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WARTAZOA Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

WARTAZOA
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Published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

ISSN : 02166461 EISSN : 23546832 DOI : 10.14334

Core Subject : Health,

Veterinary

WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 0216-6461 E-ISSN: 2354-6832 is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD). The aim of this journal is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field of animal and veterinary science. It was first published in 1983. The journal has been registered in the CrossRef system with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix 10.14334.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 785 Documents

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Clostridial Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry Natalia, Lily
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 4 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens type A and C has been found in poultry flocks in Indonesia or throughout the world for many years. The disease is sometimes not recognized and often underestimated. Clostridium perfringens normally live harmlessly in the gut or intestines of healthy chickens, but a trigger factor that tips up the balance in favour of the clostridia) bacteria, allowing them to proliferate, produce toxin and cause the disease. Proliferation of Cl. perfringens or production of the alpha toxin may be enhanced by component present in chicken diets, or the diets may inactivate infestinal digestive enzymes, thereby decreasing the degradation of alpha toxin. In poultry, the disease is manifested as haemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in the gut wall, cholangiohepatitis, as well as increased mortality. Beside the clinical manifestation, subclinical clostridia) necrotic enteritis associated with impaired feed conversion and retarded or poor growth is usually found in the field. A number factors predisposing to the development of necrotic enteritis are physical factors which damage the gut lining (coccidiosis, intestinal worms, etc.), feed composition, changes in nutrient density or protein levels, and immunosuppresion which reduces resistance to gut infections . Impaired feed conversion, reduced live weight at slaughter and increased condemnation percentage were major cases of production losses associated with necrotic enteritis. Presently, the prevalence of necrotic enteritis appears to be increasing and pose a serious health problem which is responsible for significant economic losses . Prevention of necrotic enteritis requires a delicate balancing act to control those factors that collectively are responsible for the disease. Antibiotic, prebiotic, competitive exclusion, enzyme preparation, imunisation, mineral and vitamin supplements have been used in poultry for controlling necrotic enteritis. Key words: Clostridial necrotic enteritis, Clostridium perfringens, toxin, chicken

Parasite Control by Utilizing Genetic Host Resistance Partoutomo, Surtijono
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 4 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

As a tropical country, Indonesia is a favorable environment for the development of various species of parasites, consequently parasites become one of biological constraints that is difficult to overcome, particularly in traditional livestock farmings. The conventional parasite control technique has not been successfully implemented in traditional fanning as it requires capital support, which is unaffordable by small-scale farmers. Nowadays, the conventional control technologies for some parasites are considered to be uneconomical by several countries. Other reasons are the decrease of the economic value of certain livestock products, the appearance of anthelmintic resistance problems, and the occurrence of environmental pollution due to the utilization of chemicals and drugs. They then shift to genetic host resistance approach . In Indonesia, the approach on parasite control based on genetic host resistance may be used as an alternative technique which is based on the genetic host resistance is applicable at least as one of alternative technologies in controlling parasites selectively. This technology is cheaper, environmentally acceptable, and in line with the sustainable agriculture concept. The mechanisms ofthe genetic host resistance and its application in the field are briefly discussed in this paper. Key words: Genetic host resistance, parasite, control

The Philosophy of Living With Fungi Hastiono, Sukardi
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 4 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The philosophy of living with fungi is explained in this paper. An undeniable fact is that God creates living creatures in this world with purposes. Every creature, including fungus, has its own use and purpose. The presence of fungi, comprising mushrooms, moulds and yeast in human lives, including their advantages and disadvantages, makes human provided with intellect and thought by The Creator, observe, examine and dissect the fungus life as far as it can be done limited by the intellect and thought given. On fungi with advantages, human beings make effort to examine the behavior and characteristics so the creatures can be as far as possible used for human benefit and welfare.. Likewise, against fungi that have potency to cause disadvantages, for instance diseases, (mycoses, mycotoxicosis and fungus allergy) in human beings, animals, and plants, researches are directed to efforts in healing the diseases caused by the fungi, for example drugs for anti-fungus or similar kinds. In the later case, biological control by using other creatures with antagonistic characters has also been done by human beings. Using various more sophisticated technologies, human beings have future prospect in handling the fungi. The philosophy obtained from living with fungi is that in facing benefited fungi, human beings make effort to maximally utilize them, while in facing disadvantaged fungi, human beings seek solutions the disadvantages obtained can be eliminated or minimised as much as possible . Key words: Fungi, mushrooms, moulds, yeast, advantage, disadvantage, disease disturbance

The Potency and Diversity of Genetic Resources of Ongole Cross Breed Astuti, Maria
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 3 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The populations of Ongole Grade cattle in 1991 reached 4,600,000 heads dominating the number ofbeef cattle in Indonesia and they were concentrated in Java . However, a dramatic decrease occurred and in 2001 it was reported that the population was amounted to 874,000 heads and they were still concentrated in Java . As genetic resources of local cattle the population increase needs to be carried out immediately particularly outside Java island where a large number of Ongole Grade are reared . The biological reproduction and production potency shows a very significant variation, the average performance reported shows that the role of environment is crucial. The Ongole Grade cattle are very sensitive to feed changes and improvements . The averages of Ongole cross breed calf crop community farms that had been reported were 36%, 52.63%, 54 .60%, and 59.32% . The low percentage is due to a long period of gap between calving caused by bad reproduction and mating management. The average value that has been reported for S/C ranges from 1 .29 for the smallest and 2 .23 for the highest, for the shortest period of having a calf is13 .75 months and the longest is 20 .30 months, the shortest period of mating after having a calf is 97.80 days and the longest is 309.00 days. The average values reported for daily weight gain after pre-weaning is 0.62 kg and post weaning is 0.24 kg, for calves ages 4-12 months it ranges from 0.34 to 0.37 kg, for those ages 13 to 24 months it ranges from 0.31to 0.40 kg, for those ages 2 years it ranges from 0.44 to-0 .91kg. The genetic potency of Ongole cross breed cattle has not widely known as the data are not yet available. Performance identification and recording of Ongole cross breed cattle needs to be carried out immediately. Theoretically, it is assumed that the diversity ofgenetic resources of Ongole cross breed cattle is quite extensive as they are less experienced selection. The enhancement of Ongole cross breed cattle productivity is carried out through breeding efforts by taking genetic resources conservation into consideration, and they require sufficient environmental support. The development and conservation regions for Ongole Grade cattle need to be determined by the government policy . In those regions Ongole crossbreed cattle are purely reared and their genetic quality should be improved. Selection method among the population can be carried out and conservation model can imitate P3 Bali model which adopts the Open Nucleus Breeding Scheme (ONBS). The productivity enhancement through cross breeding with exotic stock will only be done with well plan with a certain target . Cross breeding is heterosis, thus cross breeding for beef cattle will only enhance production characteristics, but not the reproduction ones. The interaction between heterosis and the environment is very important, therefore cross breeding between a couple of stock breed in an environment may not suitable in another environment . Estimation on the effect of additive and heterosis is required as a principle consideration in choosing the cross breeding system to be conducted besides the choice on the exotic breed, which recently tends to use Europe Bos taurus . Key words: Ongole Grade cattle, animal genetic resources

Potencyand Geneticdiversity of Bali Cattle Handiwirawan, Eko; ., Subandriyo
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 3 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Bali cattle are important indigenous cattle due to high population and wide spread in Indonesia. Increasing meat and cattle imports to fulfill the local demand should be able to motivate related parties to improve productivity of Indonesian cattle through good management, including Bali cattle. Several good characteristics are possessed by Bali cattle, particularly the adaptation capability in environment with poor feed quality and they possess good fertility. The government decision to determine Province of Bali is as a protected zone for other cattle breed in order to conserve Bali cattle is very reasonable considering that Indonesia is the gene center of Bali cattle and the first domestication place of Bali cattle . Genetic improvements ofBali cattle have been done at pure breed zone (Province of Bali) through selection and progeny testing at P3Bali and succeeds in obtaining cattle with good Estimated Breeding Value. Elite bulls obtained through the program are expected to be able to entirely improve Bali cattle in Indonesia through Artificial Insemination program. The improvement of genetic quality by crossing with Bos taurus and Bos indicus have been done at livestock sources regions and have been able to produce crossbred having good productivity as final stock. There is tendency to continuously improve the genetic composition ofBos taurus through artificial insemination at farmers level. The ideal genetic composition of crossbred needs to be evaluated to reach optimal genotype composition. Key words: Bali cattle, conservation, genetic improvement

A Review on Research Results of Beef Cattle Feed Utomo, Ristianto
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 3 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Based on rumen degradation rate, concentrates are divided into : slow degraded energy feeds, fast degraded energy feeds, slow degraded protein supplements, and fast degraded protein supplements. This classification is important to synchronize the presence of nutrients in the rumen used to stimulate rumen microbes growth . Rumen microbes-can be used as protein supplements for the host . Protein content, digestibility, and biological value of rumen microbes are about 65%, 75-85%, and 80%, respectively . Rice straw as an agricultural by product has a low protein content of not more than 7%, low digestibility, thus in the digestive tract, in rumen, and particle changes in rumen require about 81 .67 hours, 62.69 hours, and 1 .62% per hours, respectively. Rice straw utilization as feed needs supplementation and quality and digestibility improvement in the form of physical, chemical, biological, or combined. The physical treatment aims at reducing particle size or cell swelling . Reducing particle size of roughage will increase the rate of passage in the rumen, increase consumption, decrease digestibility, and reduce milk fat, while sodium hydroxide treatment will increase digestibility up to 100% without nutrient increase, however it is dangerous to human life and a pollutant for the agriculture field. Rice straw treatment using ammonia increase its digestibility and its nutrient . The biological treatment was conducted to change rice straw structure by enzyme lignocellulase and increase protein content with microorganism. Basically, the concept of biological treatment is restricted composing, conservation, and predigesting to increase quality. Recently, many commercial products have been developed for rice straw biological treatment orienting at predigesting of cellulose. The application of physical, chemical, and or biological treatment for agricultural by product is as component for complete feed Key words: Rumen Microbes, supplementation, predigesting

Alternative Strategies for Controlling Reproductive Infectious Diseases of Beef Cattle to Increase Reproduction Eficiency Adjid, R M Abdul
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 3 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Reproductive infectious diseases affect reproductive organs cause inefficiency in reproduction of cattle. In Indonesia, there are six infectious diseases of reproduction in beef cattle, namely Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), Bluetongue and Toxoplasmosis. Although report of the occurrence of the diseases is limited for only certain areas of Indonesia, because of limitation of veterinary laboratories available in this country, those diseases have potential to distribute wider and cause more economic impact if the diseases were not prevented and controlled properly by the government and farmers together . Approaches should be taken for diseases control and prevention are in-flock and inter-flock of beef cattle. Alternative strategies suggested for diseases control are: (1). Flock free of the disease; (2). Biosecurity; and (3). Artificial Insemination using semen free of the diseases. Research and development of reproductive infectious diseases on beef cattle should be improved to support and contribute the development of beef cattle agribusiness program in this country. Key words: Beef cattle, mproductive infectious diseases, alternative control strategy

Competitive Power of Livestock Farming Towards 2020 Simatupang, Pantjar; Hadi, Prajogo U
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 2 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

In the decade of 1990s animal husbandry revolution started to occur and it is estimated to continue for the next 20 years. Contrary to the green revolution in which the main activator is technology innovations on the production, i.e. the discoveries of short life high-yielding varieties, the prime activator in animal husbandry revolution is the increasing demand. The demand on livestock products in the local markets is estimated to increase in line with the increase in income per capita and total population growth. It is projected that Indonesia will still have meat production deficit of around 2.7 million tons in 2020. This deficit is a local market huge opportunity to be exploited. As an archipelago, Indonesia has a less comparative superiority to develop grassfed livestock farming system, such as beef cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep, with a result that the competitive power of Indonesia lies on grain-fed livestock farming system, i.e. broiler and layer chickens. Therefore, in order to develop farming and simultaneously improve the comparative power of Indonesian livestock farming by considering the diversity of biophysical of the regions and the social economic potency (including the huge local markets), it is necessary to develop specific location technologies for grain-fed intensive farming orienting at the local market demand and at the same time also facilitate the grassfed fanning system so it does not extinct. Key words: Developing livestock farming

Technology Innovations to Enhance Livestock Agribusiness Rutledge, J J
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 2 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

In vitro embryo production (IVP) offers a way to build a sustainable and productive dairy cattle industry in tropical areas. For about 100 years breeding efforts have centered on synthetic breed formation without success, but this 100 year effort reaffirms the superiority of the first cross of Bos taurus and B. indicus and generally, the inferiority of all crosses subsequent to the first . IVP permits the limiting life history characteristics of low reproductive rate and 1 : 1 sex ratio to be circumvented. There are no remaining technological barriers to implementation . Since B. javanicus has higher tropical adaptation than B. indicus, it is suggested that first crosses of this species with B. taurus be evaluated. Key word: In vitro embryo production, B. javanicus, B. indicus, B. taurus, agribusiness

Anticipative Measures on Exotic and Zoonotic Diseases for International Trade Putri NH, Tri Satya
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 14, No 2 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The awareness on the advantage of the international trade role for social welfare encourage a number of countries, including Indonesia to establish regional/international economic organisations aiming at building mutual economic strength. Several prominent economic cooporations are ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and General Agreement on Tariffand Trade (GATT). It is expected that through economic integration trade barriers in the form of tariff barriers and non tariff barrier present among the member countries can be reduced or even eliminated, with a result that the trading goods traffic (including livestock and its products), services, and investment among countries in a region can be carried out more smoothly . From the aspect of animal health, the increase in the traffic of livestock and its products will bring risks due to the entry of animal diseases into Indonesian regions. Indonesia that has been stated to be free from 13 out of 15 contagious diseases according to list A and several diseases based on list B of OIE (Office Internationale des Epizootes) needs to anticipate this through policy reorientation by obeying the agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary for food safety, and animal and plant health protection. For livestock and its product commodities, the Directorate General of Livestock Production Building has issued a decree number 71/TN.690/Kpts. DJP/Deptan/2000 regarding the import of livestock and its products using a standard procedure. Besides that, it is necessary to carry out risk analysis, harmonisation, transparency, and the same treatment on products from abroad. In order to maintain animal health status, monitoring, surveillance, optimal reporting system, campaign to enhance the society attention, and quarantine action are required. Key words: Exotic and zoonotic diseases, international trade

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Indonesian Center for Animal Science Research and Development Jl. Raya Pajajaran Kav E-59 Bogor 16151 Bogor Indonesia

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Jawa barat

INDONESIA