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IDJP (Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics)

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Published by Universitas Padjadjaran

ISSN : - EISSN : 25978748 DOI : -

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The Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics (IdJP) is an established international journal for pharmaceutical scientists concerned in all fields of pharmaceutical sciences, including pharmaceutical preformulation, formulation, manufacturing technologies, drug delivery systems, biopharmaceutics, and pharmacokinetics for drugs, vaccines and biologicals. IdJP also includes pharmaceutical engineering and industrial pharmacy topics.

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Articles 97 Documents

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Nanoparticles Targeted Drug Delivery System via Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor: a Review Agus Rusdin; Nasrul Wathoni; Keiichi Motoyama; I Made Joni; Ronny Lesmana; Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 3, Sept - Dec 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Overexpressing of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in specific organ implicates tumour aggression and proliferation. Therefore, EGFR becomes a primary consideration for targeted cancer therapy. Nanoparticle drug delivery system is a promising multifunctional technique to provide the targeted drug delivery system. This review was aimed to discuss the nanoparticles formulation for targeted drug delivery system via EGFR. The data were collected from published journals recorded in the Scopus database. Various types of nanoparticles were widely studied to provide an EGFR-targeted drug delivery system. The formulations using specific targeting mediators were conjugated on several technologies such as polymeric nanoparticles, nanometals, and miscellaneous nanoparticles. Most of nanoparticles formulation become an excellent delivery carrier for drugs or gene to site-specific targeted by in vitro and in vivo evaluations. EGFR-targeted drug delivery system could be a promising technique to provide high effectiveness of drugs in EGFR-positive cells cancers with lower side effects to non-tumour cells.Keywords : Epidermal growth factor receptor, Cancer, Nanoparticle, targeted drug

Solvent Evaporation as an Efficient Microencapsulating Technique for Taste Masking in Fast Disintegrating Oral Tablets Nagina Gulab Belali; Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 3, Sept - Dec 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Microencapsulation is an extensively used technology of present era, that has been applied to various fields like pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, cosmetics and food technology. With the help of which liquid or solid material can be encapsulated inside a polymeric coating film for various reasons such as taste masking, control release and enhancing stability and etc. Microencapsulation can be achieved with different approaches and methods but one of the popular and frequently used feasible method is Solvent evaporation. Solvent evaporation is based on emulsification, solvent evaporation and extraction of microspheres, recently many variations have been made in this technology to improve the yield and properties of microspheres. Solvent evaporation has been widely used in microencapsulating for different purposes one of which is taste masking of bitter drugs in fast disintegrating oral tablets, for pediatric and geriatric use. FDTs are center of attraction due to their merits and feasibility of use for people with problem of dysphagia at the same time, it can also improve bioavailability and time of action of drugs. The main focus of current review is use of solvent evaporation technique for taste masking of bitter drugs in production of fast disintegrating oral tablets. In this review, we will summarize uses, novelties and variations in Solvent Evaporation technique, preparation technique, materials used, merits and demerits of this method over other microencapsulation method in taste masking.Keywords: Microencapsulation, Solvent Evaporation, FDTs, extraction, microspheres

Formulation and Physical Stability Testing of Chitosan Gel from Vaname Shrimp Shell (Litopenaeus Vannamei) with Carbopol 940 Gelling Agent Norisca Aliza Putriana; Taofik Rusdiana; M. Abdul Aziz Prakoso
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 3, Sept - Dec 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Wound is defined as a disorder of normal anatomy and skin’s function that occurs as a result of tissue injury or patalogic process resulting in epithelium discontinuity, with or without lossing underlying connective tissue. The use of chitosan in medicine, especially in surgery, gives many advantages in terms of wound healing that stimulates hemostasis of cell. Chitosan gel is one of the alternative wound treatments that still needs improvement, especially in terms of the effectiveness of the formulation. In this study, the physical stability of chitosan gel formulations was tested in various concentration of carbopol 940 as a gelling agent i.e, 0,5%, 1% and 1,5%. The parameters observed during the physical stability testing of this gel research were pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, organoleptic and sineresis gel. The result of the physical stability testing of chitosan gel stored for 56 days showed that formula 1 has the best result according to all parameters. Formula 1 has pH 5,8-6,2 at 25oC and 40oC, the best organoleptic stability, viscosity shift 9% at 25oC and 13,8% at 40oC, spreadability shift 10,9% at 25oC and 14,4% at 40oC. The best chitosan gel formulation for physical stability testing is chitosan gel with carbopol 940 concentration of 0.5%Keywords: Wound, Chitosan gel, Physical Stability

Dissolution Behaviours of Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen Tablet Influenced By L–HPC 21, 22, and Sodium Starch Glycolate as Disintegrant Yoga Windhu Wardhana; Dradjad Priambodo
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 3, Sept - Dec 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

The dissolution of tablets is one of a drug absorption determinant. Disintegrant agent has play an important role on determining the dissolution of tablets. In this experiment, the dissolution behaviours of Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen Tablet was studied using various disintegrant agent such as Low substituted – Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (L–HPC) 21, L–HPC 22 and Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) as comparator. Those disintegrant agents were used at three concentration (6%, 7% and 8%) for every tablets formula. Tablets were made by wet granulation method and pressed using single punch 13 mm flat E. Korsch machine. Evaluation of each tablets quality were conducted include for uniformity of weight and size (diameter and thickness), hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution. Physically standards from tablets were in good condition, the standards of the weight and thickness uniformity, hardness and friability met the requirement. The dissolution profile on Acetaminophen Tablets showed that only tablet with 6 % L–HPC 21 did not meet the requirement of FI V (Q = 80%, 30 minutes), but on Ibuprofen Tablets where met the requirement of FI V (Q = 80%, 60 minutes) only tablet with 8% L– HPC 21, 7% and 8% SSG. The conclusion of the study was the L–HPC has more disintegrant character at hydrophilic active ingredients. Key words: Acetaminophen Tablet, Ibuprofen Tablet, SSG, L-HPC 21 and 22, Dissolution Profile

Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Cream Containing Neem Oil 5% Patihul Husni; Anggia Diani Amalia; Soraya Ratnawulan Mita; Norisca Aliza Putriana
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 1, Issue 3, Sept - Dec 2019
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Permethrin Cream 5%, a topical scabicidal agent, is usually used for the treatment of infestation with Sarcoptes scabiei (scabies). Nowadays, neem oil, a vegetable oil pressed from the fruits and seeds of the neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss), is reported having an antiscabies effect. The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate the physical properties of cream containing neem oil 5%. Methods of the study were characterization of physicochemical properties of neem oil, preparation and physical stability study at room temperature (25 oC) and 40 oC for three months storage of the neem oil 5% cream. Physical evaluation involved organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, tipe of cream and viscosity. The study results showed that all of the physicochemical properties of neem oil met the requirement. The cream were white to yellowish white, characteristic neem oil odor, homogenous cream, pH ± 8, viscosity approximately 2000-8000 cps and o/w cream. Three months storage of the cream showed that the formula resulted a stable cream physically.Keywords: neem oil, permethrin, scabies, Azadirachta indica A.Juss

Solubility Enhancement of Clozapine Through Co-Crystal Formation with Isonicotinamide Fikri Alatas; Hestiary Ratih; Hesti Kurnia; Sundani Nurono Soewandhi
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 2, Issue 1, Jan - April 2020
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/idjp.v2i1.23957

Clozapine (CLO) is an effective atypical antipsychotic to control the symptoms of psychosis and schizophrenia. Clozapine has low solubility and high permeability, so it is classified as a class II in the biopharmaceutical classification system. The aim of this study was to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of clozapine by clozapine-isonicotinamide (CLO-INA) co-crystal formation. CLO-INA co-crystal was prepared by solvent-drop grinding (SDG) method using water as a solvent. Characterization of SDG result was conducted by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Solubility test was performed in water at room temperature. The dissolution test was performed in 900 mL of pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution, 50 rotation per minute of paddle rotation, and at 37±0.5 °C. The PXRD pattern of SDG result of CLO-INA has many different peaks from its parent components, and this may indicate the co-crystal formation. The solubility of the co-crystal clozapine was fifteen folds higher than pure clozapine. The dissolution rate of CLO-INA co-crystal increased in the first 10 minutes compared to pure clozapine. Percentage of clozapine dissolved after 10 minutes from CLO-INA co-crystal and pure CLO were 10.2 and 2.4%, respectively. CLO and INA can form co-crystal by SDG method that can improve the solubility and dissolution rate of clozapine.Keywords: Clozapine, Isonicotinamide, Co-crystal, Solubility, Dissolution

Ointment Formulation and Test Safety from Sapodilla Manila Leaf Extract (Manilkara zapota L.) with Variation of Ointment Base as an Ulcer Medicine Imas Maesaroh; Daniar Pratiwi; Leli Agustin
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 2, Issue 1, Jan - April 2020
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/idjp.v2i1.25770

Leaf extract of Manilkara zapota L has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at a base on potency test of 50%, where the bacteria are the cause of boils. Some of effort to facilitate the use and increase the activity of active substances, then ointments are prepared on a variety of ointment bases. This study aims to prepared Manilkara zapota L leaf extract into ointment formulations, and chosed the best of ointment base formulations that meets the requirements standards for good ointment preparations. The extract was obtained by maceration using ethanol 96%. Ointments are formulated with four different types of ointment bases, which are hydrocarbon base, absorbing base, water removed bases, and water soluble base. The ointment that has been produced is tested for the physical characteristics such as organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, spreadibility, adhesion, and viscosity had been tested on manufactured ointments. The results of this study indicate that leaf extract of Manilkara zapota L can be formulated into ointment preparations, variations in the ointment base affect the physical characteristics of ointment preparations.Keywords: Ointment, Manilkara zapota L Leaf, Antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus

Formulation of Antioxidant Emulgel containing Beluntas China (Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC) Fitriani Jati Rahmania; Marline Abdassah; Muhaimin Muhaimin; Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 2, Issue 1, Jan - April 2020
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/idjp.v2i1.26106

Skin constantly exposed by the environmental stresses, such as pollutants, solar radiation, heat, and cold, which cause the free radicals that cause premature aging. This bad effects of free radicals can be reduced by natural antioxidants such as Beluntas china (Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC) extract. The antioxidants use of beluntas china extract for skin will be more optimal if it is applied by appropriate form, emulgel, which has stronger consistency and longer contact time than gel. The aim of this research was to formulate an antioxidant emulgel from beluntas china extract, which is effective, stable, and safe with the best gelling agent. The extract was formulated by variety types of gelling agents which were carrageenan, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and carbomer 934. Then, the physical stability was evaluated, including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and freeze thaw. The results showed that formulation of carbomer 934 1% 2xIC50 extract concentration give the best physical stability evaluation for 60 days storage time.Keywords: antioxidant, beluntas china extract, emulgel, free radicals, skin

Cellulose Nanocrystals Preparation as Pharmaceuticals Excipient : a Review Margaretha Efa Putri; Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa; Marline Abdassah; Iman Rahayu
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 2, Issue 2, May - August, 2020
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/idjp.v2i2.26422

Cellulose nanocrystals is a cellulose derivates which has been widely researched and observed as an chemical agent. Different with cellulose that has been widely used as pharmaceutical excipient especially in solid dosage form, cellulose in nanocrystals form is not available in pharmaceutical grade. Cellulose nanocrystals have different characteristics and quality which is depend on its preparation including sourcing, isolation procedure, and hydrolysis reaction involved. This difference is very important to deeply observed its impact in pharmaceutical dosage form with different active ingredients. In addition, cellulose nanocrystals should meet FDA requirement as pharmaceutical excipient. This review describe cellulose nanocrystals preparation and its characteristics, its application to active pharmaceutical ingredients, and its properties in order to meet FDA requirement.Keywords: Cellulose, nanocrystals, pharmaceutical excipient

The Reductive Activity of Human Liver Microsomes for Vitamin K Epoxides Masashi Kawano; Takuya Araki; Hideaki Yashima; Tomonori Nakamura; Koujirou Yamamoto
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 2, Issue 1, Jan - April 2020
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/idjp.v2i1.25302

Vitamin K (VK) is oxidized to vitamin K epoxide (VK-O) during the production of VK-dependent blood clotting factors. Thereafter, VK-O is reduced to VK by vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) in the liver and reused. This reductive reaction is inhibited by warfarin, an oral anticoagulant. VK in nature is roughly divided into two types, VK1 (phylloquinone) and VK2 (menaquinone). Although their bioavailabilities and elimination half-lives from human blood differ, information on the influence of each VK on the effectiveness of warfarin is limited. In this study, the difference in the metabolism of VK1-O and MK4-O by VKOR was evaluated in an in vitro study using human liver microsomes. The results showed that the substrate affinity (1/Km), and the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) of the VKOR reduction was around 7 and 4 times higher for MK4-O than for VK1-O, respectively. The intrinsic clearance of MK4-O, obtained by dividing the Vmax value by the Km value, was about 30 times greater than that of VK1-O. According to these data, the production of VK-dependent blood coagulation factors can be considered to be dominated mainly by MK4-O, at least under normal conditions. We may thus have to be more careful about controlling the intake of MK4 than VK1 in patients receiving warfarin therapy.Keywords: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), vitamin K2 (menaquinone), VKOR, warfarin

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