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INDONESIA
Public Health of Indonesia
Published by Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia
ISSN : 24771570     EISSN : 24771570     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Public Health
Public Health of Indonesia is an International, peer-reviewed, and open access journal emphasizing on original research findings that are relevant for developing country perspectives including Indonesia. The journal considers publication of articles as original article, review article, short communication / brief reports, Education forum, letters to editor, case reports, etc. The journal covers population based studies, impact assessment, monitoring and evaluation, systematic review, meta-analysis, clinic-social studies etc., related to any domain and discipline of public health, specially relevant to national priorities, including ethical and social issues. Articles aligned with national health issues and policy implications are preferred.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 407 Documents
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Anthropometric estimation of height from tibial length in Batak adults: a cross-sectional study Asan Petrus; Mega Sari Sitorus; Jessy Chrestella
Public Health of Indonesia Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): July - September
Publisher : YCAB Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36685/phi.v12i3.1755

Abstract

Background: Height estimation is an important component in forensic science, anthropology, and health assessment, especially in situations involving incomplete remains. Tibial length has been recognized as a reliable predictor of height, but population-specific models are essential for accurate prediction due to variations in body proportions. This study focuses on developing a regression model for height estimation based on tibial length in the Batak ethnic group in Indonesia. Objective: To create an accurate regression model for predicting height from tibial length in the Batak ethnic group Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted involving 52 Batak individuals (18 males and 34 females) aged 21-25 years. Height and tibial length (right and left) were measured using standard anthropometric instruments. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and linear regression to develop predictive equations. Separate models were created for males, females, and the overall population, and model accuracy was evaluated using adjusted R² and standard error of estimate (SEE). Result: A strong positive correlation was observed between tibial length and height, with the combined tibial measurement producing the most accurate predictions. The regression model for females using both tibiae demonstrated the highest predictive accuracy (R2 = 78.9%, SEE = 2.65 cm). For males, the combined tibiae model had an accuracy of R2 = 58.4% and SEE = 3.65 cm. Gender differences in predictive accuracy highlight the importance of gender-specific models. Conclusion: This study confirms the reliability of tibial length as a predictor of stature and emphasizes the need for population- and sex-specific regression models. These findings have significant applications in forensic identification, especially for the Batak ethnic group. Keywords: Stature estimation; tibial length; Batak ethnic group; forensic anthropology
Potential Aedes sp. Breeding Site Characteristics and Marbot Behavior at Muslims' Place of Worship in Dengue Fever Endemic Areas, Serang City, Banten Fauzul Hayat; Nia Kurniatillah; Linardita Ferial; Fida Asfia; Najah Syamiyah
Public Health of Indonesia Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): July - September
Publisher : YCAB Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36685/phi.v12i3.1802

Abstract

Background: Understanding Aedes breeding sites is crucial for effective vector control in communities. However, identification of Aedes sp. larvae density based on characteristics of water containers and related factors at Muslim houses of worship remains poorly investigated. Objective: This study was aimed to identify potential Aedes sp. breeding site and analysis of marbot behavior at muslims' place of worship in dengue fever endemic areas, Serang City, Banten. Methods: A cross-sectional approach is used in this study. A total of 98 marbots, consisting of 50 mosques and 48 mushollas from three villages, participated in the study. Data collection employed an interview questionnaire and a larval mosquito survey of the water in each container. The data was analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: A total of 625 breeding containers identified 24 as positive for Aedes sp. larvae. The most preferred breeding sites were buckets, followed by toilets, rainwater storage tanks, ablution water reservoirs, and trash bins. The density figure of index (DF) was in the moderate category. In addition, elimination of breeding places, self-monitoring of Aedes sp. larvae, trash bin handling, collecting rainwater, using larvicide in large water reservoirs, influenced the presence of Aedes sp. larvae (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that in order to effectively eliminate Aedes mosquitoes at Muslim houses of worship, it may be crucial to address the traits of Aedes breeding containers and marbot behaviors. The findings of this study may be useful for local health authorities in Serang City when considering dengue prevention strategies. Keywords: Aedes larvae; breeding sites; marbot behavior; mosques; mushollas
Determinants and Prediction of In-Hospital Mortality in Pneumonia Patients Using Machine Learning Models Akemat Wongpairin; Ibteesan Che-u-bong; Kulaya Chaibunma; Nitasneem Wongpairin
Public Health of Indonesia Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): July - September
Publisher : YCAB Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36685/phi.v12i3.1846

Abstract

Background: Pneumonia remains a major cause of hospitalization and in-hospital mortality, particularly among older adults and patients with chronic comorbidities. Objectives: To estimate in-hospital mortality among pneumonia inpatients, identify associated demographic and clinical factors, and compare predictive models using routinely collected hospital data. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using 971 eligible pneumonia inpatient records from Satun Hospital, Thailand, during 2022–2024. Bootstrap resampling was applied as an internal resampling strategy for predictive model development and stability assessment; however, it was not intended to create new independent observations, and the effective sample size remained 971 records. Two predictor specifications were evaluated: a comprehensive set of available demographic and clinical variables and a restricted set of variables identified as statistically significant in logistic regression analysis. Four supervised algorithms logistic regression (LR), random forests (RF), neural networks (NNET), and support vector machines (SVM) were compared using sensitivity, specificity, precision, F1-score, accuracy, and ROC-AUC. Results: The overall in-hospital mortality was 18.6%. Advanced age, referral status, and bacterial pneumonia were key determinants of mortality. Models developed with the comprehensive predictor set consistently outperformed those restricted to statistically significant variables. RF achieved the best discrimination (AUC 0.90–0.92; F1-score >0.72; accuracy >90%), followed by SVM and NNET (AUC >0.85). LR showed limited predictive capacity, with very low sensitivity (<6%) despite moderate specificity (~82%). Conclusion: Machine-learning models, particularly RF, SVM, and NNET, outperformed LR in internal prediction. However, due to the retrospective single-hospital design and lack of external validation, further multicenter validation is needed before routine clinical use.  Keywords: Pneumonia; In-hospital mortality; Machine learning
Protective Effects of Maternal Nutrition on Blood Pressure Regulation: A Comparative Study of Normal and Preeclamptic Pregnancies in Medan, Indonesia Aida Fitria; Aris Citra Wisuda; Devi Nallappan; Siti Aisyah; Jita Sari; Rizka Angrainy
Public Health of Indonesia Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): July - September
Publisher : YCAB Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36685/phi.v12i3.1872

Abstract

Background: Maternal nutrition plays a pivotal role in maintaining hemodynamic stability during pregnancy. Adequate intake of key nutrients has been shown to reduce the risk of hypertension and preeclampsia, which remain major contributors to maternal morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Objective: This study aimed to examine the protective effects of maternal nutrition on blood pressure regulation by comparing women with normal pregnancies and those with preeclampsia in Medan, Indonesia. Methods: A comparative study was conducted from January to May 2025 in two referral hospitals in Medan. A total of 130 pregnant women participated, comprising 65 with normal pregnancies and 65 with preeclampsia. Nutritional status and dietary intake were evaluated using validated food frequency questionnaires and anthropometric assessments. Blood pressure was measured at standardized intervals. Data were analyzed with independent t-tests and logistic regression to identify associations between nutritional adequacy and blood pressure regulation. Results: Women with adequate nutrition had significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure than those with poor intake (p < 0.01). Adequate protein intake reduced the risk of elevated blood pressure by 32%, calcium sufficiency by 28%, and micronutrient adequacy (iron, magnesium, folate) by 25%. The protective effects were most evident in normal pregnancies, yet remained statistically significant among women with preeclampsia. Conclusion: Maternal nutrition exerts a protective influence on blood pressure regulation during pregnancy. Enhancing nutritional interventions, particularly adequate protein, calcium, and micronutrient intake, may contribute to the prevention and management of preeclampsia in Medan, Indonesia. Keywords:  maternal nutrition; blood pressure regulation; protein; calcium; preeclampsia
Predicting Occupational Stress Using Environmental and Ergonomic Indicators: A Machine-Learning and Discriminant Analysis Approach Ariyanto Nugroho; Merita Eka Rahmuniati; Sri Sahayati
Public Health of Indonesia Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): July - September
Publisher : YCAB Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36685/phi.v12i3.1899

Abstract

Background : Due to increasing work pressures triggered by industrialization, high workloads, and unsafe environmental conditions, occupational stress has now become a major issue impacting worker health and productivity. Physical exposures such as noise, heat, poor air quality, and inadequate ergonomics further exacerbate stress responses, particularly in the manufacturing sectors of developing countries with limited occupational health and safety (OHS) systems. Objective : This study seeks to (1) identify significant environmental factors that affect work stress, (2) develop a discriminative function to group workers into high and low stress categories, and (3) evaluate the accuracy and interpretability of the model. This research is expected to make an empirical contribution to the study of K3 with a data-based multivariate approach, as well as provide a scientific basis for improving occupational health policy and management in the manufacturing industry sector. Methods : This study used an explanatory quantitative approach to examine the relationships between variables and to differentiate groups of workers with different stress levels based on the physical conditions of the work environment and ergonomics. Using a sample of 200 workers in a labor-intensive manufacturing industry, this study developed a predictive model using discriminant analysis to classify workers into high- and low-stress categories. The reliability test was carried out using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, with a value of ≥0.7 as the minimum limit of internal consistency. Data analysis was performed using JASP 0.18.0.0 (Intel) software. Results : The Tests for Multivariate Normality table shows the results of multivariate normality tests based on two parameters, namely skewness (distribution skewness) and kurtosis (distribution skewness). The p-value for skewness is 0.762 and for kurtosis is 0.547, both greater than the threshold of 0.05. Thus, it can be concluded that the data in this model meets the assumption of multivariate normality, since there is no significant difference between the actual data distribution and the multivariate normal distribution. Conclusion : This study shows that physical environmental factors have a significant effect on the stress level of workers in labour-intensive industries. Through linear discriminant analysis, models with one discriminant function achieved 60% accuracy, demonstrating moderate predictive ability. Ergonomics, air quality (PM2.5), and noise variables had the largest contribution to work stress, while temperature, lighting, and age had a smaller influence. These results confirm the importance of controlling physical factors in creating a healthy and productive work environment. The discriminant model used has met the assumption of multivariate normality, so the results are valid for further analysis. Keywords: Occupational Stress; Environmental; Ergonomic; Discriminant Analysis
Environmental Exposure and Contamination Source Analysis of Pathogenic Microorganisms in Restaurant Foods Associated with Foodborne Disease Incidence in Makassar, Indonesia Zaenab; Anwar Daud; Agus Bintara Birawida; Zaraswati Dwyana; Nurhaedar Jafar; Eymal Bahsar Demmalino
Public Health of Indonesia Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): July - September
Publisher : YCAB Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36685/phi.v12i3.1906

Abstract

Background: Typhoid fever is an infectious disease that remains a public health concern in Indonesia, particularly in areas with inadequate sanitation. It is caused by Salmonella typhi, which is commonly transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food or water. Makassar City, as a major culinary hub, faces significant challenges in ensuring food safety across various restaurants. Objectives: This study aims to analyze environmental exposure risks in restaurant food associated with typhoid fever incidence in Makassar City by identifying pathogenic microorganisms and assessing potential sources of contamination, including water quality, food material hygiene, environmental sanitation, and food handlers’ hygiene practices during food preparation and serving. Methods: This quantitative study employed a descriptive observational design. A total of 60 restaurants were selected using a purposive sampling method based on location, type of business, and number of visitors. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially to determine contamination risk levels and contributing factors associated with typhoid fever occurrence. Results: The findings revealed significant associations between environmental physical conditions (p = 0,002; OR = 0.160), food processing hygiene and sanitation (p = 0.009; OR = 0.214), food handlers’ personal hygiene (p = 0.042; OR = 3.600), and environmental contamination risk (p = 0.023; OR = 0.289) with Salmonella sp. contamination in food. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of strengthening hygiene and sanitation education for food handlers, implementing the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system, and establishing risk-based sanitation supervision by health authorities. Keywords: Exposure Risk; Restaurant Food; Typhoid Fever Incidence
GREEN Approach for Sustainable Development Goals Achievement Sawake Chomming; Wissanupong Kliengchuay; Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
Public Health of Indonesia Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): July - September
Publisher : YCAB Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36685/phi.v12i3.1976

Abstract

Today we are living in the era of globalization with environmental and technological changes. In this era, the information can be easily accessible on the Internet, which varieties of information for consideration. United Nation (UN) launched the program of Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 with the goal of achievement in 2030.

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