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WARTAZOA Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

WARTAZOA
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Published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

ISSN : 02166461 EISSN : 23546832 DOI : 10.14334

Core Subject : Health,

Veterinary

WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 0216-6461 E-ISSN: 2354-6832 is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD). The aim of this journal is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field of animal and veterinary science. It was first published in 1983. The journal has been registered in the CrossRef system with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix 10.14334.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 785 Documents

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The Advance of Technology of Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction in Identifying the Genome of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Diseases Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Dharmayanti, NLPI
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 1 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Avian Influenza (AI) viruses are zoonotic and caused death in humans. Newcastle Diseases (ND) virus has an economical impact in poultry. Therefore, the identification and characterization of AI and ND viruses that are appropriate, accurate and quick are important to protect human and poultry health. Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was the latest gold standard to detect the genome of AI and ND viruses. Recently, RT-PCR was developed in routine diagnosis and research. RT-PCR is a method to amplify the sequences of DNA genome, preceded by reverse transcriptase process with the primer-mediated enzymatic. Some factors that influenced detection of AI and ND are design primer and probe, types of samples, enzyme, reagent composition, amplification temperature and cycles, technical and non-technical factors such as contamination and trained staff. Modified conventional and real time RT-PCR are able to improve the specificity and sensitivity of the test. Key words: Detection, Avian Influenza, Newcastle Diseases, RT-PCR

Maximizing Utilization of Energy from Crop By-products Haryanto, Budi
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 1 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The availability of crop by-products is huge during harvesting times as related to the vast agricultural land area; however, their utilization is still limited due to lack of knowledge and handling problem. Seasonal effect is obvious especially during wet season when high rainfall hinders proper management of crop by-products. Crop by-products are energy rich feedstuffs in the form of chemical substance such as cellulose and hemicellulose. The utilization of cellulose and hemicellulose as sources of energy can be maximized by the application of technologies to increase the digestibility. Cellulose is polymer of glucose while hemicellulose is polymer of xylose which both can be converted to volatile fatty acids by rumen microbial enzyme activities and subsequently used by the host animal as source of energy. In addition, cellulose and hemicellulose can also be used as substrates for bioethanol production leaving behind residual matter with higher concentration of protein which is also appropriate for ruminant feeds. The fat content of crop by-products such as those in rice bran and corn germ can be extracted for oil production that can be used for human consumption with concomitant production of high nutritive value of residues for ruminant feeds. The oil extraction technologies are available; however the high cost of ethanol and oil production should obtain high attention to make the technologies more applicable at farmersâ level. Key words: Crop by-products, energy, ethanol, residue, ruminant, feeds

Disease Control in Animals Using Molecular Technology by Inactivation of ASO, RNAi and ss-siRNA Genes Ali, Muhamad
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 1 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Globalization causes high mobility of human and livestock, hence increase the transmission of infectious diseases, including avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and swine influenza. Therefore, prevention of those diseases is required. Vaccines are effective to prevent infectious diseases; however, their development takes a long time and they cannot provide immediate protection in pandemic cases. This paper describes several gene silencing technologies including antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), RNA interference (RNAi) and single strand-small interfering RNA (ss-siRNA) for controlling diseases. The primary mechanism of these technologies is inhibition of gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific RNA molecule of the pathogen. The use of gene silencing technologies is expected to give new alternative that is more effective in eradication of infectious diseases in animals before threaten human being. Key words: Gene inactivation, antisense oligonucleotide, RNA interference, single strand-small interfering RNA

Peste des Petits Ruminant: Exotic Ruminant Disease That Should Be Anticipated Sendow, Indrawati; RMA, Adjid; Dharmayanti, NLPI
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 1 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Peste des Pettits Ruminants (PPR) is one of infectious and contagious viral diseases from morbilliviruses group in ruminants especially small ruminants. The disease was characterized by nasal and eye discharge, conjunctivitis, high fever, gastrointestinal disorder and pneumonia. Hence PPR may cause economical impact for the farmers due to the decrease of animal productivity and death.Â Peste des pettits ruminants is also a disease that has serious attention on the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) list. In Indonesia, the disease has not been reported, so the anticipation of entering the disease is needed. The paper will describe the disease in many aspects included transmission, host ranges, epidemiology, clinical disease, diagnosis and the ability to identify the disease in Indonesia. Key words: Peste des Pettits Ruminants, epidemiology, diagnose, ruminants

Heat Stress on Poultry: Metabolism, Effects and Efforts to Overcome Tamzil, Mohammad Hasil
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 2 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Poultry industries in the tropics are challenged by high ambient temperatures and humidities which cause poultry suffer from heat stress. Heat stress contributes to the instability of certain compounds, such as enzymes. Consequently the enzymes function reduces. Affecting the physiological and hormonal conditions of the poultry. In such condition, the body will attempt to restore homeostasis to the state before it happened. When physiological failed to meet the condition, the body will use the genetic pathway by activating Heat Shock Protein (HSP) genes to protect proteins which are sensitive to high temperatures. Heat stress in poultry triggers the emergence of various diseases and affects the growth of poultry and egg production. These negative effects on poultry can be minimized by selecting the type of chickens which are tolerant to high ambient temperature, modifying microclimates of cages and adding anti-stress compounds through feed and or drink. Key words: Heat stress, heat shock protein, physiological conditions, poultry

Potential Development of Bioindustry in Cattle and Oil Palm Integration System ., Gunawan; Talib, Chalid
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 2 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

An integrated system between cattle and oil palm plantation has a great potency for development of bioindustry, either in the form of animal feed or organic fertilizer bioindustry. Bioindustry of cattle feed is developed from biomass of plantations, such as stem and leaves of palm, palm kernel and solid. Bioindustry of organic fertilizer is developed from cattle manure. The targets of development of bioindustry are palm plantations in Sumatera and Kalimantan regions, covering 9.25 million hectares. It is estimated to be able to produce biomass quantity as much as 54.60 million tons per year which can be used as fodder for 12.13 million animal unit (AU) of beef cattle, whereas currently there are only 3.06 million AU cattle in Sumatera and Kalimantan, so the opportunities for the addition of cattle in both islands are 9.07 million AU. The existing beef cattle population of 3.06 million AU has the potency to produce 6.1 million tons of organic fertilizer can be used to fertilize 3.0 million hectares, therefore the rest of 6.25 million hectares remain unfertilised. The prospect of bioindustries on integration system of cattle with oil palm plantations in Sumatera and Kalimantan is very potential to meet the needs of organic fertilizer for plants and to utilize oil palm biomass for cattle feed. Key words: Bioindustry, biomass of oil palm plantation, cattle manure

Productivity and Utilization of Leguminous Tree Indigofera zollingeriana on Dry Land Herdiawan, Iwan; Krisnan, Rantan
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 2 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Indigofera is well known as tarum plant, has about 700 species, including Indigofera zollingeriana. These plants are leguminous species that have high nutrient content and production as well as tolerant to abiotic stresses. This plant originated in tropical Africa, Asia, Australia, and North and South America, then spread to arid zone of Africa and Asia. In early 1900, it was brought by Europeans colonial to Indonesia. Indigofera can grow well at altitudes between 0-2200 m above sea level, with rainfall between 600-3000 mm/year. It can be used as a fodder crop because it has high nutrient content and production. It can be harvested at the age of eight months with an average production of 2,595 kg of fresh biomass/tree, with a total production of fresh approximately 52 tons/ha. Indigofera zollingeriana has crude protein content of 27.60%; neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 43.56%; acid detergent fiber (ADF) 35.24%; calcium (Ca) 1.16%; phosphorous (P) 0.26%; in vitro-dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) 67.50%; organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) 60.32%; 0.08% tannins and 0.41% saponin. Additionally I. zollingeriana is often used as green manure, cover crop in plantation areas, fabric dyeing and therapeutic herbs. Key words: Indigofera zollingeriana, characteristics, usage, dry land

Formation of Poultry Meat Flavor by Heating Process and Lipid Oxidation Purba, Maijon
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 3 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Flavor is an important factor in the acceptance of food. Flavor of poultry meat is naturally formed through a specific process of heating, where various chemical reactions complex occurred among nonvolatile precursors in fatty tissue or in lean tissue. The main flavor in the form of volatile and nonvolatile components play a major influence on the acceptance of various processed meat, especially the taste. Removal of sulfur components decreases meat flavor (meaty), while removal of carbonyl compounds decrease the specific flavor and increases common flavor of the meat. Poultry meat has a fairly high fat content that easily generates lipid oxidation. Lipid oxidation in poultry meat is a sign that the meat was damaged and caused off odor. Addition of antioxidants in the diet can inhibit lipid oxidation in the meat. Lipids interaction with proteins and carbohydrates is unavoidable during the thermal processing of food, causing the appearance of volatile components. The main reaction in meat flavor formation mechanism is Maillard reaction followed by Stecker reaction and degradation of lipids and thiamine. They involve in the reaction between carbonyl and amine components to form flavor compounds, which enhance the flavor of poultry meat.Â Key words: Flavor, off flavor, poultry meat, lipid oxidation, antioxidant

The Influence of Ecological Factors on the Transmission and Stability of Avian Influenza Virus in the Environment Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Dharmayanti, NLP I
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 3 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Ecology is a science studying the correlation among organisms and some environmental factors. Ecological factors play an important role to transmit Avian Influenza (AI) virus and influence its stability in the environment. Avian Influenza virus is classified as type A virus and belong to Orthomyxoviridae family. The virus can infect various vertebrates, mainly birds and mammals, including human. Avian Influenza virus transmission can occur through bird migration. The bird migration patterns usually occur in the large continent covers a long distance area within a certain periode hence transmit the virus from infected birds to other birds and spread to the environment. The biotic (normal flora microbes) and abiotic (physical and chemical) factors play important role in transmitting the virus to susceptible avian species and influence its stability in the environment. Disinfectant can inactivate the AI virus in the environment but its effectivity is influenced by the concentration, contact time, pH, temperature and organic matter.Â Key words: Avian Influenza, stability, transmission, ecological factors

Manipulating Protein Degradability in the Rumen to Support Higher Ruminant Production Haryanto, Budi
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 3 (2014)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Dietary protein is digested to a certain extent in the rumen causing decreases its potency as source of amino acids for the animal. Dietary protein should mostly reach the intestines where the protein digestion takes place and absorption occurs in the form of intact amino acids and subsequently becomes nutrient deposition in muscles or milk. The higher muscle or milk protein synthesis, the higher the protein in the products of animal, as long as energy for the metabolism is available. Strategies of feeding rumen degradable versus undegradable protein in ruminant have become a research interest for decades. Technologies of dietary protein protection to reduce its degradability in the rumen by heating, chelating or coating have been developed. Key words: Protein, degradability, protection, rumen

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Jawa barat

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