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BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology

biotropia
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Published by Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology

ISSN : 02156334 EISSN : 1907770X DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb

Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture,

Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary

BIOTROPIA, The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, is a scientific publication of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) – Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP). It publishes articles in the broad areas of tropical ecosystems and environmental impacts, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development and biotechnology.

Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)

Articles 8 Documents

Search results for , issue "Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2015" : 8 Documents clear

Biomass and Carbon Stock Estimation Inventory of Indonesian Bananas (Musa spp.) and Its Potential Role for Land Rehabilitation Danarto, Setyawan Agung; Hapsari, Lia
BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2015
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Bananas (Musa spp.) are widely cultivated in Indonesia. They are commonly grown in backyards, home gardens, intercropped with short-term crops, and in agroforestry systems. The potential of bananas to sequester carbon has been reported, but information on performance variation among cultivars remains limited. An inventory of biomass and carbon stock (C-stock) estimation was conducted on banana accessions in the Musa germplasm collection of Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Pasuruan. Biomass and C-stock estimations were carried out for 42 individual banana accessions consisting of five wild species and 37 cultivars using a non-destructive allometric equation method for banana. The objectives of this study were to estimate the biomass and C-stock of Indonesian bananas in the Purwodadi germplasm collection, to project time-average above-ground C-stock of banana-based farming systems in Indonesia, and to discuss the role of bananas in landscape rehabilitation. The results showed that biomass and C-stock values varied among accessions. Wild banana species Musa balbisiana had higher biomass and C-stock compared to Musa acuminata. Cultivars containing one or two “B” genomes (ABB and AAB) were more vigorous and contributed higher biomass and C-stock than AAA and AA cultivars. Among the cultivars, the highest C-stock contribution was recorded in Pisang Kepok Bung (average 6.92 kg C/plant), while the lowest was found in Pisang Rayap (average 0.67 kg C/plant). On average, the Indonesian bananas examined contributed approximately 2.26 kg C/plant or 0.98 tonnes C/ha. The total banana growing area increased from 73,539 ha in 2000 to 101,822 ha in 2010 and slightly decreased to 100,600 ha in 2014. These areas contributed an estimated C-stock of 72.28 tonnes (2000), increasing to 100.07 tonnes (2010), followed by a slight decline to 98.97 tonnes in 2014—values based only on recorded cultivation areas. Banana plants—especially when combined with woody tree crops—have potential as key components of agroforestry and mixed farming systems, home gardens, and landscape rehabilitation, contributing to carbon reduction and providing economic benefits for surrounding communities.

Biological Remediation of Cyanide: A Review Ibrahim, Karamba Kabiru; Syed, Mohd Arif; Shukor, Mohd Yunus; Ahmad, Siti Aqlima
BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2015
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Cyanide and its complexes are produced worldwide as industrial waste or effluents. Biodegradation is considered the most economical and effective method for removing cyanide from the environment. Numerous studies have identified various microorganisms capable of degrading cyanide under natural conditions. Hydrolytic, oxidative, reductive, and substitutive/transfer reactions are among the most common pathways utilized by microorganisms during cyanide degradation. Biodegradation may occur under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, depending on environmental factors. The use of immobilized microorganisms or purified enzymes has also been shown to increase degradation efficiency. Several microbial species, including Klebsiella oxytoca, Corynebacterium nitrophilum, Brevibacterium nitrophilum, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Rhodococcus spp., and strain UKMP-5M, have been reported to be highly effective in cyanide biodegradation.

RAPD Analysis to Detect Somaclonal Variation of Pineapple In Vitro Cultures during Micropropagation Roostika, Ika; Khumaida, Nurul; Ardie, Sintho Wahyuning
BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2015
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Plant off-type formation has become a concern in pineapple micropropagation, and reliable methods are required to detect and minimize this problem. This study was conducted to confirm the occurrence of somaclonal variation during the micropropagation of pineapple clone Simadu. The effects of culture period (long vs. short duration) and regeneration methods (direct organogenesis, indirect organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis) were evaluated to determine their contribution to somaclonal variation. RAPD analysis using ten primers was performed to confirm genetic variation. The results showed that RAPD assays could be applied for early detection of somaclonal variation in pineapple, with OPA primers performing better than OPJ primers. Phenotypic variation observed in four-year-old field-grown pineapple plants and plantlets was associated with genetic variation. The findings demonstrated that the long culture period was the main factor contributing to somaclonal variation, while regeneration method and plant growth regulators also played a role in inducing genetic changes. Newly initiated cultures showed a higher level of genetic similarity. Therefore, applying an appropriate micropropagation strategy is necessary to minimize plant off-types. It is recommended to avoid using long-term cultures as mother stock and to apply direct organogenesis rather than indirect organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis for pineapple micropropagation.

Fiber Disruption of Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) by Combined Fungal and Microwave Pretreatment Fatriasari, Widya; Syafii, Wasrin; Wistara, Nyoman; Syamsu, Khaswar; Prasetya, Bambang; Anita, S Heris; Risanto, Lucky
BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2015
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Combined microwave pretreatment is an effective method to modify carbohydrate and lignin structures of fungal and lignocellulosic materials, thereby improving the hydrolysis process for bioethanol conversion. This study aimed to evaluate the structural changes in carbohydrate and lignin components of betung bamboo following a combined biological–microwave pretreatment. Based on previous findings, a 30-day incubation using 5% and 10% (w/v) inoculum loading of the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor—which showed the highest delignification selectivity—was selected as the fungal pretreatment. Microwave irradiation was then applied for 5, 10, and 12.5 minutes at 330 W. Characterization of structural changes was conducted using FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR analysis revealed that the combined pretreatment affected only the intensity of absorption bands without altering the functional groups. A decline in peak intensity occurred at 1,736 cm⁻¹ (C=O in xylan), 1,373 cm⁻¹ (C–H deformation in cellulose and hemicellulose), 1,165 cm⁻¹ (C–O–C vibration in cellulose and hemicellulose), and 895 cm⁻¹ (β-glycosidic linkage in cellulose). The pretreatment reduced hydrogen bonding in cellulose and weakened lignin–carbohydrate linkages associated with bamboo cellulose crystallinity. A slight increase in crystallinity index was observed due to cleavage of the amorphous fraction. SEM imaging confirmed the disruption of fiber structure, showing increasing degradation with longer microwave exposure durations.

Fungal Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination in Stored Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Kernels at Various Stages of Delivery Chain in North Sulawesi Province Dharmaputra, Okky S.; Ambarwati, Santi; Retnowati, Ina; Nurfadila, Nijma
BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2015
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Fragrant nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is an important commodity widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries; therefore, its quality should be strictly monitored. The objectives of this research were to: (a) investigate the occurrence of fungi, including the presence of A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination in stored nutmeg kernels; (b) measure moisture content and percentage of damaged kernels; and (c) evaluate nutmeg kernels along the delivery chain. This study consisted of surveys, interviews, and sample collection along the delivery chain. The research was conducted in April–May 2013 in three regencies (North Minahasa, Siau Tagulandang Biaro (Sitaro), and Sangihe Talaud) and two cities (Bitung and Manado). A total of 76 nutmeg kernel samples were collected: 25 from farmers, 22 from collectors, and 29 from exporters. Results showed that the moisture content of nutmeg kernels collected from the North Sulawesi Province did not exceed the maximum moisture content limit set by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), which is 10%. However, nutmeg kernels collected from farmers and collectors had a high percentage of physical damage. Aspergillus niger and Endomyces fibuliger were the dominant fungi found in samples from farmers and collectors, whereas Eurotium repens was predominantly associated with samples stored by exporters. Levels of aflatoxin B₁ and total aflatoxin in several samples collected from farmers and exporters were relatively high. A non-parametric statistical analysis showed that the delivery chain did not have a significant effect on moisture content, percentage of damaged kernels, total fungal population, or total aflatoxin content. This study suggests that improvements in postharvest handling practices performed by farmers, collectors, and exporters in North Sulawesi Province (North Minahasa, Sitaro, and Sangihe Talaud), Bitung, and Manado are necessary to minimize contamination of aflatoxin B₁ and total aflatoxin.

Effect of Substrate Moisture Content and Invasive Grass Competition on Native Fig (Ficus fistulosa) Seedling Recruitment in Limestone Quarries Satyanti, Annisa
BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2015
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

This study was conducted to assess the potential use of the native fig (Ficus fistulosa) for rehabilitating degraded habitats in limestone quarry areas. A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of different substrate moisture levels and competition between the native fig (Ficus fistulosa) and the invasive grass Pennisetum polystachyon on the growth and survival of the native fig. Ficus fistulosa was selected as the study species because it exhibited the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) among other fig species recorded in the Ciampea limestone hill. The results showed that substrate moisture levels did not significantly affect fig biomass, and invasive grass biomass was not reduced under drought stress. However, the interaction between substrate moisture levels and competition with the invasive grass significantly reduced overall fig biomass, although it did not affect leaf number or individual plant size. This study suggests that successful quarry rehabilitation efforts should include invasive species management alongside soil treatment interventions.

Diversity of Epiphytic Orchids and Host Trees (Phorophytes) in Secondary Forest of Coban Trisula, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia Nurfadilah, Siti
BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2015
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.450

Epiphytic orchids are an integral component of forest ecosystems and contribute significantly to plant diversity. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of orchids and their host trees (phorophytes) in a secondary forest at Coban Trisula (the Trisula Waterfall), Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java Province, Indonesia. Two line transects were established, each 150 m long and consisting of ten 10 × 10 m plots, resulting in a total of 30 sampling plots at the study site. The following data were recorded in each plot: species names and number of individuals of epiphytic orchids, species names and number of individuals of phorophytes, and the vertical distribution of orchids on the phorophytes. A total of 15 epiphytic orchid species from 13 genera were recorded in the secondary forest of Coban Trisula. Appendicula angustifolia was the most abundant epiphytic orchid species (relative abundance = 52.4%), followed by Trichotosia annulata (29.9%). All recorded orchids were found growing on 21 individuals belonging to nine phorophyte species. Castanopsis javanica (mean = 589.5 orchid individuals/tree) and Engelhardia spicata (mean = 425.67 orchid individuals/tree) were the phorophytes hosting the highest number of orchid individuals, respectively. The greatest abundance of epiphytic orchids occurred on the basal and middle parts of the phorophyte branches (zone 3 and zone 4). This study indicates that orchid conservation management is required in Coban Trisula to protect orchid populations from potential human disturbances, as the site serves as a tourist destination.

Soil Seed Bank of An Exotic Acacia sp. Plantation and An Adjacent Tropical Heath Forest in Brunei Darussalam Suhaili, Adrian Lee Rahman; Tennakoon, Kushan; Sukri, Rahayu Sukmaria
BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2 December 2015
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.487

Acacias are among the most successful invasive plants in tropical regions, causing significant negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services of invaded habitats. Their invasiveness is partly attributed to their ability to accumulate large soil seed banks in areas they colonize. This study compared seedling emergence and soil seed bank composition under an Acacia mangium plantation and an adjacent tropical heath (kerangas) forest in the Andulau Forest Reserve, Brunei Darussalam. Soil samples were collected from ten 20 × 20 m plots established in three contrasting habitats: the plantation, the adjacent heath forest, and the transition zone between them. Soil samples were subjected to smoke and heat treatments, and seedling emergence was monitored daily over a 12-week period. In a parallel assessment, variations in species richness, seed density, and seed viability were examined across the ten plots. Seedling emergence was highest in the plantation and lowest in the heath forest plots. However, no significant differences among treatments and no significant treatment–habitat interactions were detected. Species richness, seed density, and seed viability in the plantation plots were significantly lower than those in the transition zone and intact heath forest plots. Acacia mangium seeds were not detected in the heath forest soil seed banks but were found in plantation and transition zone plots. The lower native plant species richness, seed density, and viability in the plantation may indicate a higher regeneration potential for the heath forest habitat should major disturbance occur within the reserve. Proper plantation management and continuous monitoring of soil seed banks are recommended to minimize the spread of invasive Acacia species into tropical heath forests of Borneo.

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Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name Knowledge Management Department

Contact Email kmd@biotrop.org

Phone +62251-8323848

Journal Mail Official biotropia@biotrop.org

Editorial Address SEAMEO BIOTROP Jl. Raya Tajur Km. 6 Bogor 16134 INDONESIA

Location Kota bogor, Jawa barat INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

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Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Contact Name
Knowledge Management Department

Contact Email
kmd@biotrop.org

Phone
+62251-8323848

Journal Mail Official
biotropia@biotrop.org

Editorial Address
SEAMEO BIOTROP Jl. Raya Tajur Km. 6 Bogor 16134 INDONESIA

Location
Kota bogor,

Jawa barat

INDONESIA