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WARTAZOA Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

WARTAZOA
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Published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

ISSN : 02166461 EISSN : 23546832 DOI : 10.14334

Core Subject : Health,

Veterinary

WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 0216-6461 E-ISSN: 2354-6832 is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD). The aim of this journal is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field of animal and veterinary science. It was first published in 1983. The journal has been registered in the CrossRef system with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix 10.14334.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 785 Documents

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Biological Nitrogen Fixation on Legume Armiadi .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 1 (2009): MARCH 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Nitrogen (N) is one of the major limiting factors for crop growth and is required in adequate amount, due to its function as protein and enzyme components. In general, plants need sufficient nitrogen supply at all levels of growth, especially at the beginning of growth phase. Therefore, the availability of less expensive N resources would reduce the production cost. The increasing use of chemical fertilizer would probably disturb soil microorganisms, reduce the physical and chemical characteristics of soil because not all of N based fertilizer applied can be absorbed by the plants. Approximately only 50% can be used by crops, while the rest will be altered by microorganism into unavailable N for crops or else dissappear in the form of gas. Leguminous crops have the capacity to immobilize N2 and convert into the available N if innoculated with Rhizobium. The amount of N2 fixed varies depending on legume species and their environment. Key words: Nitrogen fixation, legume

Maximizing Utilization of Energy from Crop By-products Budi Haryanto
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 1 (2014): MARCH 2014
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

The availability of crop by-products is huge during harvesting times as related to the vast agricultural land area; however, their utilization is still limited due to lack of knowledge and handling problem. Seasonal effect is obvious especially during wet season when high rainfall hinders proper management of crop by-products. Crop by-products are energy rich feedstuffs in the form of chemical substance such as cellulose and hemicellulose. The utilization of cellulose and hemicellulose as sources of energy can be maximized by the application of technologies to increase the digestibility. Cellulose is polymer of glucose while hemicellulose is polymer of xylose which both can be converted to volatile fatty acids by rumen microbial enzyme activities and subsequently used by the host animal as source of energy. In addition, cellulose and hemicellulose can also be used as substrates for bioethanol production leaving behind residual matter with higher concentration of protein which is also appropriate for ruminant feeds. The fat content of crop by-products such as those in rice bran and corn germ can be extracted for oil production that can be used for human consumption with concomitant production of high nutritive value of residues for ruminant feeds. The oil extraction technologies are available; however the high cost of ethanol and oil production should obtain high attention to make the technologies more applicable at farmers’ level. Key words: Crop by-products, energy, ethanol, residue, ruminant, feeds

Animal Production (Poultry, Cattle and Goat-Sheep) in Indonesia: Prospects and Strategic Development Kusuma Diwyanto; Atien Priyanti; Ismeth Inounu
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 1 (2005): MARCH 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Animal production in Indonesia has a remarkably good prospect, as the demand for animal products always increases in line with the increase in human population and national economic development . The high animal industry bargaining status heavily depends upon certain input factors e .g . feed availability, breeding, animal management and health, including innovative technology and other external factors . The approach to improve bargaining position of the animal industry should be carried out under simultaneous approaches within harmonized implementation of support policies at the inter-ministerial level . This should be in line with other internal implementing factors i .e . production efficiency, improved product quality, continuity of supply, and market demand. The prime animal industry profiles suggest that poultry, cattle and sheep/goat industries are prospective if their production management follows the accepted procedures and rules . To respond the developing notion of the livestock sector in Indonesia, there is a heavy need for investment support of the government, farmers/people, and private sector. The policy is the creation of a condusive investment sphere, that is expected to create employment opportunities through raising animals at the input through the marketing subsystems, hence, the development of animal production in Indonesia could answer the heavy threats faced in meeting food security, employment opportunity, people's welfare, creating devisa and national economy . Key words: Animal production, investment, prospect

Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Chickens Muharam Saepulloh; Darminto .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 8, No 1 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute, highly contagious respiratory disease of poultry characterized by respiratory disorder such as coughing with blood exudate from the trachea. The disease is caused by Herpesvirus of the family Herpesviridae and subfamily of Alphaherpesvirinae. The virus has been characterized as Gallid herpesvirus-1. ILT is worldwide distribution and has been reported to be present in Indonesia. However, the information on the disease in this country is limited. Spread of the ILT among chickens can be by inhalation or digestion, but ELT virus is not transmitted vertically by eggs . The morbidity rate of the disease is about 90-100% with mortality rate between 10-70%. ILT may reduce body weight gain and reduce egg production, so it causes lost in layers, broilers as well as breeders . Diagnosis of the disease can be based on the isolation and identification of the virus using embryonated chicken eggs. There is no treatment available for ILT, so the control of the disease is mainly by vaccination. To ensure the results of vaccination program, monitoring antibody titres following vaccination is essentially required. The most widely used serological test for antibody monitoring is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Keywords : ILT, epidemiology, diagnosis, control, chicken

Integrated Control Sytems of Mycotoxin Contamination Romsyah Maryam
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 1 (2006): MARCH 2006
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Contamination of mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp . and Penicillium s pp . i n agricultural products has been a concern regarding their effect to health and economic impact. Integrated control system should be based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach involving Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) . Prevention should be carried out through pre harvest, harvest, post harvest, as well as control quality at all stages of production. Pre harvest control is conducted through the selection of resistant varieties, insect control and weeds management mechanically or applying fungicides and herbicides, plant rotation, irrigation and soil management, as well as biological control . Harvesting at the right time using clean equipments from fungal contamination and insect infestation avoids the contamination of mycotoxins . Post harvest control by physical selection, washing and dilution, drying, storage, application of chemicals and binding agents, natural products, nutrients and vitamins, microbiological control, heating and radiation could also minimize mycotoxin in food and feed . Although chemicals can effectively reduce mycotoxin, the use of those on food/feed should be considered the safety . The addition of natural products, nutrition supplements and vitamins suppress the negative effect of mycotoxin on animals . The use of non-toxigenic fungi and other microbes as biological control is the effective and safe methods for food/feed . The implementation of integrated mycotoxin control system by utilizing the HACCP concept would meet the qualified and safe food/feed products . Key words: Control, mycotoxins, HACCP

Marek's Disease in Chicken: Clinico-Pathological Aspect and Diagnosis Rini Damayanti; Helmy Hamid
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 12, No 2 (2002)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Marek’s is a limphoproliferative and oncogenic disease of poultry caused by a serotype 1 herpesvirus. Chicken between 10 and 15 weeks of age are the most susceptible although in some outbreaks it also affects other ages. The causal agent consists of some virus strains with different pathotypes causing a variety of clinical and pathological manifestations. The main pathological features are neurological lesion and lymphoma formation in some visceral organs. Marek’s disease is clinically classified as classical, acute, peracute and chronic with neurological disorder and superficial tumor. At necropsy the peripheral nerves were enlarged, discoloured and loss of striation. There were formation of lymphoid tumour in various visceral organs. Microscopically Marek’s produced non suppurative encephalitis/neuritis and pleomorphic tumour. The diagnosis is based on the history of the disease, age of affected chicken, clinical and pathological features. A definitive diagnosis is made by virological and serological tests. Some of the Marek’s cases in Indonesia were discussed in this paper, as well as review on clinico- pathological aspects how to confirm the diagnosis of Marek’s. Key words. Marek’s Disease, chicken, clinical, pathological, diagnosis

Distiller’s Dried Grains With Solubles (DDGS) for Animal Feed Budi Tangendjaja
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 3 (2008): SEPTEMBER 2008
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) is co-product from dry milling of ethanol industry after removal of ethanol and CO2. From every 25.4 kg (1 bushel) of corn, it can produce around 7.7 kg of DDGS. DDGS offers an opportunity for cost savings in animal feed rations, and will be available in abundant quantities in coming years. DDGS has been traded in many parts of the world with 27% protein, 9 – 10% fat and < 7% fiber. Although DDGS is mainly used for feeding ruminant, more DDGS are used for monogastric animals such as swine and poultry and recently an interest to be used for aquaculture. Recent studies by University of Arkansas indicated that Metabolizable Energy value of DDGS for poultry is 2850 kcal/kg. It was also reported that DDGS can be included up to 15% in broiler feed without affecting performance and higher level of inclusion was possible for finisher broiler. On swine diet, Digestible and Metabolizable Energy of DDGS is equal to corn and much higher value than that reported by NRC 1998. DDGS is a good source of protein, fat, phosphorus and energy for lactating dairy cows. Distiller’s grains can be included in dairy cow diets up to 20% of the ration without decreasing dry matter intake, milk production, milk fat and protein percentage. For beef cattle, it can effectively be used as an energy source and be fed up to 40% of ration with excellent growth performance, carcass and meat quality. For aquaculture, DDGS can be used up to 30% in freshwater fish such as catfish and tilapia and up to 20% in trout; it can also be used to feed shrimp up to 10%. However, in order to use DDGS for animal feeding, several quality factors include physical, chemical and biological should be considered especially in formulating a diet. DDGS quality may vary depending on the origin and corn quality, processing condition especially drying temperature and time and amount of solubles being added to distiller’s grains. Key words: DDGS, feed, protein, energy

Review on Ruminant Nutrition Research Budi Haryanto
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 22, No 4 (2012): DECEMBER 2012
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Research works in ruminant nutrition have been widely published, especially those related to the energy and proteinutilization. The energy and protein requirements for maintenance and production in tropical regions may be different from thosein the subtropical areas. Responses of different species of ruminants to energy and protein supplements were also observed. Thesynchronization of energy and protein availability has been considered as an important strategy in affecting the microbialfermentative process in the rumen and in affecting the animal performance. The inclusion of long-chained unsaturated fatty acidsin the diets has been successfully affecting milk production with higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids. Feedstuffscharacteristics in terms of their degradability and fermentation by rumen microbial enzymes have been intensively studied;however, further experimentations are still needed to elucidate the specific fate of its nutritive components in the rumen andtissue levels.Key words: Ruminants, energy, protein, nutrition

The Role of Molybdenum in Biological Nitrogen Fixation Armiadi .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 3 (2009): SEPTEMBER 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

The availability of soil Molybdenum (Mo) especially for acid soil is scarcely found, while their existency determines the process of Nitrogen fixation. Mo is the component of meta-protein nitrogenase which helps the process of biological nitrogen fixation and acts as essential component which needed for N bacteria metabolism. The nitrogenase enzyme needs Mo element in the process of its metabolism, which acts as electron carrier between oxidized and reduction stages. The deficiency of Mo has been reported in several crops, with various appearance, such as chlorosis or yellowish leaves. The paper describes the role of Mo in biological nitrogen fixation. Key words: Symbiotic fixation, molybdenum, legume, nitrogenase

Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium chlamydosporium Fungi as Biological Control of Fasciolosis Riza Zainuddin Ahmad
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 23, No 3 (2013): SEPTEMBER 2013
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Fasciolosis is a worm disease caused of Fasciola gigantica and an important problem in husbandry especially for cattle. Controlling of this worm disease can be conducted by prevention and treatment. The use of antihelminthic is commonly causes a resistance problem. Natural control by mold such as Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium chlamydosporium can be applied to reduce egg of F. gigantica. Although it was recently found, in vitro study gave satisfied result. This gives a new hope in controlling the disease although the extend application still needs to be studied. This paper discussed about the use of P. lilacinus and V. chlamydosporium for reducing F. gigantica population. Key words: Natural control, F. gigantica, P. lilacinus, V. chlamydosporium

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