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Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
ISSN : 14118033     EISSN : 26140101     DOI : 10.18196/mm
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology
Jurnal Mutiara Medika Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan (MMJKK) Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta is a peer-reviewed and open access journal that focuses on promoting medical sciences generated from basic sciences, clinical, and community or public health research to integrate researches in all aspects of human health.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 934 Documents
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Hubungan antara Periodontitis, Aterosklerosis dan Stroke Iskemik Akut Wijayanti, Punik Mumpuni; Setyopranoto, Ismail
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 8, No 2 (2008)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/mmjkk.v8i2.1481

Abstract

During the last two decades, there has been an increasing interest in the impact of oral health on atherosclerosis and subsequent cerebrovascular disease. Cerebrovascular diseases or stroke are among the most prevalent causes of death and disablement in industrialized countries. The expression stroke summarizes sudden central nervous deficits of different but always vascular etiologies. Periodontitis has been related to stroke, butfindings have been inconsistent. Chronic infectious diseases, including periodontal disease, were linked to stroke risk. Gingivitis and periodontitis are among the most common human infections. Gingivitis can develop within days and includes inflammatory changes of the gingiva most commonly induced by accumulation of dental plaque.Periodontitis results from a complex interplay between chronic bacterial infection and the inflammatory host response, leading to irreversible destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, with tooth loss as a common end point. Periodontitis is associated with elevated markers of inflammation that are themselves indicators of stroke risk. Bacteria from periodontal pockets can enter the bloodstream during activities such as chewing or tooth brushing, and periodontal pathogens were identified in carotid plaques, but their role in atherogenesis is not yet understood. Selama dua dekade ini, terjadi peningkatan perhatian yang luar biasa terhadap penelitian tentang pengaruh kesehatan mulut dan aterosklerosis yang selanjutnya menyebabkan penyakit serebrovaskuler. Salah satu penyakit tersebut adalah periodontitis yang diduga berhubungan dengan stroke, walaupun demikian beberapa penelitian masih belum ada yang konsisten tentang hubungan tersebut. Penyakit infeksi kronik, termasuk penyakit jaringan periodontal, sudah ada beberapa penelitian yang membuktikan berhubungan dengan faktor risiko stroke. Gingivitis dan periodontitis masih merupakan penyakit infeksi rongga mulut yang sering dijumpai di masyarakat. Gingivitis dapat berkembang dalam beberapa hari dan selanjutnya menyebabkan perubahan inflamasi gingiva dan kemudian terjadi akumulasi plak gigi.Periodontitis merupakan hasil dari mekanisme yang komplek antara infeksi bakteri kronik dan respon inflamasi dari host, dan selanjutnya menyebabkan destruksi yang ireversibel pada jaringan pendukung gigi, dan akhirnya akan menyebabkan kehilangan gigi. Periodontitis sering didapatkan adanya peningkatan petanda-petanda inflamasi, dan hal tersebut juga merupakan infikator dari faktorrisiko stroke itu sendiri. Bakteri yang berasal dari pocket periodontal dapat masuk ke dalam aliran darah selama teijadi aktivitas rongga mulut misalnya pada waktu mengunyah atau gosok gigi, dan bakteri-bakteri periodontal yang patogen dapat diidentifikasi pada plak karotis, tetapi pengaruhnya terhadap proses pembentukan plak aterom (atherogenesis) belum dapat diketahui.
Penerapan NX-Quality Assurance Software pada Computed Radiography di Instalasi RSUD Dr. Margono Soekardjo Purwokerto (Studi Kasus Analisis Penolakan pada Computed Radiography AGFA NX-8700 SU1) Wibowo, Gatot Murti; Rochmayanti, Dwi; Rini, Regi Kusuma
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 15, No 2 (2015): July
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/mmjkk.v15i2.3757

Abstract

Program Reject Analysis merupakan bagian dari program Quality Assurance yang berguna untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan rumah sakit bidang diagnostik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memaparkan hasil analisis penolakan citra softcopy, menjelaskan faktor penyebab penolakan dan rekomendasi pemecahan masalah untuk mengurangi angka penolakan citra softcopy. Jenis penelitian ini kuantitatif analitik dan kualitatif menggunakan metode focus group discussion (FGD). Data unduhan yang diperoleh dari NX-Quality Assurance software kemudian diolah untuk mengetahui persentase penolakan kemudian dirinci berdasarkan penyebab penolakan, jenis pemeriksaan dan kode radiografer selanjutnya dibuat diagram pareto untuk mencari prioritas penolakan dan dibuat diagram fishbone berdasarkan hasil FGD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan total reject rate pada bulan Maret 2014 sebesar 3,02%, melampaui batas yang direkomendasikan Kemenkes yaitu d” 2%. Faktor utama penyebab penolakan adalah faktor positioning (69,69%), jenis pemeriksaan chest (43,94%) dan radiografer mahasiswa (21%-24,24%). Solusinya adalah mengadakan briefing rutin setiap hari oleh radiografer secara bergantian kepada mahasiswa praktikan disertai dengan pemberian tips sederhana dalam melakukan pemeriksaan sesuai pengalaman radiografer, mengadakan gladi lapangan terhadap praktikan baru untuk orientasi atau pengenalan alat, meningkatkan keterampilan mahasiswa dengan memberikan shift tambahan terhadap mahasiswa di luar PKL dan membangun komunikasi terhadap pasien serta meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang teknik pemeriksaan.The Reject Analysis program is part of the Quality Assurance program that is useful for improving the quality of diagnostic hospital services. The purpose of this research is to describe the result of softcopy image rejection analysis, explain the cause of rejection factor and problem solving recommendation to reduce the softcopy image rejection number. This type of research is quantitative analytic and qualitative using focus group discussion method (FGD). The download data obtained from the NX-Quality Assurance software is then processed to determine the percentage of rejection then specified based on the cause of the rejection, the type of examination and the radiographic code is then made a pareto diagram to seek priority rejection and made a fishbone diagram based on FGD results. The results showed the total reject rate in March 2014 was 3.02%, exceeding the Ministry of Health’s recommendation that is d” 2%. The main factors causing rejection are positioning factor (69,69%), chest examination type (43,94%) and student radiographer (21% -24,24%). The solution is to hold daily routine briefing by radiographer in turns to the student accompanied by the provision of simple tips in conducting examination according to the experience of radiographer, conducting a field rehearsal of new practitioners for orientation or introduction of tools, improving student skills by providing additional shifts to students outside the street vendors and build communication to patients as well as improve knowledge of examination
Respon Imun pada Infeksi Malaria Titiek Hidayati; - Akrom
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 3, No 2 (2003)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/mmjkk.v3i2.1704

Abstract

Malarial infection is still one of major health problem in Indonesia. There is no effective vaccine available against endemic human malaria at present. Research and informations about Malaria immune system in Indonesia is still limited. It is caused antigenic varians in every infection stage, so that consecuence complexity, stage specific infection and short duration respon system immune in giving hospes protection. This malaria reference study is to explain new studies and information about immune response of infection malaria.Malaria masih merupakan masalah utama penyakit infeksi di Indonesia. Vaksin malaria ideal yang diharapkan akan mampu memberikan perlindungan terhadap penduduk yang tinggal di daerah endemik malaria dari infeksi malaria juga belum ditemukan. Hal itu dikarenakan timbulnya variasi antigenik pada setiap tahapan infeksi malaria yang berakibat pada kompleksitas, spesifisitas tahapan infeksi (stage spesific) dan pendeknya durasi tanggapan sistem imun dalam memberikan perlindungan kepada hospes. Hasil kajian dan bahan informasi sebagai sumber pustaka tentang imunologi malaria di Indonesia masih sangat terbatas. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan hasil-hasil penelitian serta informasi terbaru mengenai respon imun terhadap infeksi malaria dengan menggunakan pendekatan kajian pustaka.
Dukungan Keluarga dalam Kepatuhan Terapi pada Pasien Thalasemia di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Ciamis Tahun 2015 Yuyun Rahayu; Endrian Mulyadi Justitia Waluyo; Supardi Supardi
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 16, No 2 (2016): July
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/mmjkk.v16i2.4451

Abstract

Thalasemia merupakan kelainan seumur hidup tetapi dalam kepatuhan melakukan terapinya tidak sesuai dengan jadwal yang diharapkan. Hal ini disebabkan karena kurangnya dukungan keluarga dalam melakukan terapi untuk penderita thalasemia sebagai bentuk pengobatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran dukungan keluarga dalam kepatuhan terapi pada pasien thalasemia di RSUD Kabupaten Ciamis. Penelitian ini adalah deskriptif observasional. Responden diambil secara accidental sampling. Kuesioner penelitian dalam lembar check list yang diisi langsung oleh responden yang kemudian data dianalisis dengan menggunakan komputerisas. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kemampuan keluarga dalam memberikan dukungan informasional, dukungan emosional, instrumental berkategori tidak mendukung, sedangkan dukungan penilaian berkategori mendukung. Disimpulkan bahwa dukungan keluarga dalam kepatuhan terapi pada pasien anak thalasemia belum mampu atau tidak mendukung dalam kepatuhan melakukan terapinya.Thalassemia is a lifelong disorder, but in doing therapy compliance is not in accordance with the expected schedule. This is due to lack of family support in therapy for patients with thalassemia as a form of treatment. This study aims to describe family support in therapy adherence in patients with thalassemia in Ciamis District Hospital. This is a descriptive observational study. Respondents were taken by accidental sampling. The questionnaire research in the sheet check list are filled directly by the respondent and then the data were analyzed by using komputerisas. The results showed that the ability of families to provide informational support, emotional support, instrumental category does not support, while support category ratings support. It was concluded that family support treatment adherence in patients with thalassemia children have not been able to or does not support in compliance doing therapy.
Batasan Dan Ruang Lingkup Rumah Sakit Pendidikan - Supriyatiningsih
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 4, No 2 (2004)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/mmjkk.v4i2.1750

Abstract

In Indonesia, Teaching Hospital and Medical School are two separate institutions whereas each of them has its own organizational structure and bylaw. Teaching Hospital is a hospital which also functions as an official centre for education and training for health personnel trainees i.e. medical doctors, nurses, midwifes, others. The prerequisite for a hospital to be utilized as an education and training center is to fulfill some criteria; one of them is the accreditation status as a teaching hospital which is issued by the profes¬sional organization. However, the Joint Decree by 3 Ministers which regu¬lates the scope of teaching hospital requires to be re-evaluated.Di Indonesia Rumah Sakit Pendidikan dan Fakultas Kedokteran merupakan 2 institusi yang terpisah dimana masing-masing memiliki struktur organisasi dan landasan hukum sendiri-sendiri. Rumah sakit Pendidikan adalah rumah sakit yang juga berfungsi sebagai pusat resmi untuk belajar bagi pendidikan atau pelatihan dokter, perawat dan tenaga kesehatan. Suatu Rumah Sakit agar dapat digunakan sebagai tempat pendidikan, maka diharapkan agar dapat memenuhi beberapa crite¬ria antara lain terakreditasi sebagai ruah sakit pendidikan yang dikeluarkan oleh organisasi profesi. Surat Keputusan Bersama 3 Menteri yang mengatur batasan Rumah Sakit Pendidikan perlu dikaji ulang.
The Radiology Characteristic of Pleural Thickening Lesion: Mesothelioma Compared to the Other Pleural Diseases Ana Majdawati
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 18, No 2 (2018): July
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/mm.180219

Abstract

Mesothelioma is a malignancy pleural mass characterized by pleural thickening, that difficult to distinguish from other pleural disorders, such as infection, asbestosis, pleural effusion/empyema. This case report is interesting and important because chest x-ray and chest CT have characteristics of pleural abnormalities that can be used as guidelines for the diagnosis of Mesothelioma. A 56 years old woman with cough, chest pain and breathlessness since a few days ago, and it was getting worse. In the chest auscultation, vesicular voices weaken in both lungs. In chest x ray finding a thin opacity on both hemithorax. The left sinus costophrenicus was blunt. Chest CT finding a pleural thickening in the posterobasal of the chest wall and disseminating to the mediastinum –paraaortic and found an osteodestruction of rib bones. Pleural thickening is circumferensial, lobulated, irregular nodular opasities and calsification. The histopathology is malignant epitheloid cell forms a cohesive nest, glandular structure and a lot of micropapillae in accordance with malignant mesothelioma. Malignant pleural thickening has lesion characteristic of “irregular nodular opacities” on the periphery with or without pleural effuse in chest x ray and in chest CT shows the form of lesions are circumferential, lobulated, encase lung parenchyma.
Mengapa Wanita Tidak Memilih Bidan Desa Sebagai Penolong Persalinan ? Punik Mumpuni Wijayanti
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 5, No 2 (2005)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/mmjkk.v5i2.1873

Abstract

The rate of mortality and morbidity in pregnancy and delivery remains a big problem for developing country as Indonesia. One of the contributing factors is that a lot of deliveries are assisted by less-education traditional midwives delivery. Although there are adequate village midwives; rural people favor traditional midwives delivery.This study was aimed at identifying why people like less-trained traditional midwives more than village midvives.This is qualitatif study with indepth interview and Focus Group Discusion (FGD). The targets of FGD were (I) mother whose delivery were assisted by less-trained traditional midwives delivery; and (2) mother whose delivery were assisted by well-trained midwives (village midwives). The study employed 19 post-partum mothers from Gebang and Pituruh Purworejo Jawa Tengah.The result of the study suggested that traditional midwivery service emphasizing on familiarity and close relationship are more interesting than formal well-trained midwivery service by village midwives. Therefore; village midwives have to possess a good interpersonal skill in order to provide a successful and safe delivery.Angka kematian dan kesakitan pada kehamilan dan persalinan masih merupakan masalah yang besar di negara berkembang; seperti di Indonesia. Salah satu sebab antara lain masih banyak persalinan yang ditolong oleh dukun bayi yang kurang terdidik. Walaupun telah cukup tersedia bidan desa tetapi masyarakat setempat masih lebih menyukai dukun bayi.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mencari faktor penyebab mengapa masyarakat setempat lebih banyak yang memilih dukun bayi untuk menolong persalinan dibanding dengan bidan desa. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik wawancara mendalam (indepth interview) dan FGD {Focus Group Discussion). Sasaran FGD adalah (l)Ibu pasca bersalin dengan dukun (2)Ibu pasca bersalin dengan bidan desa; dan sasaran indepth interview adalah (l)Ibu bersalin dengan dukun; (2) Ibu bersalin dengan bidan desa. Subyek penelitian terdiri dari 19 ibu pasca bersalin yang berasal dari kecamatan Gebang dan Pituruh Kabupaten PurworejoHasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola pelayanan persalinan oleh dukun bayi yang lebih menitikberatkan pada suasana keakraban dan kekeluargaan lebih menarik dibandingkan dengan pola pelayanan persalinan oleh bidan desa yang terkesan formal. Dengan demikian statu keahlian komunikasi dengan masyarakat baik massa maupun interpersonal harus dimiliki oleh bidan desa untuk lebih mensukseskan pertolongan persalinan yang aman.
Strategi dalam Mengurangi Komplikasi Odontektomi Gigi Molar Ketiga Bawah Edwyn Saleh
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 6, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/mmjkk.v6i2.1885

Abstract

Odontectomy is defined as a procedure to take out a non-erupted tooth or partly- erupted tooth or remains of root which can not be done with ordinary technique, hence requiring a surgical procedure (minor surgery). Third molar of mandible teeth constitute teeth which frequently emerge in impacted condition wherein a surgical procedure needs to be done. Prior to the surgery, a careful analysis is required by approximating the difficulty level of surgery based on the position of the teeth. Furthermore, the procedure should be followed with appropriate medication during and after the surgery. There are five important things which need to be given attention in lessening complications of odontectomy, namely: (1) The surgical procedure is done as smooth as possible; (2) Wound cleansing is well-done; (3) Wound stitching is completed rather loosely; (4) Compress cold water for 24 hours postoperative; and (5) Adequate medication.Odontektomi adalah suatu cara yang digunakan untuk mengambil gigi yang tidak erupsi dan gigi yang erupsi sebagian atau sisa akar yang tidak dapat diekstraksi dengan teknik biasa maka dari itu harus dilakukan pembedahan (bedah minor). Gigi molar ketiga bawah merupakan gigi yang sangat sering muncul dalam keadaan impaksi, pada kasus ini operasi pembedahan perlu dilakukan. Sebelum melakukan pembedahan sangat diperlukan analisa yang cermat dengan memperkirakan tingkat kesulitan pembedahan berdasarkan posisi dari gigi molar ketiga bawah tersebut. Selain itu juga harus di ikuti dengan penatalaksanaan selama operasi berlangsung dan setelah operasi selesai dengan pengobatan yang tepat. Ada lima hal yang perlu diperhatikan untuk mengurangi komplikasi pada odontektomi, yaitu: 1) Operasi dilakukan sehalus mungkin; 2) Pembersihan luka dengan baik; 3) Jahitan luka agak kendor; 4) Kompres dingin kira-kira 24 j am pasca bedah; dan 5) Pengobatan yang memadai.
Antioxidant and Chemoprevention Activity of Camelia Sinensis-Annona muricata Extract Combination against WiDr Cells Line Nazariah Putri; Iwan Dewanto; Rifki Febriansah
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 21, No 2 (2021): July
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/mmjkk.v21i2.11158

Abstract

Antioxidant compounds have an essential role in inhibiting the process of cell proliferation and have a chemopreventive effect. This study aims to trace the presence of antioxidant compounds allegedly contained in tea leaves (Camelia Sinensis L.) and soursop leaves (Anonna muricata L.) and investigate their potency as chemopreventive agents. Research steps include (1) identify the active compounds using thin-layer chromatography (TLC); (2) find out the potential compounds against cancer cells by molecular docking using Autodock Vina; (3) conduct a potential antioxidant test using free radicals DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrihidrazil); and (4) identify the cytotoxic effect on WiDr colon cancer cells test using MTT Assay method. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Camellia sinensis-Annona muricata leaf combination was suspected of containing flavonoid compounds with Rf values of 0.66 and 0.68. Besides, the DPPH antioxidant test showed an IC50 value of 26.9 μg/mL. Cytotoxic potential against WiDr cells resulted in an IC50 value of 41 μg/mL. Furthermore, the molecular docking test of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and Acetogenin compounds against bcl-xl target proteins showed the docking score of -8.1 kcal/mol and -6.7 kcal/mol, respectively. It concluded that the extract combination of Camelia Sinensis-Annona muricata leaf had strong potency as an antioxidant and chemopreventive agent against the WiDr colon cancer cells line.
Hubungan antara Asupan Protein, Zat Besi dan Vitamin C dengan Kadar Hb pada Anak Umur (7-15) tahun di Desa Sidoharjo, Samigaluh, Kulon Progo Yoni Astuti
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 10, No 2 (2010)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/mmjkk.v10i2.1581

Abstract

The high risk age of malaria infection in Kulonprogo is 5-14 year old. Anemia is a common condition that caused by chronic infection of malaria. Anemia worsefor patient with malnutrition. This research aims to reveal how dietary intake of children, especially protein, vitamin C and iron intake on the incidence of anemia in aged 7-15 years in malaria endemic malaria. This study use cross sectional - retrospectif design. The research subjects were 61 children (class 4-6 elementary school) from 6 hamlets. They are healthy children, no history of chronic illness other than malaria or kongenita disease. Children fill list of food intake for 7 days. After that weight and height were measured and blood Hb was deternined by Sahli method. Food intake was analyzed using Food Proseccor I. To analyze the relationship between protein intake, vitamin C and iron and hemoglobin concentration were used Pearson test.The result showed that the average ofprotein, iron and vitamin C were 25.064 ± 10.055 g (38.9% RDA (RecommmendedDaily Allowance), 6.523 ± 2.635 mg (56.33% RDA), 69.5% o RDA consecutively. The mean of hemoglobin level was 10.3 ± 1.2 grams / dl. The statistical analysis showed that there were linear relationship between vitamin C and iron (r = 0,765), between iron intake and hemoglobin (r = 0.675). It can be concluded that the low of intake of protein, iron and vitamin C associated with incidence of anemi.Kelompok usia risiko tinggi infeksi malaria di Kulonprogo adalah 5-14 thn. Anemia merupakan kondisi umum yang terjadi akibat infeksi kronis malaria. Anemia akan makin berat bila penderita menderita kekurangan gizi dan protein. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap hubungan antara asupan makanan anak terutama protein, vitamin C, zat besi terhadap kejadian anemia pada usia 7-15 tahun di daerah endemik malaria. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan cross sectional - retrospectif pada sampel terpilih. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 61 anak (kelas 4-6 sekolah dasar) berasal dari 6 dusun. Anak sehat tidak memiliki riwayat penyakit menahun selain malaria atau penyakit kongenital. Anak mengisi daftar asupan makanan selama 7 hari, setelah itu diukur berat dan tinggi badan, darah diperiksa kadar Hbnya dengan metoda Sahli. Asupan makanan dianalisis dengan Food Proseccor I, untuk mengetahui persen asupan makanan perhari. Analisis hubungan asupan protein, vitamin C, zat besi terhadap kadar hemoglobin digunakan uji korelasi pearson. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata asupan protein, zat besi dan vitamin C berturut-turut adalah sebesar 25,064 ± 10,055 gram (38,9% RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance), 6,523 ± 2,635 mg (56,33% RDA), dan 69,5% RDA. Rerata kadar hemoglobin sebesar 10,3 ± 1,2 gram/dl. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan terdapat hubungan linier antara asupan vitamin C dengan asupan zat besi (r= 0,765), dan antara asupan zat besi dengan kadar hemoglobin( r=0,675). Disimpulkan asupan protein, besi dan vitamin C rendah berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia.

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