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INDONESIA
Pelita Perkebunan
Published by Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia
ISSN : 02150212     EISSN : 24069574     DOI : https://doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebuna
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Pelita Perkebunan, Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal (CCRJ): ISSN:0215-0212 Since its establishment in 1911, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) formerly Besoekisch Proefstation, had published its research findings through a journal call Mededelingen van het Besoekisch Proefstation. Between 1948-1981 the research institute was under the supervision of Bogor Research Institute for Estate Crops, and published its research findings through De Bergcultures which was later changed to Menara Perkebunan. Since the institute held the national mandate for coffee and cocoa commodities, and due to rapid increase in the research findings, ICCRI published its first issue of Pelita Perkebunanjournal in April 1985. Pelita Perkebunanis an international journal providing rapid publication of peer-reviewed articles concerned with coffee and cocoa commodities based on the aspects of agronomy, plant breeding, soil science, crop protection, postharvest technology and social economy. Papers dealing with result of original research on the above aspects are welcome, with no page charge. Pelita Perkebunan is managed by Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), which publish the research findings not only for coffee and cocoa but also other commodities relevant with coffee and cocoa, i.e. shade trees, intercrops and wind breakers.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 402 Documents
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Sensory Acceptability and Viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in Spent Coffee Ground Candy Concepcion, Remilyn Vendiola; Barcelon, Eufemio G; Luneta, Janiko Marco
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol. 41 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v41i2.614

Abstract

Spent coffee ground (SCG) is a residual material considered as waste that remains after brewing coffee. Conventional brewing techniques generate large amount of SGC that is rich in lignocellulose and valuable bioactive compounds that can be exploited as functional food ingredients. This study explored the development of a probiotic SCG candy using spent coffee grounds (SCG) as a sustainable and functional matrix, incorporating Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. bulgaricus. The effect of different carbohydrate sources—banana and potato— on the candy’s physicochemical properties, sensory attributes, and probiotic viability during storage was evaluated. Four formulations were prepared: SCG-only (T0), SCG–banana (T1), SCG–banana/potato (T2), and SCG–potato (T3), each stored at room temperature (25±2 °C) and refrigeration (4 °C) for four weeks. Physico- chemical analyses showed moisture content ranged from 7.49% (T0) to 9.43% (T3), water activity from 0.46 to 0.54, and pH values from 6.87 to 7.61. Total soluble solids (TSS) were between 44.00 and 52.66 °Brix. These parameters remained stable throughout storage. Viable counts of Lactobacillus spp. remained above 8.3 log CFU/g in all samples, with SCG–banana (T1) stored at 4 °C achieving the high- est count of 8.45 log CFU/g after four weeks. Sensory evaluation using a 5-point hedonic scale revealed that SCG–banana (T1) and SCG–banana/potato (T2) achieved significantly higher ratings in chewiness (4.6), mouthfeel (4.6), overall flavor (4.5), and acceptability (4.7) than the control (T0). Refrigerated storage preserved microbial viability and sensory quality better than room temperature. Overall, this study confirms that SCG can serve as a value-added matrix for probiotic delivery in confections. The inclusion of banana improved both functionality and consumer preference, supporting the development of shelf-stable, sustainable, probiotic-rich snacks.
Insect Community Status in Different Field Conditions and Clones in Kaliwining Cocoa Experimental Station, East Java, Indonesia: Sisko Budianto, Wiwin Windriyanti, Sri Wiyatiningsih, Indah Anitasari Budianto, Sisko; Windriyanti, Wiwin; Wiyatiningsih, Sri; Sari, Indah Anita
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol. 41 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v41i2.629

Abstract

Insect communities are vital to the ecological and economic success of cocoa agroforestry systems, providing essential functions such in pollination, pest control, and nutrient cycling. Their presence and performance are shaped by field structure, clone genetics, habitat complexity, and agricultural practices. This research was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in Jember, East Java, which focused on two distinct types of cocoa fields (differences in planting years, plant density, and shade trees) and clones (clone ICCRI03, ICCRI09, and MCC02). The research highlights are the role of field conditions and genetic factors in shaping insect diversity and abundance. The trapping method used a yellow trap, and field conditions included plant height, canopy width, and leaf litter amount, which were measured. The observation revealed 35 insect morphospecies from 30 families and eight non- insect morphospecies, emphasizing the functional diversity of these communities. Field conditions and clones did not have a significant effect on insect abundance and diversity. Field conditions, including plant height, canopy width, and leaf litter amount, did not show a strong correlation with the abundance of insects. Field with more shade trees and vegetation, had a greater abundance of insects, notably predators and decomposers. MCC02 favored pollinator populations, ICCRI03 boosted predators and parasitoids, and ICCRI09 increased overall diversity. However, pollinators and omnivores showed minimal variety across fields and clones. Shannon diversity index values (H’ = 1.59-1.75) suggested moderate biodiversity with uneven species distribution. The study underscores the importance of main- taining habitat complexity, optimizing field management, and strategic clone selection to enhance ecosystem services like pollination and pest control while fostering biodiversity.
The Effect of Melatonin Application and Watering Frequency on the Growth of Cocoa Seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.) Zakariyya, Fakhrusy; Novelia, Eka Putri; Subroto, Gatot; Avivi, Sholeh
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol. 41 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v41i2.644

Abstract

Watering is one of the keys to cocoa plant growth, where proper watering enhances plant development, while infrequent watering can lead to drought stress. Melatonin can help mitigate the negative impacts caused by drought stress. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates various physiological processes and is believed to enhance plant tolerance to stress while stimulating growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of melatonin application on the growth of cocoa seedlings under different watering frequency. The study was arranged by randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement, consisting of two factors with three replications. The main plot represents watering frequency of 3 days, 6 days, and 9 days. The subplot represented melatonin concentrations of 0 ?M, 50 ?M, 100 ?M, and 150 ?M. Observational parameters included plant growth based on plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and leaf area, as well as plant dry weight based on the dry weight of the shoot, roots, and total plant. The results showed that at the 3-day irrigation frequency, melatonin concentrations of 50-100 ?M enhanced plant growth parameters including plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, as well as shoot dry weight and total plant dry weight. At the 6-day frequency, melatonin application up to 150 ?M reduced growth and had no effect on total plant dry weight, but increased root dry weight. At the 9-day irrigation frequency with application of 150 ?M melatonin improved all growth parameters and total plant dry weight. Therefore, melatonin can enhance drought tolerance and promote plant growth under limited irrigation conditions.
The Role of Cocoa Commodity as a Base Sector in Indonesia’s Regional Development Adyanti, Amanda Sekar; Aji, Joni Murti Mulyo; Hani, Evita Soliha
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol. 41 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v41i2.651

Abstract

Indonesia’s cocoa commodity as one of the leading commodities, has the potential to improve the country’s economy. However, the increasing export volume is not matched by the decreasing production due to the decreasing land area. This study aims to identify the mapping of cocoa regions, identify the structure and growth rate of cocoa, and examine the role of cocoa in supporting Indonesia’s plantation activities. The research was conducted in 33 provinces of Indonesia using secondary data. The variables used are production and revenue of cocoa and plantation commodities in 2017-2023. The analytical tools used are Location Quotient (LQ), Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ), Localisation and Specialisation analysis, Shift Share analysis (SSA), BSR analysis, RM, and Multiplier Effect. The results obtained from as many as 19 provinces are included in the base area with an LQ>1 value. The cocoa growth rate structure obtained that the value of National growth (PNij) is positive, Proportional growth (PPij) is negative, and Regional share growth (PPWij) is negative, so the average shift share value is positive and it is said that Indonesian cocoa is growing. The results of the analysis of the value of BSR, RM, and Multiplier Effect are positive so that Indonesian cocoa plays a role in supporting Indonesian plantations.
Identification of Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) Gene Family in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Silico Study Mustafidah, Qori'atul; Su'udi, Mukhamad; Pancaningtyas, Sulistyani
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol. 41 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v41i2.656

Abstract

Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) has an important role in regulating heat stress response, plant development control, and defense reactions. The HSP90 gene family has been extensively reported in numerous plant species, but studies on the HSP90 gene in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) remain lacking. Continuous global warming and the use of low-grade quality planting materials are the reasons for low cocoa productivity in Indonesia. Based on this, it is necessary to have good adaptability in cocoa as well as the development of new cultivars so that there is no decrease in cocoa productivity. This study aims to identify the HSP90 gene family in cocoa to recognize the HSP90 functioning in cocoa and provide the necessary information to characterize HSP90 at the genome level. Identification of the HSP90 gene family in T. cacao was carried out through analysis of TcHSP90 sequences obtained from various related databases. The results showed that a total of seven TsHSP90 genes are distributed into ten T. cacao chromosomes. Analysis of the TcHSP90 motif showed that HSP90 is conserved in each T. cacao gene. Cis-acting element analysis showed that TcHSP90 has important roles in growth and development as well as abiotic and hormonal stress responses including defense against pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis showed that TcHSP90 has a similar evolutionary distribution to A. thaliana and S. lycopersicum. The results of this study can be used as a scientific foundation and basic knowledge for the development of new T. cacao cultivars that are resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses by selecting suitable candidate genes for T. cacao breeding.
The Potential of Trichoderma sp. as a Decomposer of Cocoa Pod Husk- Based Compost on Degradation of Herbicide and Insecticide Residues Perdana, Andrian; Puspita Sari, Niken
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol. 41 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v41i2.659

Abstract

Compost, a final product of composting as a sustainable waste management strategy, contains a wide range of organic pollutants penetrating by deliberate input such as pesticide application in feedstock materials. The involvement of Trichoderma in composting processes is expected to degrade pesticide compounds and enhance compost quality. The study employed four treatments: P1D0 (herbicide without Trichoderma sp.), P1D1 (herbicide with Trichoderma sp.), P2D0 (insecticide without Trichoderma sp.), and P2D1 (insecticide with Trichoderma sp.). The results of pesticide residue and compost quality were analyzed descriptively by comparing the effects of Trichoderma sp. n degrading the herbicide and insecticide residue through the composting process. Compost quality was monitored through initial, biweekly, and final analyses. All compost fulfilled the minimum standards set by the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture. Incorporation of Trichoderma sp. enhanced compost quality by increasing N content (up to 37.23%) and pH (up to 5.28%), while reducing the C:N ratio (up to 50%). Moreover, it effectively degraded glyphosate and cypermethrin residues by up to 99.96% and 99.48%, respectively. These findings highlight the dual role of Trichoderma-enriched compost in improving compost quality and remediating pesticide residues, supporting sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices.
The The Utilization of Cocoa Pod Husk-Based Compost Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Soil Chemical Properties and Nutrient Uptake of Coffee Plants Perdana, Andrian; Puspita Sari, Niken; Zakariyya, Fakhrusy; Anita Sari, Indah; Astika Sari, Dini
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol. 41 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v41i3.692

Abstract

Sustainable waste management and the preservation of soil health represent critical challenges in intensive coffee and cocoa plantation. Composting offers an effective approach for sustainable waste management by enhancing soil health, while arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) optimize nutrient uptake (NU) efficiencyin coffee plants. This research aimed to investigate the effect of cocoa pod huskbased compost inoculated with AMF on soil chemical properties and NU in coffee plants. This research employed a completely randomized design with two factors. Factor I consisted of three compost doses: K0 (no compost), K1 (15% compost,w/w), and K2 (30% compost, w/w). Factor II comprised three levels of AMF: F0 (no AMF), F1 (15 g polybag-1 ), and F2 (30 g polybag -1 ). Compost application significantly enhanced soil nutrient levels of N, P, K, C-organic, and CEC, as well as improved the uptake of N, P, and K by coffee plants. Similarly, AMF significantly increased soil P levels and P uptake by coffee plants. The combined application of compost and AMF further contributed to an increase in soil P availability. The K1F1 treatment (15% compost and 15 g AMF polybag -1 ) was the most effective in optimizing nutrient turnover, as indicated by the highest uptake of N (33.48 g plant -1) and P (1.37 g plant -1), which contributed to enhance plant performance. According to nutrient availability classification, this treatment supplied sufficient soil N (0.36%) and soil organic C (SOC) (2.54%). However, excessive N and SOC induces antagonistic interactions, compromising the efficient uptake of P and K, while deficiencies constrain overall nutrient acquisition.
The Surge in Indonesian Robusta Coffee Price: The Interaction of Substitute Commodity Prices and Exchange Rates on Robusta Price Behavior Aklimawati, Lya; Dharmawan, Budi; Widhiono MZ, Imam
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol. 41 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v41i3.693

Abstract

Primary commodity price trends frequently exhibit co-movement patterns, demonstrating similar fluctuations. The surge in substitute commodity prices, such as Arabica coffee and cocoa, in both Indonesian and global markets has positively impacted the increasing price of Indonesian Robusta coffee. This study explored the factors driving the surge in Indonesian Robusta coffee price, particularly the co-movement of substitute commodity prices and exchange rates, and how these elements influence Indonesian Robusta coffee price behavior. Utilizing time series data from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2024, the research applied the ARDL-ECM approach to estimate the cointegration relationships among the variables. The results revealed that lagged Indonesian Robusta prices, world Robusta price, Indonesian Arabica price, lagged world Arabica price, London cocoa price, and the Rupiah exchange rate significantly affected Indonesian Robusta price at the 1%, 5%, and 10% significance level, both in the long and short run. Furthermore, the study identified a bidirectional causality between Indonesian Robusta coffee price and three independent variables: New York, London, and cocoa indicator prices. In contrast, Arabica prices, rubber prices, and exchange rates showed no causality with the Indonesian Robusta coffee price. The analysis also indicated that price co-movement was only reflected among related commodities, while no such relationship was found for unrelated commodities. The upward trend in world Robusta price, Indonesian Arabica price, world Arabica price, and world cocoa prices can be interpreted as indicators of a flourishing agricultural primary commodity market, which may subsequently drive up Robusta coffee prices in the domestic market.
Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Across Different Agroforestry Systems in Coffee-Based Land Use: A Case Study in Malang, Indonesia Perdana, Andrian; Puspita Sari, Niken; Yuliasmara, Fitria; Erdiansyah, Novie Pranata
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol. 41 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v41i3.695

Abstract

Agroforestry systems have garnered significant attention for their potential in enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, particularly in coffee plantations. The different shading conditions not only diversifies production but also plays a crucial role in soil health and carbon sequestration. The study aimed to investigate the SOC stocks under various coffee-based agroforestry systems. Four different shading conditions have been examined, namely: A (unshaded), B (Leucaena leucocephala shade), C (Pinus sp. shade), and D (complex agroforestry). The results were analyzed descriptively by comparing the influence of varying shading conditions in enhancing SOC stocks. The results indicated that complex agroforestry had the highest SOC (1.33%), followed by L. leucocephala shade (1.20%), unshaded (1.02%), and Pinus sp. shade (0.96%). In the complexagroforestry system, the diversification of plant species increases soil organic matter (SOM) and root biomass, thus improve SOC. Meanwhile, the Pinus sp. shade exhibited the lowest SOC due to the lower quality of its resistant litter. The complex agroforestry also recorded the highest SOC stocks (42.7 t C ha -1), followed by unshaded (39.9 t C ha -1), L. leucocephala shade (38.3 t C ha -1), and Pinus sp. shade (30.5 t C ha-1). The SOC stocks in the unshaded system exceeded those under L. leucocephala shade due to higher bulk density resulting from the absence of complex root systems. Moreover, the complex agroforestry exhibited elevated levels of soil N, P, K, and CEC. These findings implied that complex agroforestry system represents a multifaceted approach to enhance SOC stocks and soil health in coffee plantation.
The Effect of Botanical Nutrients Enriched with Trichoderma sp. on the Growth of Cocoa Seed Radicles (Theobroma cacao L.) qomariyah, mahyatul; Mudakir, Imam; Puspita Sari, Niken
Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) Vol. 41 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v41i3.696

Abstract

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) is a plant that is widely cultivated by the Indonesian people. Many cocoa farmers experience crop failure due to pests and diseases. One effort that can be made to reduce this problem is to create high-quality cocoa seeds that are able to survive when attacked by pests and diseases. This study aims to investigate the effect of adding nutrients in the form of biosaka and Trichoderma sp. to cocoa seed soaking water on radicle length. The biosaka treatment used three different formulas: A: control, B: formula 1 (a mixture of weeds and water shoots in a 1:1 ratio), B: formula 2 (a mixture of weeds and water shoots in a 2:1 ratio), and C: formula 3 (a mixture of weeds and water shoots in a 1:2 ratio). Each biosaka solution was mixed with Trichoderma sp. at a dilution of 10-1, and the treatment was repeated three times, with three cocoa seeds in each replicate. The results obtained indicate that the best biosaka formula for cocoa seed radicle length, spore count, and spore density of Trichoderma sp. is the biosaka with a weed and water sprout ratio of 2:1 mixed with Trichoderma sp. at a dilution of 10 L .

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