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Komposisi Fauna Vertebrata Holosen Awal di Situs Gua Panglima, Gunung Parung, Kalimantan Timur Shidqi, Benyamin Perwira; Fauzi, Mohammad Ruly; Puspaningrum, Mika Rizki; Rizal, Yan; Simanjuntak, Truman
Bulletin of Geology Vol 6 No 1 (2022): Bulletin of Geology
Publisher : Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian (FITB), Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/bull.geol.2022.6.1.3

Gua panglima merupakan salah satu gua karst yang terletak di Gunung Parung, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia. Penelitian arkeologi dilakukan dalam endapan lantai Gua Panglima yang dibagi menjadi 5 zona stratigrafi utama. Penelitian berfokus di kotak galian TP1 dan TP2 yang menghasilkan temuan sisa fauna vertebrata melimpah yang terdiri atas gigi, rahang, tulang utama, dan fragmen tulang lainnya. Analisis temuan vertebrata berupa identifikasi takson dan kuantifikasi temuan teridentifikasi (NISP) bertujuan untuk mengetahui himpunan fauna dan kondisi lingkungan di sekitar Gua Panglima. Sisa temuan vertebrata di Gua Panglima terdiri atas 8 kelompok besar takson yaitu Primata, Artiodactyla, Perrisodactyla, Carnivora, Rodentia, Reptilia, Pholidota, Chiroptera, dan Actinopterygii. Keseluruhan temuan diidentifikasi menjadi 38 takson yang terdiri atas tingkat famili hingga spesies. Temuan sisa fauna vertebrata berjumlah 8723 spesimen dengan total temuan teridentifikasi (NISP) berjumlah 2278 dan temuan tidak teridentikasi berjumlah 6445. Temuan terdiri atas elemen gigi berupa incisor, canine, premolar, dan molar(16,3% NISP, n = 360), elemen rahang berupa mandibula dan maxilla (5,5% NISP, n = 124), dan elemen tulang utama berupa antler, astragalus, calcaneus, carapace, carpal, caudal, costae, femur, humerus, metacarpal, metatarsal, oscoxa, pelvis, phalanges, plastron, radius, scapula, supraorbital, tibia, ulna, dan vertebrae (78,2% NISP, n = 1794). Temuan hasil penggalian Gua Panglima diperkirakan memiliki rentang umur kurang Holosen Awal – Tengah. Komposisi fauna di Gua Panglima memiliki signifikansi secara kronologi dengan beberapa situs pada periode dan lokasi berdekatan seperti Gua Niah dan Pulau Palawan. Kemiripan komposisi fauna di ketiga situs tersebut memberikan gambaran bagaimana perkembangan ekologi di hutan hujan tropis Kalimantan yang relatif tidak terlalu berubah pada periode tersebut. Meskipun begitu, komposisi fauna di temuan Gua Panglima tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan konteks hunian manusia prasejarah dengan ditemukannya artefak arkeologi lainnya. Kata kunci: Gua Panglima, Fauna, Taksonomi. Holosen, Kalimantan Timur.

Enigmatic Perforated Stone Disk and Grooved Stones from Three Caves Sites in Sumatra Fauzi, Mohammad Ruly; Simanjuntak, Truman; Forestier, Hubert
KALPATARU Vol. 32 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/kpt.2023.3024

Ground stone tools, especially perforated stone disks and grooved stones, are rarely discussed in Indonesian prehistory. In terms of its quantity and workmanship, these types of artifacts are fairly unique. They are often limited in quantity, which makes it difficult to compare with the other references. Moreover, their technological aspect still needs to be widely understood by academics. For the first time in Indonesia, this article will discuss perforated stone disks and grooved stones in the context of prehistoric cave sites in Sumatra. Through formal analysis of its attributes at medium to high magnification, we provide a reference for their technological aspects as well as the context of the artifact. Our study reveals that both types of artifacts appear to be closely related to the aquatic culture. The practical function of these artifacts is associated with a fishery tradition on the rivers inland. Our argument is corroborated by the remnants of aquatic fauna associated with these two types of artifacts. Apart from that, the perforated stone disks that were previously reported were found in the mainland of Southeast Asia and, in fact, also found in Sumatra. It further emphasizes the connection between the cultural entities of prehistoric populations that inhabited insular and mainland Southeast Asia.

THE ORIGINS OF THE OBSIDIAN ARTIFACTS FROM GUA PAWON, DAGO AND BUKIT KARSAMANIK IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA Chia, Stephen; Yondri, Lutfi; Simanjuntak, Truman
AMERTA Vol. 25 No. 1 (2007)
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN (BRIN Publishing)

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Abstrak. Tulisan ini membahas hasil studi tentang sumber bahan baku artefak obsidian yang ditemukan di Gua Pawon, Dago, dan Bukit Karsamanik, Bandung. Analisis dilakukan terhadap sejumlah artefak obsidian, temuan ekskavasi di Gua Pawon dan temuan permukaan di Situs Dago dan Bukit Karsamanik. Untuk perbandingan dilakukan juga analisis terhadap obsidian dari Gunung Kendan di Nagrek dan Kampung Rejeng di Garut, dua lokasi sumber obsidian di Jawa Barat. Analisis dilakukan dengan cara "scanning electron microscope", menggunakan "energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer" di Universitas Sains Malaysia, Penang dan "electron microprobe" di Universitas Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Analisis multielemen dan perhitungan statistic dilakukan terhadap data yang diperoleh dari artefak dan bahan. Hasil studi memperlihatkan artefak obsidian dari Gua Pawon menggunakan bahan dari Gunung Kendan dan Kampung Rejeng, sementara artefak Dago dan Bukit Karsamanik belum diketahui sumbernya. Analisis terhadap bahan dari sumber-sumber lain sangat diperlukan untuk menentukan variabilitas di dalam dan di antarasumber-sumber yang berbeda. Untuk sementara, hasil studi memperlihatkan manusia prasejarah Gua Pawon mengeksploitasi dan menggunakan sumber-sumber obsidian yang sama selama beberapa ribu tahun. Kata kunci: analisis obsidian, gua pawon, dago, karsamanik, scanning electron microscope, x-ray spectrometer. Abstract. This paper presents the results of a study to determine whether the obsidian artifacts found in Gua Pawon, Dago and Bukit Karsamanik in Bandung came from the well-known sources of Gunung Kendan in Nagreg, Kampung Rejeng in Garut or elsewhere. Obsidian artifacts for this study were obtained from earlier archaeological excavations at Gua Pawon and from chance finds at the sites of Dago and Bukit Karsamanik in Bandung. Samples of obsidian were also collected from the known obsidian sources in Gunung Kendan in Nagreg and Kampung Rejeng in Garut for comparative purposes. Analyses of these samples were done on a scanning electron microscope using the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer at the University of Science Malaysia, Penang and the electron microprobe at the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Multi-element analysis was undertaken, and statistical procedures were performed on data obtained from the artifacts and the sources. The results of the study thus far suggested that the obsidian artifacts from Gua Pawon were made using obsidian obtained from both Gunung Kendan and Kampung Rejeng sources while those from Dago and Bukit Karsamanik have yet to be determined. More samples from all the known obsidian sources are needed to determine the variability within and between all the different sources. Temporally, the study also revealed that prehistoric humans at Gua Pawon exploited or used the same obsidian resources over several thousands of years. Keywords: pawon cave, dago, karsamanik, scanning electron microscope, x-ray spectrometer.

SITUS LAMBANAPU: DIASPORA AUSTRONESIA DI SUMBA TIMUR Handini, Retno; Simanjuntak, Truman; Sofian, Harry Octavianus; Prasetyo, Bagyo; Artaria, Myrtati Dyah; Wibowo, Unggul Prasetyo; Geria, I Made
AMERTA Vol. 36 No. 2 (2018)
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN (BRIN Publishing)

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Abstract. Lambanapu Site: Diaspora Austronesia In East Sumba. The research at Lambanapu Site aims to determine the position of Lambanapu in the distribution and development of Austronesian ancestors and their culture in Sumba. The method used is survey, excavation, analysis, and interpretation. The results of the research are skeletal findings and urn burial also artifacts which are pottery, beads, metal jewelry, and stone tools. From the dating result it is known that Lambanapu Site was inhabited at least 2.000 years ago and from paleantropology analysis, it is estimated that the individuals found from primary and secondary burial in Lambanapu are a mixture of Mongoloid and Australomelanesoid. Genetic mixing is very possible, given the history of the archipelago's occupation which was filled by several waves of great migration in the past. The Lambanapu site has provided an overview of Sumba's ancestral life in the context of the archipelago. The Lamabanapu research results show us, how Lambanapu and Sumba in general rich with historical and cultural values of the past that are very useful for today's life. The wealth of historical and cultural values is not only for local interests, but also to fill the rich history and culture of the archipelago, and even contribute to global history. Keywords: Lambanapu, prehistoric, Austronesian Abstrak. Penelitian di Situs Lambanapu bertujuan untuk mengetahui posisi Lambanapu dalam persebaran dan perkembangan leluhur Austronesia dan budayanya di Sumba. Metode yang dilakukan adalah survei, ekskavasi, analisis, dan interpretasi. Hasil penelitian berupa temuan rangka dan kubur tempayan serta artefak berupa gerabah, manik-manik, perhiasan logam, dan alat batu. Dari hasil pertanggalan diketahui bahwa setidaknya Situs Lambanapu telah dihuni 2.000 tahun yang lalu. Hasil analisis paleoantropologi diperkirakan individu yang ditemukan di Lambanapu, baik kubur primer maupun sekunder, merupakan percampuran antara Mongoloid dan Australomelanesoid. Percampuran genetika memang sangat memungkinkan terjadi mengingat sejarah hunian Nusantara yang terisi oleh beberapa gelombang migrasi besar pada masa lampau. Situs Lambanapu telah memberikan gambaran kehidupan leluhur Sumba dalam konteks Nusantara. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan betapa Lambanapu dan Sumba pada umumnya memiliki kekayaan nilai sejarah dan budaya masa lampau yang sangat bermanfaat bagi kehidupan masa kini. Kekayaan nilai sejarah dan budayanya tidak hanya untuk kepentingan lokal, tetapi juga untuk mengisi kekayaan sejarah dan budaya Nusantara, bahkan kontribusi bagi sejarah global. Kata Kunci: Lambanapu, prasejarah, Austronesia

GEOLOGICAL APPROACH IN ORDER TO DISTINGUISH THE PREFERENCE SOURCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL FROM THE MEGALITHIC TOMBS IN EAST SUMBA, INDONESIA Wibowo, Unggul Prasetyo; Handini, Retno; Simanjuntak, Truman; Sofian, Harry Octavianus; Maulana, Sandy
AMERTA Vol. 36 No. 2 (2018)
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN (BRIN Publishing)

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Abstract. Pulau Sumba sudah lama dikenal dengan tradisi makam megalitiknya yang dijumpai tersebar hampir di semua area di Sumba. Makam megalitik ini dibangun dari potongan-potongan batuan berukuran besar. Berdasarkan aspek geologi, penelitian ini mencoba untuk mencari tahu asal batuan bahan pembuat makam megalitik dan apa yang menjadi alasan untuk memilih suatu batuan untuk bahan makam megalitik. Metode yang digunakan meliputi beberapa tahap. Tahap pertama merupakan pendeskripsian sampel di lapangan. Tahap kedua, analisis geologi digunakan untuk memetakan titik-titik observasi dan singkapan batuan di lapangan. Tahap ketiga, variabel hasil pengamatan kemudian dianalisa menggunakan metode Principle Components Analysis (PCA). Empat variabel digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu: variabel jarak dari sumber, variabel litologi, variabel tekstur, dan variabel tingkat kekerasan. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa tekstur batuan merupakan pertimbangan utama dalam memilih jenis batuan untuk bahan makam megalitik. Jarak dan tingat kekerasan batuannya juga menjadi alasan penting lainnya dalam mengambil bahan material untuk makam megalitik terlepas apapun jenis batunya. Secara geologi bahan batuan berasal dari batugamping Formasi Kaliangga dan batupasir Formasi Kananggar. Kata kunci: Makam megalitik, Sumba Timur, Bahan baku, Geologi Abstract. Sumba is well known for its megalithic tradition, surviving evidence for which can be observed throughout the island in the form of tombs built from enormous stone slabs. The current study is aimed at identifying the sources of the raw material used to manufacture megalithic tombs and factors underlying the choice of raw material based on geological properties. We report the results of our field observations and geological analyses, including mapping of megalithic tomb sites and geological outcrops. Concerning the latter, field-datasets were analysed using a Principle Components Analysis (PCA). Based on a sample of 11 megalithic tombs from several different locations, four variables were employed to distinguish the preferred source of the raw material used in tomb construction: 1) distance from the source; 2) lithology; 3) rock texture; and 4) rock hardness. Analytical results indicate that raw material texture was the key factor in the construction of megalithic tombs, followed by distance from source and hardness of the stone selected for making this structures. Finally, we establish that raw materials used for constructing sampled megalithic tomb sites on Sumba included Kaliangga Formation limestone and Kananggar Formation sandstone. Keywords: Megalithic tombs, East Sumba, Raw material, Geology

PROGRES PENELITIAN AUSTRONESIA DI NUSANTARA Simanjuntak, Truman
AMERTA Vol. 33 No. 1 (2015)
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN (BRIN Publishing)

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Abstrak. Penutur Austronesia di Indonesia menempati posisi yang sangat strategis dalam pemahaman Austronesia global mengingat keletakannya di bagian tengah kawasan sebaran dengan populasi yang terbesar di antara negara-negara penutur Austronesia. Sebagai leluhur langsung populasi Indonesia asli sekarang, kemunculannya ca. 4000 BP menjadikan bidang studi yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan bangsa. Penelitian yang semakin intensif dalam dasawarsa terakhir telah memberikan banyak kemajuan tentang asal usul, persebaran, dan perkembangan secara sinkronis dan diakronis. Evolusi lokal sebagai hasil proses adaptasi lingkungan dan pengaruh luar menciptakan dinamika budaya dari Neolitik ke Paleometalik dan berlanjut ke masa sejarah hingga sekarang. Faktor evolusi lokal dan pengaruh luar itu lambat laun menciptakan kekhasan budaya-budaya lokal, hingga membentuk mozaik kebinekaan bangsa dan budaya Indonesia seperti yang kita lihat sekarang. Luasnya cakupan studi Austronesia dan masih terbatasnya penelitian menyisakan banyak pertanyaan yang belum terjawab, baik dalam kaitannya dengan konteks regional-global maupun konteks nasional. Kondisi ini merupakan tantangan yang mendorong perlunya intensifikasi penelitian di masa datang. Kata Kunci: Austronesia, Indonesia, Kebinekaan, Evolusi lokal, Pengaruh luar Abstract. Progress of Austronesian Studies in the Indonesian Archipelago. Austronesian-speaking people in Indonesia, which are part of the global Austronesian-speakers, which is the most densely populated, have a strategic role in figuring out the global Austronesians, especially since Indonesia is located in the middle of the dispersal area. As the direct predecessors of recent Indonesian indigenouspopulation, their emergence since ca. 4000 BP has become a highly important field of study in our nation’s life. The increasingly intensive researches within the last decade have resulted in significant progress in the Austronesian studies and have given us a better picture on the origin, dispersal, and development of the Austronesian speakers and their cultures, both synchronically and diachronically. Local evolution resulted from process of adaptation to the environment, as well as external influences, have created a cultural dynamics from the Neolithic to the Palaeometalic and historic periods, until now. Eventually the local evolution and external influences have generated unique local cultures that form a mosaic of diversity of Indonesian people and culture like we see today. The wide scopes of Austronesian studies and limited researches have left some unanswered questions, both in regional global and national contexts. That is a challenge, which encourages us to carry out more intensive researches in the near future. Keywords: Austronesia, Indonesia, Diversity, Local evolution, External influences

THE HOMO ERECTUS SITE OF TRINIL: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF A HISTORIC PLACE Alink, Gerrit; Roebroeks, Wil; Simanjuntak, Truman
AMERTA Vol. 34 No. 2 (2016)
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN (BRIN Publishing)

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Abstrak. Trinil: Masa lalu, Sekarang dan Masa Depan Sebuah Situs Bersejarah. Dusun Trinil menjadi terkenal dengan ditemukannya Pithecanthropus erectus, sekarang Homo erectus, oleh Dubois pada tahun 1891. Setelah ekskavasi Dubois, pada tahun 1907 sebuah ekspedisi besar-besaran dipimpin oleh E. Selenka berlangsung di lokasi yang sama. Selain fosil-fosil sisa manusia, puluhan ribu fosil vertebrata lain dan moluska ditemukan dalam ekskavasi Dubois dan Selenka antara tahun 1891 dan 1907. Koleksi ini sekarang disimpan di Naturalis di Leiden (Belanda) dan di Museum für Naturkunde di Berlin (Jerman). Studi yang berlangsung saat ini terhadap koleksi-koleksi itu mendorong perlunya penelitian baru di lapangan. Tujuannya selain untuk mengetahui potensi situs juga untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang muncul dalam studi koleksi. Parit penggalian Dubois dan ekspedisi Selenka dikontekstualisasikan dalam peta geografi modern berdasarkan data historis, bahan fotografi yang masih ada, dan peninjauan lapangan 2014/2015. Potensi untuk menemukan tinggalan pada ‘Hauptknochenschicht’ (HK) cukup besar di tepi kiri sungai Solo, di selatan penggalian Dubois yang asli, termasuk di tepi kiri disebelah timur lokasi yang digali. Pertanyaan yang masih tersisa, antara lain menyangkut stratigrafi situs, umur fauna Trinil dan Homo erectus, dan homogenitas himpunan HK, diharapkan dapat terjawab melalui penelitian baru yang akan dilaksanakan di situs ini. Kata Kunci: Trinil, Arkeologi, Paleoantropologi, Dubois, Selenka Abstract. Trinil became famous through the discovery of Pithecanthropus erectus, now Homo erectus, by Dubois in 1891. After Dubois’ excavations it was the expedition led by E. Selenka in 1907 performing large scale fieldwork at the location. Apart from the hominin remains, thousands of other vertebrate and molluscan fossils were excavated by both Dubois and Selenka between 1891 and 1908. These collections are currently housed at Naturalis in Leiden (The Netherlands) and the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin (Germany). Ongoing studies of these collections have raised questions that warrant new fieldwork. This study aimed to establish the site‘s present potential to solve extant research questions. The excavation trenches of Dubois and the Selenka expedition were contextualized within a modern geographical map, based on historical data, extant photographic material and a 2014/2015 field trip. The potential to reach the find bearing Hauptknochenschicht (HK) is high at the left bank of the Solo river, south of Dubois’ original excavations. Also the left bank directly east of the former excavation pits has a good potential. Still remaining questions concerning the site stratigraphy, the age of the Trinil fauna, including the Homo erectus finds, and the homogeneity of the HK assemblage, might be resolved by new fieldwork. Keywords: Trinil, Archaeology, Paleoanthropology, Dubois, Selenka

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF PALAEOLITHIC STONE TOOLS FROM SULAWESI, COLLECTED BY THE INDONESIAN-DUTCH EXPEDITION IN 1970 Alink, Gerrit; Adhityatama, Shinatria; Simanjuntak, Truman
AMERTA Vol. 35 No. 2 (2017)
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN (BRIN Publishing)

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Abstrak. Analisis Deskriptif Alat Batu Palaeolithik dari Sulawesi, Hasil Ekspedisi IndonesiaBelanda pada tahun 1970. Studi ini menganalisis artefak temuan ekspedisi Indonesia-Belanda di tahun 1970 di Marale di hulu dan Beru di hilir Sungai Wallanae; termasuk menguji hipotesis bahwa penghalusan material kasar di hilir terjadi pada artefak kecil. Batu gamping, kersikan, dan rijang merupakan bahan yang dominan. Artefak umumnya mengalami abrasi dan pembundaran dari tingkat moderat hingga kuat. Hampir semua artefak terpatinasi. Teknik ‘crushing’ merupakan tipe dominan dari persiapan bidang dorsal dekat dataran pukul. Dataran pukul umumnya datar dan ujung distal tipis. Himpunan serpih Marale yang umumnya lebih lebar dan panjang dibandingkan himpunan serpih Beru mendukung hipotesis tersebut. Kebanyakan alat serpih merupakan serut samping. Sebagai tambahan, berdasarkan klasifikasi morfologi yang baru diperkenalkan, umumnya batu inti (70%) memiliki platform tunggal, berbentuk pyramidal atau polihedral, walaupun ada yang double platform. Perkiraan pertanggalan van Heekeren dari 200 dan 100 ka agaknya tepat, sebagaimana publikasi van den Bergh yang mempertanggal artefak in situ dari ekskavasi di daerah yang sama di antara 194 dan 118 ka. Kata Kunci: Sulawesi, Walanae, Palaeolithic, Alat-alat batu, Survei Abstract. This study analysis lithic artefacts collected by the Indonesian-Dutch expedition to Sulawesi in 1970. In addition, the hypothesis was tested that downstream fining of coarse material results in smaller artefacts. The artefacts were collected by surveying in Marale (upstream) and Beru (downstream) along the Walanae River. Most artefacts were abraded and rounded. Almost all artefacts were patinated. Silificied limestone and chert were the predominant raw materials for making stone tools. Crushing was the predominant type of dorsal face preparation near the striking platform. The dominant platform type was plain and the dominant distal end feather. The width and the maximal length of the flakes of Marale were significantly larger than those of Beru, confirming the above hypothesis. Most flake tools were side scrapers. In addition to the functional standard classification also a new morphological classification was introduced. Most cores (70%) were single platformed, pyramidal or polyhedral, but also double platformed cores were present. Dating of the stone tools between 200 and 100 ka as earlier suggested by van Heekeren might be plausible based on a recently published study by van den Bergh (2016) who dated in situ artefacts excavated in the same region between 194 and 118 ka. Keywords: Sulawesi, Walanae, Palaeolithic, Stone tools, Surveying

PRASEJARAH AUSTRONESIA DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR: SEBUAH PANDANGAN AWAL Simanjuntak, Truman; Fauzi, M. Ruly; J.C. Galipaud; Azis, Redaksi AmertaFadhila A.; Buckley, Hallie
AMERTA Vol. 30 No. 2 (2012)
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN (BRIN Publishing)

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Abstrak. Tulisan ini menguraikan gambaran awal tentang kehidupan Penutur Austronesia dankarakter budaya neolitiknya di wilayah Nusa Tenggara Timur, berdasarkan penemuan-penemuan data baru yang dilengkapi dengan hasil-hasil penelitian terdahulu. Setidaknya di sekitar 3.000 – 2.000 BP berbagai pulau di wilayah ini sudah dihuni Penutur Austronesia. Mereka menghuni wilayah pantai dengan mata pencarian berburu dan meramu dengan penekanan pada pemanfaatan biota laut; mempraktekkan penguburan tempayan dan tanpa wadah; menggunakan peralatan beliung persegi dan peralatan litik lainnya; membuat alat-alat perhiasan (dari cangkang kerang, koral, dan biji-bijian); dan membuat kain dari kulit kayu. Kemiripan bentuk, pola serta variasi tinggalan arkeologis dari situs-situs neolitik di wilayah ini memperlihatkan komunitas antar-pulau telah terlibat kontak dan interaksi yang intensif di kala itu.Kata kunci: Austronesia, Neolitik, Nusa Tenggara Timur, karakter budaya, interaksi Abstract. Prehistoric Austronesian in East Nusa Tenggara Timur: a preliminary view. This articlediscusses a preliminary insight on the presence of the Austronesian Speakers and its neolithic culturein East Nusa Tenggara, based on our new discoveries completed with results from previous studies. At least around 3,000 – 2,000 BP most of islands in this region have been inhabited by Austronesianspeaking people. They inhabited coastal areas; practicing hunting and gathering with an emphasis on the exploitation of marine resources; practicing burial with and without jar; using polished stone adzes and other lithic tools; manufacturing body ornaments made from shells, coral, and seeds; and making cloth from barks. The similarity observed among the shapes, patterns and variations on archaeological remains from neolithic sites in this area reveal an intensive inter-island contacts and interactions between coastal communities during that period. Keywords: Austronesia, Neolitik, East Nusa Tenggara, cultural character, interaction

WACANA BUDAYA MANUSIA PURBA Simanjuntak, Truman
AMERTA Vol. 20 (2000)
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN (BRIN Publishing)

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