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Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
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Core Subject : Engineering,
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (Buletin Teknik Elektro dan Informatika) ISSN: 2089-3191, e-ISSN: 2302-9285 is open to submission from scholars and experts in the wide areas of electrical, electronics, instrumentation, control, telecommunication and computer engineering from the global world. The journal publishes original papers in the field of electrical, computer and informatics engineering.
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Articles 2,901 Documents
A deep Q-learning approach for adaptive cybersecurity threat detection in dynamic networks Bharathi, P. Shyamala; Selvaperumal, Sathish Kumar; Ramasenderan, Narendran; Thiruchelvam, V.; Annamalai, Deepak Arun; Reddy, M. Jaya Bharatha
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 5: October 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i5.9494

Abstract

Cybersecurity faces persistent challenges due to the rapid growth and complexity of network-based threats. Conventional rule-based systems and classical machine learning approaches often lack the adaptability required to detect advanced and dynamic attacks in real time. This study introduces a deep Q-learning framework for autonomous threat detection and mitigation within a simulated network environment that reflects realistic traffic, malicious behaviors, and system conditions. The framework incorporates experience replay and target network stabilization to strengthen learning and policy optimization. Evaluation was performed on a synthesized dataset containing benign traffic and multiple attack categories, including distributed denial of service (DDoS), phishing, advanced persistent threats, and malware. The proposed system achieved 96.7% detection accuracy, an F1-score of 0.94, and reduced detection latency to 50 ms. These results surpassed the performance of rule-based methods and traditional classifiers such as support vector machines, random forests, convolutional neural networks, and recurrent neural networks. A central contribution lies in combining dynamic feature selection with reinforcement learning (RL), allowing the agent to adapt to evolving threats and diverse network conditions. The findings demonstrate the potential of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) as a scalable and efficient solution for real-time cybersecurity defense.
An internet of things-based weather system for short-term solar and wind power forecasting using double moving average Syafii, Syafii; Nur Izrillah, Imra; Aulia, Aulia; Ilhamdi Rusydi, Muhammad
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 5: October 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i5.9852

Abstract

This article presents the design and implementation of an internet of things (IoT)-based weather forecasting system aimed at optimizing operational planning for renewable energy generation. The system leverages a Raspberry Pi as its central controller, integrating pyranometer and anemometer sensors for real-time data collection and predictive analytics. Utilizing the double moving average method, the system provides accurate short-term forecasts of solar and wind power outputs, which are crucial for addressing the intermittency challenges of renewable energy sources. The integration with the Blynk platform ensures user-friendly data visualization and accessibility. Results from a three-day testing phase reveal the system's high accuracy, with prediction errors of 8.79% for solar power and 16.49% for wind power. These findings underscore the system's potential to enhance energy planning, improve efficiency, and support sustainability goals. By enabling data-driven decision-making, this IoT-based forecasting system offers a scalable solution for advancing renewable energy integration into the power grid.
Text clustering for analyzing scientific article using pre-trained language model and k-means algorithm Firdaus, Firdaus; Nurmaini, Siti; Yusliani, Novi; Rachmatullah, Muhammad Naufal; Darmawahyuni, Annisa; Kunang, Yesi Novaria; Fachrurrozi, Muhammad; Armansyah, Risky
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 5: October 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i5.9670

Abstract

Text clustering is a technique in data mining that can be used for analyzing scientific articles. In Indonesia-accredited journals, SINTA, there are two languages used, Indonesian and English. This is the first research focusing on clustering Indonesian and English texts into one cluster. In this research, bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) and IndoBERT are used to represent text data into fixed feature vectors. BERT and IndoBERT are pre-trained language models (PLMs) that can produce vector representations that take care of the position and context in a sentence. To cluster the articles, the K-Means algorithm is implemented. This algorithm has good convergence and adapts to the new examples, which helps in improved clustering performance. The best k-value in the K-Means algorithm is defined by using the silhouette score, the elbow method, and the Davies-Bouldin index (DBI). The experiment shows that the silhouette score can produce the most optimal k-value in clustering the articles, which has a mean score of 0.597. The mean score for the elbow method is 0.425, and for the DBI is 0.412. Therefore, the silhouette score optimizes the performance of PLMs and the K-Means algorithm in analyzing scientific articles to determine whether in scope or out of scope.
Improving COVID-19 chest X-ray classification via attention-based learning and fuzzy-augmented data diversity Cheluvaraju, Girish Shyadanahalli; Shivasubramanya, Jayasri Basavapatna
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 5: October 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i5.10861

Abstract

This paper presents a hybrid deep learning (DL) framework that combines model-level and data-level enhancements to improve classification performance without compromising clinical relevance. The proposed framework consisted of an EfficientNetB0 model with a hybrid attention module, which focused attention both spatially and channel-wise, and a VGG-16 model that was trained on training data augmented using a fuzzy-logic-based contrast and brightness enhancement. The attention module focused the model by recalibrating the features in an adaptive manner. The fuzzy-logic augmentation increased data diversity while maintaining the anatomical fidelity of the medical image domain. In addition, an uncertainty-aware ensemble approach was utilized to combine both models' predictions, which considered model confidence and entropy of the predictions, to enhance the reliability of the predictions. The proposed framework achieves a classification accuracy of 99.6%, outperforming several existing approaches.
Adaptive voltage controller based on extreme learning machine for DC-DC boost converter Setiadi, Herlambang; Darmansyah, Darmansyah; Uji Krismanto, Awan; Yusuf Abdillah, Sulthon
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 5: October 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i5.9647

Abstract

This study presents an adaptive voltage controller for a DC-DC boost converter using the extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm to address the limitations of conventional control techniques under varying load and reference voltage conditions. The ELM is implemented to predict the optimal parameters of a PI controller (Kp and Ki), enabling real-time adaptability of the system. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that the proposed ELM-based proportional-integral controller (PI-ELM) outperforms both traditional PI controllers and those optimized using metaheuristic algorithms. Specifically, the controller achieved a maximum absolute error of only 0.0185 for Kp and 0.0294 for Ki across a range of operating conditions, with corresponding mean squared errors (MSE) of 0.01861 and 0.02798, respectively. These findings confirm the effectiveness of the ELM in enhancing the dynamic response and robustness of boost converter voltage regulation systems.
Hybrid 3D CNN–transformer model for early brain tumor detection with multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging Sharma, Vivek Kumar; Ameta, Gaurav Kumar
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 5: October 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i5.11082

Abstract

Accurate and early diagnosis of brain tumors using multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains a critical challenge due to tumor heterogeneity and complex spatial representation. This study proposes a novel hybrid deep learning framework that integrates a 3D convolutional neural network (3D CNN) with swin transformer blocks and an attention-based feature fusion module (ABFFM). The model leverages multi-modal MRI inputs—T1, T1Gd, T2, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)—and features a dual-branch classification head for binary tumor detection and multi-label tumor sub-region classification: enhancing tumor (ET), tumor core (TC), and whole tumor (WT). Experiments conducted on the BraTS2023-GLI dataset demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a superior classification accuracy of 96.51%, with precision of 97.98%, recall of 97.04%, and F1-score of 97.61%, outperforming state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, intrinsic attention weights offer interpretability by highlighting modality-specific contributions. The proposed model establishes a clinically promising approach for brain tumor analysis, with strong implications for early diagnosis and treatment planning.
CODE NET: COVID-19 segmentation and detection via deep learning based networks Amina, Fareesa; Vankdoth, Krishnanaik
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 5: October 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i5.8951

Abstract

Humans with COVID-19 have an infectious condition that affects the respiratory system. In addition to more serious conditions, headaches may be fatal for those who have the disease. Our difficulty with COVID-19 detection stems from the unreliability of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in identifying lung abnormalities. COVID-19 detection is a time-consuming process. In this research, a novel CODE NET model is proposed for the detection of COVID-19 virus from the gathered lung chest X-ray (CXR) images. The images are pre-processed utilizing an adaptive trilateral filter to improve the quality of the images. A reverse edge attention network (RE-Net) uses enhanced images to segment the CXR images for accurate virus detection. The segmented images are fed into a Link Net to extract relevant features and classify the COVID-19 cases. The classified cases are fed into the Grad-CAM model to generate heat maps for accurately detecting the virus. According to the result, the proposed model attains 99.75% of accuracy rate for the COVID-19 detection. The proposed CODE NET enhances the overall accuracy by 1.78%, 1.51%, and 2.20% over combined domain features-random forest (CDF-RF), Bayes-SqueezeNet, and bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) respectively.
The utilization of the Taguchi method on microring resonator design parameters to enhance the value of the quality factor Aminudin, Ahmad; Hasanah, Lilik; Setyo Nugroho, Harbi; Wulandari, Chandra; Mulyanti, Budi; Eka Pawinanto, Roer; Rifqi Md Zain, Ahmad; Sugandi, Gandi; Hamidah, Ida; Indrasari, Widyaningrum; Yunas, Jumril
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 5: October 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i5.9780

Abstract

This study uses the Taguchi method to optimize the quality factor (Q-factor) of microring resonators (MRRs) for sensor applications. The MRRs are compact optical components widely used in biosensors and environmental monitoring due to their sensitivity to refractive index changes. The Q-factor, a key performance metric for MRRs, is significantly influenced by structural parameters such as ring radius (R), gap (g), waveguide width (W), and waveguide height (h). We employed a finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation to model light propagation within the MRR and compute the corresponding Q-factor to identify the optimal combination of these parameters. An L9 orthogonal array (OA) is used in the Taguchi method to analyze each factor's influence with three levels systematically. The optimization resulted in a Q-factor of 6208.44, significantly higher than the baseline value, indicating a substantial improvement. Compared to previous works, this research highlights the advantages of combining FDTD-based electromagnetic modeling with statistical optimization, offering a structured yet efficient approach to MRR design. The proposed method enhances Q-factor performance and provides scalability for practical applications in biomedical and environmental sensing. These findings underscore the utility of Taguchi-based design in advancing the field of photonic sensor optimization.
Cross-cultural prediction of marital satisfaction using machine learning algorithms and generic needs Sponge, Khye; Ng, Kok-Why; Ting, Choo-Yee; Chai, Ian
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 5: October 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i5.9055

Abstract

Marital satisfaction is crucial for individual well-being and family stability. Prior research has predominantly focused on Western contexts using traditional statistical models, limiting the generalizability of findings across cultures. This study addresses a significant gap by employing machine learning algorithms Naive Bayes, support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) on a diverse dataset comprising responses from 7,178 participants across 33 countries. Our methodology includes a robust data preprocessing pipeline, feature selection, and algorithm evaluation, emphasizing their practical application in relationship interventions. Using predictors derived from Maslow's generic needs, including love, respect, and pride in one's spouse, we demonstrate that these factors are significant cross-cultural predictors of marital satisfaction. Our results show that pride in spouse, love, and respect for spouse are the most significant predictors of marital satisfaction across cultures. This demonstrates the effectiveness of machine learning in capturing complex relationships, offering more accurate predictions than traditional methods. These findings suggest that fostering love, respect, and sacrifice in early relationships can significantly enhance marital satisfaction across diverse cultural contexts.
Handling partial occlusions in facial expression recognition with variational autoencoder Kemmou, Abdelaali; El Makrani, Adil; El Azami, Ikram; Hafid Aabidi, Moulay
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 5: October 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i5.9690

Abstract

Facial expression recognition (FER) is essential in various domains such as healthcare, road safety, and marketing, where real-time emotional feedback is crucial. Despite advancements in controlled settings such as well-lit, frontal, and unobstructed conditions, FER still faces significant challenges in natural, unconstrained environments. One of the most difficult issues is the presence of occlusions, which obscure key facial features. To overcome this, multiple strategies have been proposed, generally falling into two categories: those focused on analyzing visible facial regions and those aimed at reconstructing hidden facial features. In this study, we present a variational autoencoder (VAE)-based solution designed to reconstruct facial features obscured by occlusions. Experimental results show our VAE model optimized with the structural similarity index measure (SSIM) cost function achieves superior performance, with recognition rates of 91.2% for eye occlusions and 89.7% for mouth occlusions. The SSIM-optimized VAE effectively reconstructs occlude facial features while preserving structural details, demonstrating significant improvements over conventional approaches. This VAE-based solution proves particularly robust for real-world scenarios involving common facial obstructions like masks or sunglasses, making it valuable for applications in healthcare monitoring, driver safety systems, and human-computer interaction.

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