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BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
Published by Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology
ISSN : 02156334     EISSN : 1907770X     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb
Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary
BIOTROPIA, The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, is a scientific publication of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) – Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP). It publishes articles in the broad areas of tropical ecosystems and environmental impacts, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development and biotechnology.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 520 Documents
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TAXOMETRICS CLASSIFICATION (HIERARCHICAL AND ORDINATION) OF AQUATIC AND SEMI-AQUATIC MOSSES: A PRELIMINARY MODEL TO BRYODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT LOO, MIN JET; CASILLAS, T. A. DELVALLS; DIAZ, L. MARTIN
BIOTROPIA Vol. 15 No. 2 (2008): BIOTROPIA Vol. 15 No. 2 December 2008
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2008.15.2.73

Abstract

Bryodiversity is naturally serving the ecosystems sustainably. It serves the environments by preventing natural disaster (flooding), maintaining the quality of the water body and filter or treats the pollutants naturally. Efficient bryodiversity management is needed for environmental cost cutting and have a cost-effective management strategy. To achieve this, cluster and principal component analyses (PCA) were manipulated to produce the linkage distance between the OTUs and identify the important groups of characters, respectively. In return, it becomes a guideline for bryoflora and environmental managements. In this study, 23 OTUs and 156 characters were analyzed. The output from the reliability and item analysis showed that the data set is highly reliable (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.9627). From the cluster analysis, it showed that 5 clustered groups (manageable units) could be derived from the produced phenogram. This is based on the nearest neighbour amalgation rule and Euclidean distances. As for the principal component analysis, three factors were derived and explained 75.1064% of the variation with 56.0485%(PC1), 11.7346%(PC2) and 7.3233%(PC3), respectively. The ordination showed that 5 manageable units were derived from PC1 and 3 manageable units for PC2 and PC3, respectively. In conclusion, conservation should precede any biodiversity management plans.   Keywords: aquatic mosses, semi-aquatic mosses, cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), classification  
SEEDBANK AND SEEDLING EMERGENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEEDS IN RICEFIELD SOILS OF THE MUDA GRANARY AREA IN NORTH-WEST PENINSULAR MALAYSIA BEGUM, MAHFUZA; JURAIMI, ABDUL SHUKOR; BIN SYED RASTAN, SYED OMAR OMAR; AMARTALINGAM, RAJAN; MAN, AZMI BIN
BIOTROPIA Vol. 13 No. 1 (2006): BIOTROPIA Vol. 13 No. 1 June 2006
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2006.13.1.215

Abstract

Tlie experiment was conducted in the glasshouse of UPM from March 2003 to June 2004 to determine the soil seedbank in the ricefields ot'Muda rice granary area in Peninsular Malaysia. Six soil cores of 5 cm in diameter and 10 cm depth were sampled from each of 24 fields. All samples from each individual field were bulked and placed in plastic trays of 38 x 25 x 10 cm. Soil was moistened as required and emergence of weed seedlings were recorded over period of one year. After one year, remaining seeds were separated, removed and identified. The total seed bank was estimated at 1136.48 million/ha of which 62.35% (708.60 million seedlings ha"1) germinated within 12 months and 37.65% (427.88 million seeds ha"1) remained ungerminated. Total of 20 taxa were recognized. Based on importance value (I.V.) the five most dominant species in terms of emerged seedling were Fimbristylis miliacea, Leplochloa chinensis, LitJwigia hyssopifolia, Cyperus difformii and C. iria. Of the remaining seeds the five dominant species with decreasing trend in ranking were F. miliacea, Scirpus lateriflonis, Monochoria vagina/is, L. hyssopifolia and L. chinensis. Ranking of total seed reserves (seedlings+ remaining seeds) were similar to emerged seedling indicating that emerged seedlings reflect the actual weed flora in the Muda area. Among the dominant species F. miliacea accounted for 58.07% of emerged seedlings, 79.31% of remaining seeds and 66.07% of total seed bank. Total seedling emergence of all species was higher in the first observation in April 2003 and cumulative seedling emergence showed no clear peaks.  Key words : Seedbank, seedling emergence, weeds, ricefield soils, Malaysia
Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Multishoots Development in Transgenic Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume Harboring 35s::KNAT1 (Knotted-Like Arabidopsis thaliana 1) Saputro, Triono Bagus; Semiarti, Endang; Purwantoro, Aziz
BIOTROPIA Vol. 25 No. 1 (2018): BIOTROPIA Vol. 25 No. 1 April 2018
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2018.25.1.615

Abstract

Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume is one of Indonesian natural orchids which has an aesthetic flower and possesses high economic value. The low multiplication rate and long period of life cycle are the main obstacles to conventionally propagate this orchid. The aims of this research were to analyze the stability of transgenic plant P. amabilis harboring 35S::KNAT1 based on morpho-genomic characterization. KNAT1 gene is reported as a gene that is involved in shoot formation, and it had been successfully introduced into Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume genome. After seven times regeneration, the confirmation of the transgene existence in the genome is needed to ensure whether the plant could consistently maintain the transgene in its genome and to characterize the shoot development. The experiment was carried out in 3 steps: 1) Co-integration analysis of 35S::KNAT1 into P. amabilis genome; 2) Phenotypic analysis on the multiplication rate, morphological variation, and venation pattern; and 3) Protein profile analysis of transgenic plants. The results showed that the survival rate of putative transgenic was 58.7% on NP0 medium and 62.5% on NP SIM medium. PCR analysis confirmed that 82.5% transgenic growth on NP0 and 93.33% on NP SIM contained DNA fragments of KNAT1 gene, NPTII gene and trnL-F intergenic spacer, indicating that those plants are positive transgenic. The 35S::KNAT1 transgenes and phytohormone were independently involved in multishoot formation of P. amabilis transgenic plants. The phenotypes of plantlets were classified into six main criteria, i.e., normal shape, lobed leaves, rosette, elongated stem, cup shoot, and widened leaves. The normal type was the most abundant type of variation (±29%) in both media. Protein profile showed that all transgenic plants produced 45.8 kDa protein, and that was equivalent with molecular weight of KNAT1 protein. Taken together, all those data indicated that 35S::KNAT1 transgene was consistently integrated into the transgenic plant genome.
THE POSSIBILITY OF CONTROLLING SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII ON SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX) USING TRICHODERMA AND TEBUCONAZOLE*) DHARMAPUTRA, OKKY S.
BIOTROPIA No. 7 (1994)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.1994.0.7.113

Abstract

The possibility of controlling S. rolfsii on soybean (Glycine max) var. Rinjani using T. aureoviride and Tebuconazole under field conditions was studied. The experiment was conducted at the experimental plot of SEAMEO BIOTROP. The pathogen was mixed with the soil (2 kg/plot) 4 days before the inoculation of the antagonist (2.25 kg/plot). The measurement of each plot was 2.5 x 6 m2 . N, P and K (120 kg/ha) were applied at the same day with the inoculation of the pathogen. Soybean seeds were planted 7 days after the inoculation of the antagonist. The distance between plants and between plots were 20 and 40 cm, respectively. The fungicide at concentration of 100 g/ha (in vitro concentration) and 210 g/ha (field or recommended concentration) were applied using 2 methods, i.e. 1) spraying on the planting hole at the same day as the planting of soybean seeds, and 2) spraying on the soil surrounding the plants 7 days after planting. Soils that were neither inoculated with the antagonist nor the fungicide were used as controls. Three replications (3 plots) were used for each treatment (including the control). The results showed that the inoculation of the antagonist, the concentrations of the fungicide, and time of application gave very significant differences in the percentages of the plants infected by the pathogen and significant differences in seed production; while the interaction between the inoculation of the antagonist and the concentrations of the fungicide, between the concentrations of the fungicide and the time of application, and between the inoculation of the antagonist, the concentrations of the fungicide and the time of application did not give significant differences either in the percentages of the plants infected by the pathogen or seed production. The percentage of plants infected by the pathogen was lower on soil inoculated with the antagonist (31.6%) than on soil not inoculated with the antagonist (52.9%). The percentage of plants infected by the pathogen was lower on soil treated with the fungicide either at in vitro concentration (37.5%) or at field concentration (37.4%) than on the soil not treated
Flora Diversity, Composition and Ecology in Besiq Bermai Tropical Forest of Damai District, East Kalimantan Sofiah, Siti; Metusala, Destario; Trimanto, Trimanto; Nurfadilah, Siti
BIOTROPIA Vol. 25 No. 2 (2018): BIOTROPIA Vol. 25 No. 2 August 2018
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2018.25.2.724

Abstract

Besiq Bermai Forest is part of Kalimantan forests known for vast plant diversity. The present study aimed to investigate flora diversity, composition, and ecology in Besiq Bermai Forest to support the management of biodiversity and forest conservation. Thirteen plots were established with different sizes of plots (100 m x 20 m plots for trees; 40 m x 5 m plots for saplings; and 5 m x 5 m plots for understory). Data recorded included plant species name and individual number of each plant species. Data analysed were Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Dominance and Important Value Index. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to determine relationship between edaphic components and flora occurrence. The results showed that there were 93 species of trees (belonging to 48 genera and 22 families), 112 species of saplings (belonging to 62 genera and 43 families), and 48 species of understory (belonging to 28 genera and 20 families). Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) were 6.05, 6.25 and 3.26 for tree, saplings and understory, respectively. The most common family for tree and saplings in the forest ecosystem in this area was Dipterocarpaceae (Shorea spp). Species of tree with the highest importance value index were Dillenia excelsa, Syzygium sp. and Shorea parvifolia. The highest importance value index for species of saplings were Macaranga triloba and Shorea parvifolia; and for species of understory were Phrynium jagorianum. Ecological (edaphic) factors affecting the occurence and establishment of flora in Bermai forest were total N and C/N ratio. The present study has implication for the management of biodiversity and forest conservation.
Polymorphic Profiles of Ganoderma Spp. Isolates From Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia Ratnaningtyas, Nuniek Ina; Susanto, Agus Hery; Yulia, Ana
BIOTROPIA Vol. 26 No. 2 (2019): BIOTROPIA Vol. 26 No. 2 August 2019
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2019.26.2.884

Abstract

Ganoderma spp. are known as both beneficial and harmful fungi to humans. These are distributed worldwide in sufficiently high diversity. To generate a polymorphic profile and a genetic inter-relationship of several isolates of Ganoderma spp., a study was conducted using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers on Ganoderma spp. from Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The fruiting bodies of the collected Ganoderma spp. were first morphologically characterized, then analyzed using RAPD with four random primers, i.e., OPC-1, OPC-2, OPC-4, and OPC-5. The results revealed that the four primers generated polymorphic bands of the 10 samples with a polymorphism level of 100%, showing high genetic diversity. The level of genetic similarity ranged between 0.48 and 0.82, indicating moderate similarities among samples. The constructed dendrogram resulted in the grouping of the Ganoderma spp. isolates into three clusters at a similarity coefficient of 0.63, but neither according to geographical locations nor growth substrates.
THE OCCURRENCE OF INSECTS AND MOULDS IN STORED COCOA BEANS AT SOUTH SULAWESI S. DHARMAPUTRA, OKKY
BIOTROPIA No. 12 (1999)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.1999.0.12.147

Abstract

Surveys on postharvest handling and technology processing of cocoa beans at farmer, trader and exporter levels in South Sulawesi were conducted together with investigations on moisture content, pest infestation (insect and mould) and quality characteristics in terms of reducing sugar, free amino acid and free fatty acid content. Surveys were conducted during dry (July 1997) and wet seasons (February 1998) in three regencies (Pinrang, Polewali-Mamasa and Luwu) and Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi province. Interviews were carried out during surveys in the dry season. Number of respondents from farmers, trailers and exporters was 38, 15 and 5, respectively. In each season, number of samples taken from farmers, traders and exporters was 9, 21 and 15, respectively. In general, farmers, traders and exporters did not carry out postharvest handling and technology processing properly. Moisture  content of cocoa beans collected from farmers, traders and exporters were higher than the tolerable limit recommended by SNI (7.5%). Moisture content of cocoa beans collected during the wet season was higher than in the dry season. Insects were found on cocoa beans collected from traders and exporters. Species composition and the presence of each insect species were varied among the two seasons, but the predominant species was Tribolium castaneum. At trader level the percentage of insect-damaged beans during the wet season was higher than that during the dry season, while at exporter level it was lower. During the two seasons the percentage of mouldy beans at farmer level was lower than the tolerable limit recommended by SNI (4%), while those from some samples at trader and exporter levels were higher than 4%, but based on the direct plating method, all of the samples at trader and exporter levels were mouldy. Species composition and the percentage of beans infected by each mould species at farmer, trader and exporter levels during the two seasons were varied. The percentage of mouldy beans increased at trader and exporter levels. The predominant moulds were Aspergillus flaws, Eurotium amstelodami, E. chevalieri and Penicillium citrinum. The predominant mould at farmer level during wet season was Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). Reducing sugar and free amino acid content of cocoa beans collected during the dry season was higher than those collected during the wet season, either at farmer, trader or exporter levels. Free fatty acid content of cocoa beans tends to be higher during the wet season than the dry season at the three levels.Keywords: Stored products pests/Postharvest handling/Technology processing/Moisture content/In-sect/Mould/Reducing sugars/Free amino acids/Free fatty acids/Cocoa/South Sulawesi.
Soil Properties Below Exotic Tree Plantations at the Saithong Silvicultural Research Station in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand Urairak, Kanokwan; Poolsiri, Roongreang; Kaitpraneet, San
BIOTROPIA Vol. 27 No. 2 (2020): BIOTROPIA Vol. 27 No. 2 August 2020
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2020.27.2.1203

Abstract

Often, exotic trees grow very fast in their new environments and sometimes even faster than the indigenous ones. These exotics seem to be tougher and able to live through harsher conditions. They may be drought-resistant and can survive long periods with little to no rainfall. These trees are fast-growing and resistant to pests and diseases that tend to damage locally growing trees. Moreover, these trees can help improve soil physical and chemical properties. Hence, the objective of this study was to compare the physical and chemical properties of soils under different tree plantations, namely Eucalyptus urophylla, Acacia crassicarpa, and Acacia auriculiformis at the Saithong Silvicultural Research Station. Three composite soil samples were collected from depths of 0–10, 10–30, and 30–50 cm in the three stands aged 27 years and planted at a spacing of 2 × 2 m. The soil type in these stands was sandy loam. Soil moisture percentage (12.85%) was significantly the highest in the E. urophylla plantation. Phosphorus (18.2 mg/kg), magnesium (6.98 cmolc/kg DW), and potassium (6.98 cmolc/kg DW) contents were also the greatest in the E. urophylla plantation. Organic matter content was the highest in the A. crassicarpa plantation (7.59%), while nitrogen (0.04%) and calcium (36.17 cmolc/kg DW) contents were the highest in the A. auriculiformis plantation. Significant differences were also observed in soil bulk density and porosity attributable to structure, tillage, cropping practices, soil depth, and compaction. Characterization of the soil pore system is equally important in understanding soil physical properties and parent material composition, which has a direct impact on soil chemistry and fertility. Parent material rich in soluble ions (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium) is desirable, as these elements are easily dissolved in water and readily available for plants. For soils with poor nutrient content found in warm and humid tropical climates with low water supply, E. urophylla, A. crassicarpa, and A. auriculiformis have the potential to enhance aboveground stand production. Undoubtedly, when planted, they can help restore soil nutrients faster and therefore can be used in forest plantations or agroforestry farms.
ADHERENCE AND PATHOGENICITY ASSAY OF VIBRIO HARVEYI IN TIGER SHRIMP (PENAEUS MONODON) LARVAE FOR SCREENING BIOCONTROL AGENT ANTONIUS SUWANTO; YUSMINAH HALA; RIDWAN AFFANDI; MUHAMMAD ZAIRIN Jr.
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology No. 18 (2002)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2002.0.18.171

Abstract

Rifampicin-resistant marker was employed as a reporter to detect the adherence and colonization of V. harveyi  in shrimp larvae. Vibrio harveyi P1B  and YA32.2 were isolated from dead shrimp larvae in Besuki, Northern Coast of East Java, while V. harveyi HB3, was isolated from pristine sea water in Pacitan, Southern Coast of East Java. Vibrio metschnikovii used as biocontrol agent was isolated from healthy shrimp larvae in Serang, West Java. Spontaneous mutation was conducted to generate V. harveyi P1B, YA32.2 and HB3 resistant to rifampicin. These mutants exhibited similar survival ability to their parental (wild type) strains. Significant larval mortality was observed in shrimp larvae inoculated with YA32.2 than that of larvae inoculated with P1B. Larvae  inoculated with HB3 showed the lowest mortality. Bacterial cell count of Vibrio Rf*  in dead  larvae were 103-104 cells/larvae. Isolates of Vibrio metschnikovii Z and M as biocontrol candidates effectively reduced the growth and adherence ability of YA32.2 to shrimp larvae. Larval mortality in rearing water inoculated simultaneously with YA32.2 and V. metschnikovii was lower than the one inoculated with YA32.2 alone. Therefore, Vibrio metschnikovii Z or M could be developed as an effective probiotic or biocontrol agent for V. harveyi in shrimp hatcheries. Key words :   Biological control/Vibrio metschnikovii/shrimp \arvae/Penaeus mwu«fon/pathogenicity assay/Vibrio harveyi
Ichtyofauna at Cijalu River, Cilacap Regency Central Java Province, Indonesia Nuryanto, Agus; Bhagawati, Dian; Abulias, M Nadjmi; Indarmawan, Indarmawan
BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 1 (2016): BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 1 June 2016
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2016.23.1.362

Abstract

Cijalu River is located in the western part of Cilacap Regency, Central Java Province. The river flows through forestry, housing, and farming areas. These conditions lead to the prediction that its physico-chemical characteristics may have been altered, potentially affecting the fish species inhabiting the river. This study aimed to collect data on fish species inhabiting the Cijalu River and analyze their distribution. A survey method was conducted using a clustered random sampling technique. The river was divided into three sections: upstream, midstream, and downstream. Species diversity was measured based on the number of species recorded, while distribution was determined by the presence of fish species in each sampling site. Nineteen fish species belonging to ten families were identified from the Cijalu River. The ten families recorded were Anabantidae, Bagridae, Balitoridae, Channidae, Cichlidae, Cyprinidae, Loricariidae, Osphronemidae, Poecilidae, and Sisoridae. Cyprinidae represented the family with the highest number of species (6 species), followed by Channidae (3 species), Bagridae (2 species), and Osphronemidae (2 species). The remaining families were each represented by one species. Different patterns of fish distribution were observed during the study. Glyptothorax platypogon and Channa gachua were found only in the upstream area, while Anabas testudineus was collected only from the downstream section. Other species were found either from the midstream to downstream areas or throughout the entire river system. The variation in species distribution may be associated with changes in physico-chemical characteristics from upstream to downstream, particularly substrate type and water velocity.

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