekistan. Community structure was characterized by high diversity (Shannon H′: 3.67; Simpson 1-D: 0.96) and low dominance (D: 0.04), indicating a relatively balanced assemblage. Multivariate analyses revealed significant compositional differentiation along the elevational gradient (PERMANOVA: R²: 0.176, p: 0.009), with a strong association between elevation and community structure in PCA ordination (R²: 0.492, p: 0.002). Overall, the results support a pattern of continuous, gradient-driven restructuring of Tenebrionidae communities rather than sharply defined altitudinal belts. These findings provide a quantitative baseline for monitoring climate-driven changes in arid insect communities and highlight the importance of integrating environmental variables in future studies to clarify the mechanisms underlying elevational patterns.
Ecology and qualitative phytochemical profiles of wild orchids in Palolo Education Forest, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia MUHAMMAD SYAIFUDDIN NASRUN; ROSMANIAR GAILEA; ARYANDI FATAH JIHAD BUAMONA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270429

Abstract

Abstract. Nasrun MS, Gailea R, Buamona AFJ. 2026. Ecology and qualitative phytochemical profiles of wild orchids in Palolo Education Forest, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270429. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270429. Orchid diversity, community structure, and qualitative phytochemical profiles were investigated in KHDTK-HPUM, an education forest in Palolo Sub-district, Sigi District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Orchids were recorded along three transects (1,500 m x 10 m each; 4.5 ha searched corridor) across forest edge, riverside, and forest interior habitats using a searched-corridor encounter survey. A total of 15 orchid species belonging to 10 genera were recorded, comprising 91 clump-based individuals; 14 species (93.33%) were epiphytic, and one was terrestrial. Species richness index (Da) ranged from 1.44 to 3.17, and Shannon diversity index (H') from 0.66 to 1.08, indicating low to moderate diversity. Liparis latifolia (IVI = 41.76%, n = 25) and Liparis pallida (IVI = 39.56%, n = 23) were the ecologically dominant species. Appendicula celebica, an orchid endemic to Sulawesi, was also recorded (IVI = 21.32%), highlighting the biogeographic significance of the study area within the Wallacea biodiversity hotspot. Qualitative phytochemical screening of six species at Pharmacy Laboratory, Universitas Tadulako, detected alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids, with compound-class profiles varying notably between plant parts. Dendrobium crumenatum showed the most complete profile across stem and leaf tissues. An exploratory dual-criteria framework identified three species as Priority I for further cultivation-oriented research: L. latifolia and Cymbidium finlaysonianum (Priority I-A) and D. crumenatum (Priority I-B). These findings provide a first descriptive baseline of orchid ecology and qualitative phytochemical profiles for KHDTK-HPUM. All comparisons and priority rankings are preliminary and should be interpreted within the constraints of the exploratory sampling design.
Landmark-based geometric morphometrics as a complementary tool for female identification of Euplatypus compositus and Euplatypus parallelus KIATGAWIN CHATPIYAPHAT; AKHMAD RIZALI; BAMBANG TRI RAHARDJO; JIANGUO WANG; XU YE; WISUT SITTICHAYA; ANDREW J. JOHNSON; JIRI HULCR; HAGUS TARNO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270439

Abstract

Abstract. Chatpiyaphat K, Rizali A, Rahardjo BT, Wang J, Ye X, Sittichaya W, Johnson AJ, Hulcr J, Tarno H. 2026. Landmark-based geometric morphometrics as a complementary tool for female identification of Euplatypus compositus and Euplatypus parallelus. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270439. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270439. Identification of female Platypodinae ambrosia beetles is often difficult due to strong sexual dimorphism and limited diagnostic characters, particularly in Euplatypus compositus and Euplatypus parallelus, two closely related species in the southern United States with overlapping habitats and highly similar female morphology. Although the presence or absence of a pronotal mycangial pit is diagnostic, this structure can be obscured by specimen damage. We evaluated landmark-based geometric morphometrics (GM) as a complementary method for distinguishing females of the two species. A total of 46 specimens were analyzed for the pronotum (E. compositus n: 17; E. parallelus n: 29) and 43 for the elytra (E. compositus n: 16; E. parallelus n: 27). Multivariate regression revealed significant allometric scaling in pronotum shape (R²: 18.9%, p: 0.001), whereas elytral shape showed no detectable allometric effect (R²: 0.7%, p: 0.867). Cross-validated discriminant analysis (LOOCV in XYOM) indicated stronger species discrimination for the pronotum (84.8% accuracy; TAU: 67%) than for the elytra (76.7% accuracy; TAU: 50%), and repeated stratified k-fold cross-validation in R confirmed more robust and consistent discrimination for the pronotum but weaker and more variable performance for the elytra. Geometric morphometrics can detect subtle interspecific differences not apparent through visual inspection and may serve as a complementary identification approach when specimens are well preserved. However, this study demonstrates discriminatory potential under controlled conditions only. Because species identity is confounded with geographic origin and collection history, the observed shape differences, while consistent with species-level variation, cannot be attributed to species identity alone with full confidence. Validation using broader, more balanced sampling remains necessary.
Probiotic potential and safety assessment of autochthonous Lentilactobacillus farraginis BDN12 from fermented okara for feed applications NGUYEN PHUONG THUY; NGUYEN MINH THU; TRUONG THI CAM TIEN; LE NGUYEN BAO CHAU; NGO GIA HUY; LE NGOC LINH DAN; BUI NGOC THAO MY; NHAN VINH NHAT LAM; NGUYEN NHAT MINH; NGUYEN DANG KHOA; HA THI MAI HUONG; LE THAO VY; NGUYEN THUY LINH; PHAM HONG DIEP
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 5 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270514

Abstract

Abstract. Thuy NP, Linh NT, Vy LT, Huong HTM, Khoa ND, Minh NN, Lam NVN, My BNT, Dan LNL, Huy NG, Chau LNB, Tien TTC, Thu NM, Diep PH. 2026. Probiotic potential and safety assessment of autochthonous Lentilactobacillus farraginis BDN12 from fermented okara for feed applications. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270514. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270514. The escalating risk of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for autochthonous probiotics as sustainable alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in livestock. This study aimed to isolate and characterize high-performance Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) from fermented okara, a traditional Vietnamese soybean byproduct, for specific application in poultry feed. A hierarchical five-stage pipeline was used to screen 95 initial isolates based on acid production, biochemical traits, antimicrobial activity, and gastrointestinal resilience. The lead isolate, BDN12, was identified via 16S rRNA sequencing (GenBank PX973265) as Lentilactobacillus farraginis, showing 99.87% identity with strain NRIC 0676. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed its placement within the L. farraginis clade with 100% bootstrap support. In vitro assessments showed that BDN12 maintained viability at pH 3.0 and 0.4% oxgall bile salts. BDN12 neutralized cell-free supernatant exhibited significant (p<0.05) inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (30.33±0.58 mm) and Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028 (29.00±1.00 mm). This inhibitory activity may be attributed to the presence of bacteriocin-like compounds acting as non-acidic antimicrobial factors. Safety profiling confirmed the BDN12 strain was non-hemolytic and susceptible to clinically significant antibiotics. PCR safety screening further confirmed the absence of virulence factors (esp, gelE, fsrB, asa1, cylA, cylM), vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB), and biogenic amine-producing genes (hdc1, hdc2, tdc). These results establish L. farraginis BDN12 as a safe, potent, and locally adapted functional feed additive capable of enhancing poultry health in antibiotic-free production systems.

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