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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Indonesian Journal of Natural Pigments Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science Makara Journal of Science Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia
Kurniawan, Yehezkiel Steven
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Energy Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Physics Other

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Statistical Analysis for Evaluating Natural Yellow Coloring Agents from Peel of Local Fruits in Malang: Mangosteen, Honey Pineapple and Red Dragon Fruits Kurniawan, Yehezkiel Steven; Adhiwibawa, Marcelinus Alfasisurya Setya; Setiyono, Edi; Fahmi, Muhammad Riza Ghulam; Lintang, Hendrik Oktendy
Indonesian Journal of Natural Pigments Vol 1 No 2 (2019): Agustus 2019
Publisher : Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33479/ijnp.2019.01.2.49

Abstract

In the present work, a comprehensive statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the potential application of peel of local fruits from Malang, i.e. mangosteen, honey pineapple and red dragon fruits for natural yellow coloring agents. The yellow pigments from those fruit peels were extracted through a simple maceration method using distilled water, acetone and ethanol as the solvents. The CIE color space of the extracts was measured to obtain L*, a* and b* values. The obtained data were further analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Duncan Test to determine the most potent natural yellow coloring agent. All the extracts were appeared as mild to strong yellow liquid except for acetone extract for the peel of red dragon fruit extracts. From the CIE color space and PCA analysis, either ethanolic or acetone extracts of mangosteen appears as a strong yellow liquid and they are statistically not different. Interestingly, the MANOVA and Duncan test results are able to distinguish that the ethanolic extract of mangosteens’ peel as the best candidate for natural yellow coloring agents because of its lowest L* and also highest b* variable values.
Selection of Maceration Solvent for Natural Pigment Extraction from Red Fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) Purnomo, Tantyo Ardy Bintoro; Kurniawan, Yehezkiel Steven; Kesuma, Ruth Febriana; Yuliati, Leny
Indonesian Journal of Natural Pigments Vol 2 No 1 (2020): February 2020
Publisher : Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33479/ijnp.2020.02.1.8

Abstract

Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) is rich with red-orange natural pigments, such as β-carotene. In this work, the solvent selection was investigated to extract the β-carotene from the red fruit via a simple maceration technique. Three types of solvents were used in the maceration, which were distilled water, ethanol, and acetone. The obtained extracts were characterized using spectrophotometer ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and spectrofluorometer. The different solvents gave different spectroscopic information, suggesting that the solvent selection influenced the type of the extracted compounds. Among the examined solvents, acetone was found to be the most effective one to extract the β-carotene. The presence of the β-carotene pigment in acetone extract was confirmed by the appearance of the absorption peak at 476 nm on its UV-visible spectrum, while from its FTIR spectrum, the C-H sp3 functional group of β-carotene was found at 2924 and 2854 cm-1. In addition, the emission peak of β-carotene was found at 394 and 561 nm. This study confirmed that acetone performed as a better maceration solvent for β-carotene as compared to the distilled water and ethanol, which would be strongly related to the non-polar property of the acetone.
Spectroscopy Study of Honey Pineapple Peels Extracted in Different Solvents Kurniawan, Yehezkiel Steven; Setiyono, Edi; Adhiwibawa, Marcelinus Alfasisurya Setya; Priyangga, Krisfian Tata Aneka; Yuliati, Leny
Indonesian Journal of Natural Pigments Vol 3 No 1 (2021): February 2021
Publisher : Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33479/ijnp.2021.03.1.32-35

Abstract

In the present work, we investigated the extract of honey pineapple peels in distilled water, ethanol, and acetone solvents. The spectroscopy study of each extract was performed using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, and a spectrofluorometer. The FTIR spectrum of the distilled water extract indicated that the distilled water extract may contain alcohol or carboxylic acid compounds. Meanwhile, the ethanolic extract may contain alcohol or carboxylic acid, or ether compounds. On the other hand, the acetone extract may contain alcohol or ether or aromatic or aliphatic compounds. The UV-Vis spectrum of the honey pineapple peels extracted in the distilled water, ethanol, and acetone showed a broad absorption signal at UV region (< 300 nm), four absorption signals at UV region (232-368 nm), and four absorption signals at UV region (231-368 nm) with a weak absorption signal at the visible region at 559 nm, respectively. The distilled water and acetone extracts gave fluorescence signals, however, the ethanolic extract showed no fluorescence intensity. From the FTIR, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectra characterization, the extracted natural pigments from the honey pineapple peels in distilled water, ethanol, and acetone solvents were identified. The distilled water extract may contain polar flavonoid or steroid compounds while the ethanolic extract may contain polar carotenoid pigments. On the other hand, the acetone extract may contain carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments as shown by an emission signal at 670 nm.
Highly Sensitive Phenol Biosensor Utilizing Selected Bacillus Biofilm Through an Electrochemical Method Ariyanti, Dita; Iswantini, Dyah; Sugita, Purwantiningsih; Nurhidayat, Novik; Effendi, Hefni; Ghozali, Ali Aulia; Kurniawan, Yehezkiel Steven
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 24, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

An eco-friendly phenol biosensor from Bacillus biofilm was prepared and investigated. The biofilm, which produced tyrosinase enzyme, was successfully immobilized on a screen-printed carbon electrode surface. A total of 72 Bacillus isolates were utilized because of their capability to produce tyrosinase enzyme in tyrosine media. Among them, Bacillus isolate code 100 was selected because it produced an adequate amount of tyrosinase enzyme and a high potentiostat current. The response surface methodology was also used to optimize the phenol sensing condition through an electrochemical method. Results showed that the optimum condition was achieved after 6 days on a phosphate buffer solution (pH of 8), with an optical density of 0.33. Furthermore, the limits of detection and quantification were 3.0 and 13 ng/L, respectively. The measurements of precision yielded a relative standard deviation of < 5%, which is remarkable. Although the biosensor material was used for 35 days, the current throughout was still maintained at 90%, indicating that the evaluated biosensor material has the potential to be used for phenol monitoring on environmental samples in the near future.
Synthesis, Activity Test and Molecular Docking of Novel Nitrophenylcalix[4]-2-methylresorcinarene Derivatives as Antimalarial Agent Nisa, Siti Astika; Jumina, Jumina; Mardjan, Muhammad Idham Darussalam; Kurniawan, Yehezkiel Steven
Molekul Vol 18 No 3 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.3.7866

Abstract

This research involved the synthesis, antimalarial assay and molecular docking of novel nitrophenylcalix[4]-2-methylresorcinarene derivatives. Calix[4]-2-methylresorcinarene derivatives, i.e., 2N, 3N and 4N, were synthesized in a one-step reaction through the cyclo-condensation reaction between resorcinol and aldehydes, i.e., 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, 3-nitrobenzaldehyde and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, respectively. The reaction was carried out through the reflux method with ethanol and hydrochloric acid 37% as the solvent and catalyst, respectively. The synthetic products were characterized using FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and LC-MS spectrometers. Furthermore, the in vitro antimalarial assay was carried out against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. The results showed that the 2N, 3N and 4N compounds were successfully synthesized in 86.4, 78.6 dan 95.7% yield, respectively. The antimalarial activity test of 2N, 3N and 4N gave IC50 values of 2.35, 1.68 and 1.79 µM, therefore, these compounds are classified as active antimalarial agents. Molecular docking performed against the PfLDH receptor showed that the 2N, 3N and 4N compounds had negative binding affinity values of -5.1, -6.1, and -6.0 kcal/mol and had specific interactions in the form of hydrogen bonds to the amino acid residues Arg109, Thr101 and Lys102 in the active site of the receptor. The molecular docking results agreed with the experimental antimalarial assay demonstrating the mechanism of action of nitrophenylcalix[4]-2-methylresorcinarenes as active antimalarial agents happened through the inhibition of the PfLDH receptor.
One-Pot Synthesis and In Vitro Studies of Calix[4]-2-methylresorcinarene Derivatives as Antimalarial Agents Against Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine-Resistant Strain FCR-3 Nursofia, Baiq Ike; Kurniawan, Yehezkiel Steven; Jumina, Jumina; Pranowo, Harno Dwi; Sholikhah, Eti Nurwening; Julianus, Jeffry; Wibowo, Susalit Setya; Fatimi, Hana Anisa; Priastomo, Yoga; Priyangga, Krisfian Tata Aneka
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 24, No 6 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.94885

Abstract

Malaria is an endemic disease in Indonesia caused by infection from the Plasmodium parasite. Recently, antimalarial resistance significantly contributed to the decline in the cure rate of malaria sufferers. In this work, three calix[4]resorcinarenes have been synthesized from 2-methylresorcinol and different benzaldehyde derivatives, i.e., 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, and 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde through the one-pot synthesis procedure. The calix[4]resorcinarenes synthesis was done through a cyclo-condensation reaction by using HCl 37% as the catalyst and ethanol as the solvent in an one-pot reaction. The structures of the synthesized products were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared, proton-nuclear magnetic resonance, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. The antimalarial activity assay was evaluated against the Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3 strain through an in vitro study. Three synthesized compounds, i.e., C-4-chlorophenylcalix[4]-2-methylresorcinarene, C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]-2-methylresorcinarene and C-4-dimethylaminophenylcalix[4]-2-methylresorcinarene have been successfully synthesized in up to 97% yield. The C-4-chlorophenylcalix[4]-2-methylresorcinerene exhibited the most potent antimalarial activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 2.66 µM against P. falciparum FCR-3 while the C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]-2-methylresorcinarene and C-4-dimethylaminophenylcalix[4]-2-methylresorcinarene gave the IC50 values of 23.63 and 13.82 µM, respectively. From the results, it could be concluded that the antimalarial activity of calix[4]-2-methylresorcinarenes was influenced by the type of substituent of aromatic rings at the para position.
Allyl-Modified of Calix[4]resorcinarene Derivatives for HER2 Inhibition Agents: An In Silico Study Fitria, Anggit; Kurniawan, Yehezkiel Steven; Ananto, Agus Dwi; Jumina, Jumina; Sholikhah, Eti Nurwening; Pranowo, Harno Dwi
Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science
Publisher : Pandawa Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.250

Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the deathliest cancer diseases for women, with high mortality cases. Since breast cancer cells overexpressed HER2 receptors, a computerized structure-based screening was conducted to identify potential HER2 inhibitors as an anti-breast cancer agent. This method can investigate the potency of proposed compounds as potential protein inhibitors. Researchers were interested in studying some synthetic macromolecules, i.e., allyl-modified calix[4]resorcinarenes, through in silico studies as HER2 inhibitors using molecular docking studies. Prospective protein-ligand complexes for HER2 inhibition were further investigated by molecular dynamics simulations for 200 ns on different binding pockets. The allyloxycalix[4]resorcinarene derivative (5A) was identified as the most potential HER2 inhibitor through a computational approach, including molecular docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations. The HER2-5A complex was relatively stable during the 200 ns molecular dynamics run. In addition, the hydrogen bonds formed between blind docking and molecular dynamics simulations are almost unchanged for the HER2-5A complex. The HER2-5A formed with two crucial amino acid residues, i.e., Asp845 and Asn850. Moreover, the data of the molecular dynamics simulations of compounds 5A and 2A demonstrate the stability of both complexes in different binding sites of HER2. These computational results are preliminary data for further synthesis and in vitro evaluation.
Design of Hydroxyxanthone Derivatives as Breast Cancer Inhibitors: A QSAR Modeling, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, MM-PBSA and ADMET Prediction Fatmasari, Nela; Hermawan, Faris; Jumina, Jumina; Kurniawan, Yehezkiel Steven; Pranowo, Harno Dwi; Puspitasari, Anita Dwi; Hastuti, Lathifah Puji; Marlina, Lala Adetia; Putra, Nicky Rahmana
Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science Articles in Press
Publisher : Pandawa Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.283

Abstract

A comprehensive QSAR analysis, in conjunction with molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, MM-PBSA binding energy estimations, and ADMET profiling, was conducted to facilitate the development of novel anticancer agents based on hydroxyxanthone derivatives. Molecular and electronic descriptors were calculated using the DFT method with the 3-21G basis set. The best QSAR model identified several descriptors that significantly influence anticancer activity, including the atomic charges at positions C1, C3, C4a, and C7, as well as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), surface area (SA), molecular volume (VOL), and molecular weight (MW). This model was used to design novel hydroxyxanthone derivatives (X27 to X47). The docking result showed that compounds 7-bromo-3-hydroxy-1-(methylamino)-9H-xanthen-9-one (X43), 6-hydroxy-8-(methylamino)-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-2-carbonitrile (X44), and 3-hydroxy-7-mercapto-1-(methylamino)-9H-xanthen-9-one (X45) had stronger binding energy values than gefitinib as a native ligand. Gefitinib had a binding energy of -6.84 kcal/mol, while those compounds had values of -6.92, -7.12, and -6.92 kcal/mol, respectively. In a molecular dynamics simulation of 100 ns, compounds X43, X44, and X45 exhibited stability comparable to that of gefitinib against the EGFR protein. Additionally, the binding energy MM-PBSA of compound X43 was the lowest (-29.18 kcal/mol), followed by X44 (-27.11 kcal/mol), gefitinib (-26.06 kcal/mol), and X45 (-25.21 kcal/mol). Furthermore, these compounds met Lipinski's rule parameters and the minimal standard parameters in terms of ADMET characteristics, as predicted by physicochemical properties. In conclusion, compounds X43, X44, and X45 are potential anticancer agents for MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
Anticancer and Antimalarial Assays of Xanthone-Fatty Acid Hybrids: Integrative In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation Kurniawan, Yehezkiel Steven; Harizal, Harizal; Yudha, Ervan; Gurning, Kasta; Pranowo, Harno Dwi; Sholikhah, Eti Nurwening; Jumina, Jumina
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 25, No 4 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.106816

Abstract

Cancer and malaria are two fatal diseases found in Indonesia over the past several years. Therefore, researchers are trying their best to find new anticancer and antimalarial agents. In the present work, we evaluated five xanthone-fatty acid hybrids, i.e., xanthyl laurate (XL), xanthyl myristate (XM), xanthyl palmitate (XP), xanthyl stearate (XS), and xanthyl oleate (XO), as novel anticancer and antimalarial agents. The cytotoxicity assay towards NIH3T3 reveals that xanthone-fatty acid hybrids showed a selectivity index up to 282.08, demonstrating their non-toxic profile. The MTT assay found that XO yielded stronger breast anticancer activity than doxorubicin as the positive control. All xanthone-fatty acid hybrids exhibited moderate antimalarial activity with IC50 values of 24.24–87.57 µM, lower than that of chloroquine diphosphate as the positive control (4.26 µM). As the best anticancer agent for breast cancer, the mode of action of XO was further studied by computational studies. The molecular docking results showed the binding energy against the HER2 protein was −45.73 kJ/mol through a hydrogen bond with Lys753. This hydrogen bond remained stable until the end of the molecular dynamics simulations for 100 ns. These findings highlight the potential application of XO as a new drug candidate for breast cancer treatment.
Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Activity Test of Thioxanthenol and Nitrothioxanthone Derivatives As Anticancer Agents Anggraeni, Putri Dian; Jumina, Jumina; Anwar, Chairil; Kurniawan, Yehezkiel Steven
Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.10089

Abstract

ABSTRACT. This research aimed to compare, synthesise, study molecular docking, and test the anticancer activity of thioxanthenol, 1-hydroxythioxanthone, 4-nitrothioxanthone, and 2-nitrothioxanthone compounds through in silico and in vitro assays, highlighting their selective cytotoxicity and potential as novel anticancer scaffolds. These four compounds were obtained through reduction and nitration reactions of the thioxanthone. Thioxanthenol compound was obtained through the reduction of thioxanthone using sodium borohydride. The 1-hydroxythioxanthone, 4-nitrothioxanthone, and 2-nitrothioxanthone compounds were obtained from the nitration of thioxanthone compounds. The compounds were characterised using FTIR, GC-MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. In vitro cytotoxicity tests were performed using microtetrazolium (MTT) assays against T47D, WiDr, and Hela cancer cell lines and the Vero cell line as normal cells. The molecular docking process was studied to determine the in silico activity of the compounds with protein targets. The reduction reaction produced the thioxanthenol compound as a yellowish-white solid in 40.63% yield. The nitration reaction produced 1-hydroxythioxanthone, 4-nitrothioxanthone, and 2-nitrothioxanthone compounds as light-yellow solids in 33.54%; 29.27%; and 31.71% yield, respectively. The synthesized compounds demonstrated selective anticancer activity against certain cancer cells. Thioxanthenol compound showed an IC50 value of 17.46 µg mL-1 on the WiDr cell line and nitrotioxanthone compound showed an IC50 value of 6.05 µg mL-1 on the T47D cell line. Molecular docking showed that the thioxanthone derivatives might act as the anticancer agent through inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), P-glycoprotein, and Erα functions. Keywords: anticancer, nitrothioxanthone, thioxanthenol, thioxanthone
Co-Authors Adhiwibawa, Marcelinus Alfasisurya Setya Agus Dwi Ananto, Agus Anggraeni, Putri Dian Anita Dwi Puspitasari Chairil Anwar Dita Ariyanti Dyah Iswantini Edi Setiyono Eti Nurwening Sholikhah Fahmi, Muhammad Riza Ghulam Faris Hermawan, Faris Fatimi, Hana Anisa Fatmasari, Nela Fitria, Anggit Ghozali, Ali Aulia Harizal Harizal Harno Dwi Pranowo Hefni Effendi Jeffry Julianus Jumina Jumina Kasta Gurning Kesuma, Ruth Febriana Lathifah Puji Hastuti Leny Yuliati Lintang, Hendrik Oktendy Marlina, Lala Adetia Muhammad Idham Darussalam Mardjan Nisa, Siti Astika Novik Nurhidayat Nursofia, Baiq Ike Priastomo, Yoga Priyangga, Krisfian Tata Aneka Purnomo, Tantyo Ardy Bintoro Purwantiningsih Sugita Putra, Nicky Rahmana Wibowo, Susalit Setya Yudha, Ervan