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WARTAZOA Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

WARTAZOA
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Published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

ISSN : 02166461 EISSN : 23546832 DOI : 10.14334

Core Subject : Health,

Veterinary

WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 0216-6461 E-ISSN: 2354-6832 is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD). The aim of this journal is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field of animal and veterinary science. It was first published in 1983. The journal has been registered in the CrossRef system with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix 10.14334.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 785 Documents

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Benefit of Protected Fat for Improving Production and Reproduction of Ruminant Elizabeth Wina; Susana I W R
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 23, No 4 (2013): DECEMBER 2013
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Fat or free fatty acid is one of the energy sources which is high density and gives higher energy than any other nutrients. Indonesia has a huge potency for free fatty acid as alternative energy source for ruminant. However, in a certain amount, fat or fatty acid will cause negative effect on the rumen function. Therefore, several technologies to protect fat or fatty acid were developed. In early lactation, dairy cow requires additional energy from high density ingredient without causing any negative effect on rumen function. This paper describes fat metabolism in the rumen and post rumen, technology to protect fat or free fatty acid and the effect of protected fat or fatty acid on nutritional value, production and reproductive performances, carcass quality and milk quality. In conclusion, the utilization of protected fat or fatty acid gives positive effects on productive and reproductive performances. Key words: Fat, fatty acid, protection, metabolism, ruminant

Respiratory Diseases in Poultry: Clinical and Pathological Aspects and Their Occurrence in Indonesia Tarmudji .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 2 (2005): JUNE 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Some of respiratory diseases in poultry are caused by virus, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi or combination of various agents. Respiratory diseases in commercial poultry farms (broiler or layer) that are commonly found in Indonesia are : Avian Influenza (AI-H5NI), Newcastle Disease (ND), Infectious Bronchitis (IB), Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT), Swollen Head Syndrome (SHS), Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), Infectious Coryza, Fowl cholera, Colliseptichemia and Aspergillosis. Spore of Aspergillus sp . and ND/IB viruses (in live vaccine) occasionally exhibited respiratory disorder in chickens (0-2 weeks). Other respiratory diseases can occur in chickens after two weeks of age and are caused by various infectious agents (mixed infection). Two or more infection agents resulted in more severe respiratory disease (in clinical signs and pathological lesions) than a single infection agent. Some of respiratory diseases have similar clinical signs (nasal discharge, lacrimation, coughing and gasping). However, by more thoroughly observation on the outbreak occurrence, causal agents, age of chickens, characteristics of epidemiology and clinical signs. the diagnose of the disease could be defined. Pathological diagnostic approach is commonly used in animal health management of commercial poultry farms. Pathognomonic lesions of organs caused by the diseases could give an accurate diagnose. High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (AI/HPAI) is the most important of the poultry diseases in Indonesia, since it is very contagious to other birds and human resulted in a negative impact on the National Poultry industry and human health (zoonosis) . Key words: Respiratory disease, chicken, clinical signs, pathology, Indonesia

Application of Polymerase Chainreaction (PCR) In Diagnosis of Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) in Indonesia Muharam Saepulloh; Darminto .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 8, No 2 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal viral disease of cattle, buffalo and other ruminants characterized by proliferation and infiltration of lymphocytes and followed by necroses of infected organs . According to the aetiological of the agents, MCFis classified into two types: wildebeest-associatedMCF(WA-MCF) which is caused by Alcelaphinae herpesvirus-1 (AHV-1) and sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) which is caused by Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OHV-2). Most MCF cases in Indonesia is SA-MCF. Due to the intact virus of SA-MCF has not been able isolated, the diagnosis of this disease is based on the clinical signs and pathological changes. However, a segment of DNA virus of SA-MCF has been isolated from MCF cases in rabbit, deer, and cattle which provided an opportunity to study a DNA sequencing and led to the development of diagnostic technique based on the molecular biology, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The PCR technique was able to detect segments of DNA of SA-MCF virus in infected organs . This publication describes the application of PCR for diagnosis of SA-MCF in Indonesia. Key words : MCF, PCR, diagnosis, cattle, buffalo

Gene Controlling High Milk Lactoferrin Content in Holstein Friesian Cows Cece Sumantri
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 2 (2006): JUNE 2006
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Lactoferrin is considered as an antimicrobial and antiviral protein, therefore milk that contains high lactoferrin is potential for health-enhancing nutraceuticals for food and pharmaceutical applications . The main objective of this paper is to discuss in more detail about lactoferrin function and how gene could control high lactoferrin content in milk . Milk lactoferrin content is still various among individual . Therefore, selection should be carried out to increase lactoferrin content in local Friesian Holstein . The selection could be accelerated by using lactoferrin gene as a gene marker that directly contributes to the milk lactoferrin content . Key words : Lactoferrin, antimicrobial, antiviral, selection, gene marker

Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes Infection in Small Ruminants by Nematophagous Fungi Riza Zainuddin Ahmad; Beriajaya .; S Hastiono
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 12, No 3 (2002)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

The disease caused by gastrointestinal nematodes infection in small ruminants in Indonesia is quite unprofitable. Control with anthelmintic developed a negative effect of anthelmintic resistance and residue in tissue if anthelmintic are given routinely. Biological control is one of the control methods using microorganisms especially molds. The moulds can form traps and destroy the body of larvae and eggs by hife and produce toxins. Few isolates of nematophagous fungi such as Arthrobotrys spp. and Monacrosporium spp. were found from surveys done in West Java. Applications of these fungi as biological control against nematodiasis is promising as indicated from in vitro and in vivo studies. Key words: Biological control, nematophagous fungi, small ruminants

Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis: Its Implication for Diagnosis and Development of Local Isolate Vaccine for Poultry Tati Ariyanti; Supar .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 4 (2008): DECEMBER 2008
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Genus Salmonella consists of more than 2,400 serovars, which can be identified by means of serological method based on the variation of their somatic (O), flagellar (H) and capsular antigens (Vi). Salmonella serovars which are able to cause disease in animal or domestic animal are limited, such as: S. pullorum and S. gallinarum which are well adapted to poultry, cause fowl typhoid, S. cholerasuis causes disease in swine. S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis can infect all animals and humans. S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis could be isolated from salmonellosis of poultry, meat, milk and eggs. The prevalence of those isolates within the last two decades tends to increase. Pathogenic Salmonella serovars can infect both animals and humans, colonize the intestinal epithelial cells lead to diarrhoea. Salmonella spp. may enter the lower layer of epithelial cells and the lymphoid vascular system. Humoral antibody and cell mediated immunity responses may develop. Extraintestinal shedding or dissemination of Salmonella spp. may occur and multiply, this may cause latent infections and spread to the environment. Serologic diagnosis of infected animals can be done by means of serum or whole blood agglutination tests with whole cell antigen or ELISA with LPS coated tray, might demonstrate cross reactions among serovars within the one group. ELISA antibody by using fimbrial SEF14 antigen demonstrated specific diagnosis of S. enteritidis infection. The use of S. enteritidis inactive vaccines stimulates high humoral antibody response and protection against challenged homologous serovar within one group (D). The secretory antibody in mucosal surface of intestine and cell mediated immunity were not stimulated after vaccination with inactive Salmonella vaccine. Inactive vaccines (local isolate of S. enteritidis) which was developed and evaluated on experimental layer chicken produced protection against challenged homologous and may be used to control vertical transmission salmonellosis through eggs and can be used to improve the safety of animal food products for human consumption. Key words: Salmonella enteritidis, antigenicity, immunogenicity, diagnosis, vaccines for poultry

Forage Crops to Support Rehabilitation of Animal Husbandry in Merapi Bambang Risdiono Prawirodiputra
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 21, No 4 (2011): DECEMBER 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Merapi eruption in October 2010 caused livestock losses. To rehabilitate it, the forages demand should be fulfilled. The constraints faced in Merapi after eruption is low organic content of the soil, therefore the forages to be planted should be adapted to such condition. There are some forages recommended to be planted. For short term rehabilitation, the species recommended are those from the genus of Brachiaria, Cynodon and Pennisetum. Flemingia is also good for short term rehabilitation. For long term rehabilitation, Sesbania, Calliandra, Gliricidia and Leucaena are recommended. Key words: Land rehabilitation, grasses, legumes

Parasite Control by Utilizing Genetic Host Resistance Surtijono Partoutomo
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 4 (2004): DECEMBER 2004
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

As a tropical country, Indonesia is a favorable environment for the development of various species of parasites, consequently parasites become one of biological constraints that is difficult to overcome, particularly in traditional livestock farming's. The conventional parasite control technique has not been successfully implemented in traditional fanning as it requires capital support, which is unaffordable by small-scale farmers. Nowadays, the conventional control technologies for some parasites are considered to be uneconomical by several countries. Other reasons are the decrease of the economic value of certain livestock products, the appearance of anthelmintic resistance problems, and the occurrence of environmental pollution due to the utilization of chemicals and drugs. They then shift to genetic host resistance approach . In Indonesia, the approach on parasite control based on genetic host resistance may be used as an alternative technique which is based on the genetic host resistance is applicable at least as one of alternative technologies in controlling parasites selectively. This technology is cheaper, environmentally acceptable, and in line with the sustainable agriculture concept. The mechanisms ofthe genetic host resistance and its application in the field are briefly discussed in this paper. Key words: Genetic host resistance, parasite, control

Transforming Swamp Buffaloes to Producers of Milk and Meat Through Crossbreeding and Backcrossing L C Cruz
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 3 (2009): SEPTEMBER 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

There are two major types of water buffaloes in the world, the riverine type and the swamp type. The total number of Swamp buffalo is 37.6 M and represents 21.8% of the world’s buffalo population. The swamp buffaloes have played a major role in draft animal-dependent farming system. But intensified rice production became more pronounced in irrigated areas and this has led to increased utilization of small farm machineries, displacing significantly the draft buffaloes for land tillage. To some extent, the introduction of tractors for land preparation and transport for corn, sugarcane and other crops in production areas has similar effect. Utilization of the existing population of swamp buffaloes to meet the growing domestic demand for milk and meat, against the background of increasing farm mechanization, is a good reason to transform the huge number of draft animals into producers of milk and meat. According to the UNDP/FAO-assisted project in the Philippines carried from 1982 to 1998, that crossing swamp buffalo and riverine buffaloes, despite the differences in chromosome numbers, is producing crossbreds with high growth rate potentials and milk production abilities several folds over the swamp buffalo parents. The known fact that swamp and riverine buffaloes have different chromosome number, the diploid chromosome number of the swamp buffalo is 48 and that of the river buffalo is 50. When crossbreeding between the 2 buffalo types occur, males and females of the F1 generation are heterozygous for the fusion and are apparently fertile with chromosome 2n = 49. Three-way crossbred hybrids were obtained by (native buffalo x Murrah x Nili Ravi) or (native buffalo x Nili Ravi x Murrah). They had two chromosome categories viz. 2n=49 and 2n=50, respectively. Crossbreeding Swamp with Riverine Breed is done for quality beef. Most of the NT produced TenderBuff is farm-bred or purchased from other suppliers as swamp buffalo yearlings and growth out for a further 8 – 16 months to achieve target weights on the pastures. The reproductive performance of F1 females produced out of crossing Murrah buffalo and Philippine carabao are not different. Assessment of the fertility of F1 bulls was made on the basis of the pregnancy rate obtained from AI on Philippine carabaos using frozen semen. The data indicated that there was no significant difference between the pregnancy rate of the Philippine carabaos inseminated with either Murrah buffaloes or F1 frozen semen. However, a signigicant difference on conception rate was observed (P < 0.05) compared to hybrid with 2n = 50 chromosomes. The calving rate of hybrids with 2n = 49 chromosomes decreased by 17.77 – 17.89% and the total calves reduced by 1.33 – 1.54 heads from the first calving to age of 11 years. The fundamental initiative that is most consistent with the envisaged improvement in the productivity of the carabao is the establishment of germplasm pools from where superior materials can be obtained on a sustainable basis such as Gene Pools for Selected Native Philippine Carabao (PC), Gene Pool for Riverine Buffalo for Meat Improvement, Gene Pool for Improvement for Milk Production. From the above point of view, the future will see sustained and more intensive efforts to pursue the goal of transforming genetically the traditionally draft animal to producer of milk and meat and eventually establishment of viable and progressive buffalo-based enterprises. Key words: Swamp buffalo, crossbreeding, backcrossing

The Utilization of Fungi and Their Products to Increase Livestock Production Riza Zainuddin Ahmad
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 21, No 2 (2011): JUNE 2011
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Fungi as part of eukaryotic organisms play an important role for livestock. Some fungi are detrimental because they cause animal diseases, and some fungi are beneficial because they can improve animal productivity. The use of fungi that benefit from starting he has done as agents of biological control and to be as probiotics.Within the fungi, the use of simple technologies to high level degree for the benefit of cattle is developed. This paper describes some fungi that are beneficial and direction and suggestion to develop research on veterinary micology in Indonesia. Key words: Fungi, mycology, use, animal livestock

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