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INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY

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Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : 23389427 EISSN : 23389486 DOI : -

Core Subject : Health,

Medicine & Pharmacology

Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy (ISSN-e: 2338-9486, ISSN-p: 2338-9427), formerly Majalah Farmasi Indonesia (ISSN: 0126-1037). The journal had been established in 1972, and online publication was begun in 2008. Since 2012, the journal has been published in English by Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta Indonesia in collaboration with IAI (Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia or Indonesian Pharmacist Association) and only receives manuscripts in English. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy is Accredited by Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE) DIKTI No. 58/DIKTI/Kep/2013.

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Articles 706 Documents

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PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYSACCHARIDE FROM MICROALGAE BTM 11 AS INHIBITOR OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS RNA HELICASE Mustopa, Apon Zaenal; Lages, Aksar Chair; Ridwan, Muhammad; Sukmarini, Linda; Susilaningsih, Dwi; Hasim, Hasim; Delicia, Delicia
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 26 No 3, 2015
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Hepatitis C virus is one of the causative agents for HCV-related liver disease development with high virulence. Antiviral drugs can be discovered through molecular target-based therapy by finding the inhibitors for RNA helicase that play crucial role in viral replication. An inhibitor can be derived from polysaccharides produced by microalgae. In this study, polysaccharide from microalgae BTM11 which had inhibitory activity against RNA helicase have been purified and characterized.On the other hand, the RNA helicase was produced by E. coli BL21(DE3)pLyss harboring NS3 RNA helicase HCV gene in pET-21b plasmid. This enzyme then was purified by affinity chromatography and this purified enzyme was used for HCV RNA helicase inhibitory assay. Polysaccharide fractions were separated from the extract of BTM 11 using Sepharose 4B column chromatography. Inhibitor activity was measured using colorimetry ATPase assay based on releasing of phosphate inorganic. The results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the purified RNA helicase had a molecular weight of 54kDa. The highest inhibition activity of HCV RNA helicase (88 ± 2,4726%) was achieved at fraction 10 of purified polysaccharide. The HPLC result showed that compounds of polysaccharide active fraction were maltopentose (Rt 4.183) and glucose (Rt 5.673). Both of 1H-NMR and IR spectra showed hydroxyl and carbonyl groups that present in the polysaccharide structure. Key words: Hepatitis C Virus, RNA Helicase, Microalgae BTM11, chromatography, polysaccharide

DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTAL IMPURITIES IN SOME COMMERCIAL PAEDIATRIC AND ADULT FORMULATIONS OF ARTEMETHER – LUMEFANTRINE IN THE NIGERIAN MARKET BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY Awofisayo, Sunday O; Okhamafe, Augustine O; Arhewoh, Mathew I
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 26 No 3, 2015
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The composition of elemental impurities in paediatric powder for suspension (PPS) and double strength tablet (DST) commercial anti-malarial formulations of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) were determined. Six randomly selected PPS and DST products from a list of marketed products were purchased from a registered Pharmacy outlet and analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The heavy metal levels were compared with the official limits for permitted daily exposure. The paediatric and adult products of AL presented the same types and number of elements with a total of 10 metals and levels ranging from 0.001-0.016 and 0.001-0.017ppm for the PPS and DST formulation, respectively. One of the DST and PPS products had significantly higher levels of cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel and cobalt compared with their respective formulation types (p<0.05). There was significant difference in the levels of chromium, nickel and cobalt but no difference in the levels of cadmium, lead, zinc and arsenic when DST and PPS products were compared (p<0.05). The drug products presented elemental oral exposure significantly lower than the permitted daily exposure. The levels of elemental impurities are satisfactory with respect to safety requirements. These impurities may adversely affect drug stability, shelf-life and bioequivalence of the products.Key words: Elemental impurities, Permitted Daily Exposure, Artemether-lumefantrine, Paediatric Powder for Suspension, Double Strength Tablets

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF GUARGUM - BASED TIMOLOL MALEATE OCULAR INSERT Kumar, Sunil; Issarani, Roshan; Nagori, B P
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY Vol 26 No 4, 2015
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The objective of this study was to prepare ocular inserts of timolol maleate using guar gum as a polymer. Timolol maleate ocular inserts were prepared by solvent casting method using guar gum in different proportions (0.25% w/v, 0.50% w/v , 75 % w/v and 1.0% w/v). The prepared formulations were evaluated for thickness, weight variation, percentage drug content, surface pH, folding endurance, percentage moisture absorption and loss, percentage swelling, mechanical strength and in vitro transcorneal permeation. In-vitro transcorneal permeation study was performed on goat cornea using modified Franz diffusion cell. The inserts were found to be of uniform thickness (ranging from 41.12Â±0.04Âµm to 79.90Â±0.03Âµm) and weight (0.84Â±0.07 mg to 2.11Â±0.09 mg). The % drug content in the inserts was found to be varied between 98.69Â±0.58to 96.37Â±0.58. The cumulative % drug releases from the formulation ranged from 50.22Â±1.41 to 97.72Â±0.67over a period of 24 h. In-vitro transcorneal study revealed that an increase in concentration of polymer slows down the release of timolol maleate from the formulation. Ocular inserts using guar gum as a polymer were successfully prepared and can be effectively used for sustain ocular delivery over a period of 24 h.Key words: Guar gum, in vitro transcorneal permeation study, ocular insert, timolol maleate, sustained release

STRUCTURE–ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES STUDY OF SOME DIBASIC PHENYLCARBAMIC ACID ESTERS Ivan Malík; Jozef Csöllei; Marián Bukovský
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 27 No 1, 2016
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Due to worldwide phenomenon of microbial resistance to commonly used therapeutic agents, antibiotics and antifungals, dibasic di‑/trimethylphenylcarbamic acid esters 1–3, a non-traditional series of potential antimicrobials, has been in vitro evaluated against chosen Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains as well as against yeast (C. albicans) by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Taking into consideration chemical structure of tested derivatives, the incorporation of more than one protonated atom of nitrogen into salt forming fragment positively influenced the activity against E. coli. On the contrary, the presence of one or more methyl groups instead of 3-alkoxy side chain attached to lipophilic aromatic moiety has not found to be favorable structural feature. In entire set of inspected compounds, the most promising results have been found for the compound 3, chemically1-[3-piperidinium-1-yl-2-({[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amino]carbonyl}oxy)propyl]piperidinium dichloride, against E. coli with the MIC=1.56 mg/mL. Key words: Dibasic phenylcarbamic acid esters, Escherichia coli, hydrogen bonding, lipophilicity

IN VITRO RELEASE MODELING OF ASPIRIN FLOATING TABLETS USING DDSOLVER Agus Siswanto; Achmad Fudholi; Akhmad Kharis Nugroho; Sudibyo Martono
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 26 No 2, 2015
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Aspirin has low solubility in water therefore, dissolution is a rate limiting step for absorption. Floating tablet formulation is designed to improve the bioavailability of aspirin. The objective of this study was to determine in vitro dissolution study of aspirin floating tablet release kinetics model. The floating tablets were prepared by a direct compression method using Methocel K4M CR, NaHCO3, Ethocel, Aerosil, and dicalcium phospate anhydrous as excipients. Tablets were evaluated by different parameters such as physicochemical properties, floating lag time (Flag time), total floating time, and dissolution. The result showed that the tablet mass has good flow properties of 13.54 g/sec. Aspirin floating tablets had a weight uniformity (CV=1.45%), good hardness (6.42kg), and low friability (0.158%). The tablet has a short Flag time of 25.16 sec and long floating time of 8 hours. Dissolution data were evaluated using DDSolver conducted by (1) Statistical parameters: R2adjusted, AIC, MSC; (2) Visual goodness of fit (GOF). The results showed that aspirin floating tablets release kinetics followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Aspirin release occurs through the mechanism of anomalous transport which combines Fickian diffusion and polymer relaxation.Key words: aspirin floating tablet, DDSolver, modeling of drug release

IN VITRO ABSORPTION STUDY OF CARBAMAZEPINE SOLID DISPERSION USING EVERTED GUT SAC METHOD Thakur, Nishant; Thakral, Sunil; Goswami, Manish; Ghaie, Pankaj; Thakur, Amit; Mangal, Mohit
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 24 No 2, 2013
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The oral Bioavailability of BCS (Bio Pharmaceutical Classification System) class II drug with poor solubility and reasonable permeability is limited by drug dissolution. In order to improve the aqueous solubility of the drug and dissolution of thedrug, the solid dispersion was prepared and evaluated for its absorption in intestine using modified everted gut sac method. The solid dispersion of carbamezepine (CBZ) was prepared using polaxomer and guargum by kneading method. The CBZ and CBZSD (Solid Disposisi) shows 2.329% and 3.948% drug absorption, respectively. The data show that solid dispersion increase the absorption of the CBZ in CBZ-SD is more than 70% in comparison to pure CBZ. The increase in CBZ solubility of the SD could be attributed to several factors such as improved wettability, local solubilization, drug particle size reduction and crystalline or, interstitial solid solution reduction.Â Key words: Everted gut sac method, solid dispersion, absorption, solubility

ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN BLOOD PLASMA OF MICE AFTER INHALATION OF CAJUPUT ESSENTIAL OIL (MELALEUCA LEUCADENDRON L.) Muchtaridi Muchtaridi; Ami Tjiraresmi; Riska Febriyanti
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 26 No 4, 2015
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The research is intended for the determination of volatile compounds of cajuput oil (Melaleuca leucadendron L.) in a group of mice (3 mice) after inhaling 1 mL cajuput oil for 1/2, 1 and 2 hour(s). The blood plasma of three mice was collected in heparin tube, and the volatile compounds were isolated and concentrated using C-18 Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) column with methanol and bidistilled water mixture (60:40) as the solvent. The analysis was carried out by GC/MS. The results showed that there were 52 compounds in the cajuput oil, especially 1,8-cineole,a-terpineol, b-pinene, a-pinene, b-myrcene, 4-terpineol, linalool, g-terpinene, and terpinolene. The major compound identified in blood plasma of mice was 1,8-cineole. Half an hour after 1 mL inhalation of cajuput oil per mouse, the concentration of 1,8-cineole identified was 41.5 mg/mL, while 1 and 2 hours after 1 mL inhalation of cajuput oil, the level of 1,8-cineole in blood plasma of 3 mice was 646.9 mg/mL and 138.0 mg/mL in blood plasma of each mouse. Other compounds identified were a-terpineol, 4-terpineol linalool, terpenyl acetate and hydrocarbon terpenes. Concentrations of target compounds in the blood plasma were relatively in low level (mg/mL). In conclusion, the volatile compounds of 4-terpineol, linalool, a-terpineol and 1,8-cineol that identified in blood plasma of mice after inhalation of the cajuput oils might correlate with depressive characteristics of essential oil given by inhalation.Keywords: Cajuput, Essential Oils, Inhalation, SPE, GC-MS

ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC, ANTIOXIDANT, AND PANCREAS PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF CORIANDRUM SATIVUM SEED IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS Widodo, Gunawan Pamudji; Handayani, Sri Rejeki; Hierowat, Rina
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 26 No 3, 2015
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Coriandrum sativum is a medicinal plant, used in traditional medicine for diabetes therapy. The goal of the this study was to determine the antidiabetic, antioxidant and pancreas protection effects of ethanol extracts of C. sativum seeds (CSE) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The male Wistar rats were induced diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150mg/kg BW). CSE was prepared and administrated orally to the animals at the dose of 125 and 250mg/kg for 28 days. Blood glucose level was measured, and antioxidant status was assessed by determining the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase as well as malonyl aldehyde in liver. Histopathological study of pancreas was conducted at the end of experimental period. Both dose of SCE showed the glucose lowering effect, corrected antioxidant status of diabetic animals in liver and protected the pancreas organ from damage. Key words: Coriandrum sativum seed, antihyperglycemia, antioxidant, pancreas protection

Antimalaria test of artemisia spp. on Plasmodium falciparum ., Aryanti; Ermayanti, Tri Muji; Priadi, Kartika Ika; Dewi, Rita Martaleta
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY Vol 17 No 2, 2006
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The testing of inhibiton of Plasmodium falciparum by Artemisia annua, A.cina and A.vulgaris isolate and artemisinin content each of plants was conducted. Artemisia leaves extracted from n-hexane and then separated by column chromatography with n-hexane/ethylacetate as eluent. The column result tested to P.falciparum protozoa. The concentrations of agent were 100, 10, 1 and 0,1 Î¼g/mL using sulphadoxin pyrimetamin as a control positive. Then 50 Î¼l of cell suspension added to agent and incubated at 37oC for 30 hours and the number of live skizon calculated from 200 parasite asexual. The result showed that the increasing of agent concentration was increasing of parasite death. Percent of death parasite by agent of 100 Î¼g/mL similar with positive control at the concentration of 300 Î¼g/mL and the death by A.annua was 83.77%, A.cina 78.57 and A.vulgaris was 84.90% meanwhile positive control was 88.09%. The highest of artemisinin content found in A.annua was 4.99.Key words : anti-malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Artemisia spp.

EFFECT OF DIALYZER REUSE UPON UREA REDUCTION RATIO (URR), KT/V UREA AND SERUM ALBUMIN IN REGULAR HEMODIALYSIS PATIENT Ni Made Amelia R. Dewi; Budi Suprapti; I Gde Raka Widiana
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 26 No 3, 2015
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Reuse of dialyzers for hemodialysis can help in bringing down the cost of hemodialysis. On the other hand reuse of dialyzer may change dialyzer integrity. This study was undertaken to determine dialyzer reuse effect on Urea Reduction Ratio (URR), Kt/V urea and serum albumin. This was prospective study in Sanglah Public General Hospital Denpasar. Inclusion criteria for this study were patients who receive hemodialysis more than 3 months on twice weekly hemodialysis. In the study we used hollow fiber or dialyzer Elisio type H-130H reprocessed with Renaline automatically by machine renatron. After each session blood urea, post dialysis weight and serum albumin were measured. Measurements was performed on the use new dialyzer, 1st reuse, 4th reuse and 7th reuse. The dialyzer was discarded, if TCV fell below 80% of baseline value. Kt/V and urea reduction ratio (URR) were calculated as measure of dialysis adequacy. A total of 23 people completed the study. There was a lack of uniformity duration of hemodialysis, so that we also performed an analysis using a uniform length hemodialysis duration (4.5 hours) with 15 samples. There were no significant difference between URR and Kt/V urea of new dialyzer and dialyzer reprocessed by renaline respectfully with p=0.131 and p=0.373. If we analyzed only using uniform time of dialysis (4.5 h) the value of URR and Kt/V urea between new and reused dialyzer not significantly different with p=0.520 and p=0.784. There was also not found significant differences between serum albumin of the use new dialyzer and reused dialyzer by the time of uniform or non-uniform, respectfully with p=0.271 and 0.073. Reuse dialyzer does not alter efficacy of hemodialysis.Key words : Dialyzer, Urea Reduction Ratio (URR), Kt/V Urea, Albumin, Total Cell Volume (TCV)

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