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Risk Perception and Efficacy Beliefs Regarding COVID-19 among Indonesian Pharmacy Students Lolita, Lolita; Luthfiah Saraswati, Hasna; Muhlis, Muhammad; Ikhsanudin, Azis; Kurniawati, Lindha; Syarifah, Nur Bidayah; Rungprai, Daraporn
Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/clips.v1i1.306

The SARS-CoV-2 virus first appeared in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019. Preventive behavior is necessary to reduce the transmission of this virus, and low risk perception can reduce the implementation of preventive behavior. This study aimed to determine risk perception and efficacy beliefs regarding COVID-19 of pharmacy students at Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta. A cross-sectional analytic observational approach was utilized; data were collected by distributing online questionnaires. The respondents comprised 406 undergraduate and pharmacist students. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 25.0 to compare the average scores of each independent variable. The mean scores for perceived vulnerability and perceived threat variables were 3.670 and 3.020, respectively, and the mean score for perceived severity was 2.475. The mean scores of response efficacy and self-efficacy were 4.426 and 4.084, respectively. A history of supplement consumption (p = 0.01), having received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (p = 0.02), and parental income (p = 0.045) affected perceived vulnerability. Perceived severity was influenced by gender (p = 0.001), a history of chronic disease (p = 0.041), having received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (p = 0.005), and area of residence (p = 0.043). Perceived threat was influenced by gender (p = 0.005) and having received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (p = 0.029). Efficacy beliefs were influenced by a history of supplement consumption (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.034), having received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (p = 0.037), and implementation of health protocols (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the respondents’ risk perception was high, whereas their perceived severity was low. The participants also had high efficacy beliefs. Therefore, it is important to focus on pharmacy students risk perception, since they are the main population for social infectious disease prevention and control.

Lotion Preparations of Nutmeg Essential oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt) and Repellent Activity Test against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Ikhsanudin, Azis; Raharjo, Satriyo Dwi; Lolita, Lolita
Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/clips.v1i1.307

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with the Dengue virus. One natural ingredient that can be used as a repellent to prevent mosquito bites is essential oil. Therefore, this research aims to obtain the right formulation of nutmeg essential oil lotion, determine the influence of adding nutmeg essential oil to the physical properties of the lotion, assess the irritant effect of nutmeg essential oil lotion on the skin, and determine the repellent activity of nutmeg essential oil lotion against female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Nutmeg fruit seed essential oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt) was obtained by distillation. The obtained sample was qualitatively tested first using GC-MS to determine its components. Lotion formulation was prepared with varying 1%, 3%, and 6% concentrations. The prepared lotions were tested for their physical properties and repellent activity using female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes as test animals and irritation test. The test result data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA with a confidence level of 95%. The research results obtained standardization of clear nutmeg seed essential oil, yellow in color, with a distinctive nutmeg scent with a refractive index value of (1.475 + 0.001) and a relative compound content of alpha-pinene of 19.40%. Increasing the concentration resulted in decreased adhesive force with a value of (p <0.05), increased spreadability (p <0.05), and increased repellent power (p <0.05). All lotions have a pH of 7, are stable for 6 cycles of storage, and have an irritation index in the very mild to mild irritation category. The conclusion of this research is that nutmeg seed essential oil lotion formulations with various concentration variations, namely formula 1 (1%), formula 2 (3%), and formula 3 (6%), have good physical properties, cause very mild to mild skin irritation, and have the highest repellent activity, which is in formula 3 (6%) at 1098 seconds

Janus Kinase Inhibitors, Monoclonal Antibodies, and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Promising Therapies for Ulcerative Colitis Rozak, Miftahul; Katz, Michael D; Lolita, Lolita
Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/clips.v1i2.376

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease involving genetic, environmental, immunological, and microbial factors. Traditional treatments often fail in certain patient populations, necessitating exploration of more personalized therapies. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and clinical potential of three emerging therapies for UC: Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, anti-TL1A monoclonal antibodies, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). This narrative review was conducted by searching PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant peer-reviewed literature. Inclusion criteria focused on studies published in the last 10 years that investigated the mechanisms, clinical efficacy, or safety of JAK inhibitors, anti-TL1A antibodies, or FMT in UC. Both randomized controlled trials and observational studies were included. This narrative review explores emerging therapeutic strategies for ulcerative colitis, including Janus kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and fecal microbiota transplantation. These approaches may support personalized treatment planning, particularly in patients who are refractory to conventional therapies.JAK inhibitors including tofacitinib, upadacitinib, and filgotinib demonstrated effectiveness in inducing and maintaining remission, although safety profiles varied based on selectivity. Anti-TL1A monoclonal antibodies, particularly PF-06480605 and tulisokibart, showed dual anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activity, especially in patients with specific genetic biomarkers. FMT emerged as a non-pharmacological intervention capable of modulating gut microbiota and mucosal immunity, contributing to clinical and endoscopic remission in patients refractory to standard treatments. These three therapeutic modalities represent a significant shift toward individualized, pathophysiology-based treatment of UC. Future research should focus on biomarker-guided therapy selection, optimization of FMT protocols, and long-term safety data to support integration into clinical practice. Keywords: Fecal microbiota transplantation, janus kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, ulcerative colitis

Larvicidal Activity of Red Betel (Piper Crocatum, L) Leaf Chloroform Extract Granule against Aedes Aegypti Larvae Ikhsanudin, Azis; Tri Hastuti, Haadiyatul; Lolita, Lolita; Tajjudin, Saiful Nizam
Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/clips.v1i2.377

Dengue fever is a disease caused by the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The development of natural larvicides needs to be done to reduce the risk of resistance and ensure environmental safety due to the use of chemical larvicides. Plants that have the potential as larvicides include red betel leaf, which contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. This study aims to determine the larvicidal activity of red betel leaf chloroform extract granules with LC50 and LC90 parameters against Aedes aegypti larvae. This study used a post-test control group design, where the chloroform maceration method was used in its extraction. The extract obtained was subjected to qualitative phytochemical identification and formulated into granules and tested for physical properties, namely: water content, flowability, and dispersion time and larvicidal activity test using a post-test control group design where the test group was divided into six groups, namely positive control (Abate®), negative control (placebo), treatment with extract concentrations of 0.18%; 0.24% and 0.48%. The results of the phytochemical test showed that the extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, while the granule test showed a water content of 3.02%, a flow rate of 2.07 g/second, and a dispersion time of 2.31 minutes. The granule concentration of 0.48% had a larvicidal activity of 98.67%, significantly different from placebo (p<0.05) and not significantly different from Abate (p>0.05). In conclusion, the chloroform extract granules of red betel leaves have larvicidal activity with an LC50 of 0.276% and an LC90 of 0.381% against Aedes aegypti larvae. Keywords: Aedes agypti, extract, granule, larvacidered betel

HUKUM ADAT SEBAGAI SARANA PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP TEMBAWANG PADA SUB SUKU DAYAK TOBAG KALIMANTAN BARAT Seko, Salfius; Lolita, Lolita; Soa, Alfonsus Hendri
Bina Hukum Lingkungan Vol. 8 No. 1 (2023): Bina Hukum Lingkungan, Volume 8, Nomor 1, Oktober 2023
Publisher : Asosiasi Pembina Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia (PHLI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24970/bhl.v8i1.243

ABSTRAKTembawang atau lebih dikenal sebagai temawak pada sub suku Dayak Tobag merupakan kebun yang ditanami beraneka macam buah-buahan terkadang juga ditanami pohon tertentu, misalnya ulin, sungkai, dan lain sebagainya. Tembawang ini yang memiliki banyak fungsi, baik fungsi ekologis ekonomis, sosial budaya bahkan juga menjadi simbol identitas etnisitas dan keluarga. Saat ini keberadaannya “darurat “ baik eksistensi dan keberlangsungannya. Berdasarkan kenyataan tersebut, maka kajian ini memfokuskan pada permasalahan utama, yakni bagaimana perlindungan terhadap keberadaan tembawang pada sub suku Dayak Tobag? Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif eksploratif dan pendekatan action research dengan metode FGD. Penggunaan kedua metode tersebut dengan pertimbangan untuk melakukan pendalaman dan akurasi data terhadap kajian yang dilakukan. Sedangkan implementasi penelitian ini menggunakan metode FGD adalah bentuk aksi masyarakat dalam merekonstruksi dirinya ketika menghadapi suatu permasalahan sesuai kearifan lokal yang hidup dalam masyarakat. Keberadaan tembawang pada masyarakat sub suku Dayak Tobag yang terus mengalami penyusutan dari tahun ke tahun, baik secara kualitas maupun kuantitas, dikarenakan alih fungsi lahan secara masif dan dampak dari pembangunan yang tidak berbasis pada konsep ekologis. Di samping kedua faktor tersebut, ketiadaan regulasi yang memberi perlindungan terhadap tembawang berkontribusi cukup besar penyusutan areal tembawang tersebut. Untuk itu, kajian ini menjadi penting guna mendorong adanya pengakuan dan perlindungan secara de facto dan de jure, baik pada masyarakat adat maupun oleh negara. Adanya aturan adat dan peraturan di tingkat desa dapat menjadi solusi di tingkat basis untuk memberi perlindungan minimum terhadap keberadaan tembawang.Kata kunci: ketentuan hukum adat; perlindungan hukum; tembawang. ABSTRACTTembawang or better known as temawak in the Tobag Dayak sub-tribe is a garden planted with various kinds of fruits, sometimes certain trees are also planted, such as ironwood, sungkai, and so on. This Tembawang has many functions, both ecological, economic, socio-cultural and even as a symbol of ethnic identity and family. Currently its existence is "emergency" both its existence and sustainability. Based on this fact, this study focuses on the main problem, namely how to protect the existence of tembawang in the Tobag Dayak sub-tribe? The research method used is explorative qualitative and an action research approach with the FGD method. The use of these two methods is with the consideration of deepening and accuracy of the data for the studies conducted. While the implementation of this research using the FGD method is a form of community action in reconstructing themselves when facing a problem according to local wisdom that lives in society. The existence of tembawang in the Tobag Dayak sub-tribe community continues to experience depreciation from year to year, both in quality and quantity, due to massive land conversion and the impact of development that is not based on ecological concepts. In addition to these two factors, the absence of regulations that provide protection for tembawang has contributed significantly to the reduction in the tembawang area. For this reason, this study is important to encourage de facto and de jure recognition and protection, both for indigenous peoples and by the state. The existence of customary rules and regulations at the village level can be a solution at the base level to provide minimum protection against the existence of tembawang.Keywords: customary law; legal protection; tembawang.

The Meaning of Religiosity of The Munjong Traditional Ceremony Seko, Salfius; Soa, Alfonsus Hendri; Lolita, Lolita
International Journal Ethnic, Racial and Cultural Heritage Vol 1, No 2 (2024): January 2024
Publisher : Universitas Tanjungpura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/ijerch.v1i2.75936

The expression of gratitude of the Dayak Tobag community to Jebata is expressed in the form of gratitude called Munjong. Munjong has a meaning as an expression of gratitude for all gifts, fortune / harvest, protection and welfare as well as a form of restoration of relationships that have been damaged due to human behaviour in relation to the cosmos. The purpose of this research is to understand the religio magical meaning of the munjong traditional ceremony from the perspective of Dayak Tobag. This research uses empirical/sociological legal research methods using a phenomenological approach and hermeneutic theory so that it is known that the Dayak Tobag people see everything as a gift, a gift and everything that exists is centred and there is someone who makes it, namely SANG-ADA who makes everything exist and is the centre of everything that exists. All events and activities in relation to nature (cosmos) and humans in the Tobag Dayak community are seen in a transcendental dimension culminating in an expression of gratitude. The expression of gratitude in the Tobag Dayak perspective is manifested in a traditional Munjong ceremony.

HUKUM ADAT SEBAGAI SARANA PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP TEMBAWANG PADA SUB SUKU DAYAK TOBAG KALIMANTAN BARAT Seko, Salfius; Lolita, Lolita; Soa, Alfonsus Hendri
Bina Hukum Lingkungan Vol. 8 No. 1 (2023): Bina Hukum Lingkungan, Volume 8, Nomor 1, Oktober 2023
Publisher : Asosiasi Pembina Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia (PHLI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24970/bhl.v8i1.243

ABSTRAKTembawang atau lebih dikenal sebagai temawak pada sub suku Dayak Tobag merupakan kebun yang ditanami beraneka macam buah-buahan terkadang juga ditanami pohon tertentu, misalnya ulin, sungkai, dan lain sebagainya. Tembawang ini yang memiliki banyak fungsi, baik fungsi ekologis ekonomis, sosial budaya bahkan juga menjadi simbol identitas etnisitas dan keluarga. Saat ini keberadaannya “darurat “ baik eksistensi dan keberlangsungannya. Berdasarkan kenyataan tersebut, maka kajian ini memfokuskan pada permasalahan utama, yakni bagaimana perlindungan terhadap keberadaan tembawang pada sub suku Dayak Tobag? Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif eksploratif dan pendekatan action research dengan metode FGD. Penggunaan kedua metode tersebut dengan pertimbangan untuk melakukan pendalaman dan akurasi data terhadap kajian yang dilakukan. Sedangkan implementasi penelitian ini menggunakan metode FGD adalah bentuk aksi masyarakat dalam merekonstruksi dirinya ketika menghadapi suatu permasalahan sesuai kearifan lokal yang hidup dalam masyarakat. Keberadaan tembawang pada masyarakat sub suku Dayak Tobag yang terus mengalami penyusutan dari tahun ke tahun, baik secara kualitas maupun kuantitas, dikarenakan alih fungsi lahan secara masif dan dampak dari pembangunan yang tidak berbasis pada konsep ekologis. Di samping kedua faktor tersebut, ketiadaan regulasi yang memberi perlindungan terhadap tembawang berkontribusi cukup besar penyusutan areal tembawang tersebut. Untuk itu, kajian ini menjadi penting guna mendorong adanya pengakuan dan perlindungan secara de facto dan de jure, baik pada masyarakat adat maupun oleh negara. Adanya aturan adat dan peraturan di tingkat desa dapat menjadi solusi di tingkat basis untuk memberi perlindungan minimum terhadap keberadaan tembawang.Kata kunci: ketentuan hukum adat; perlindungan hukum; tembawang. ABSTRACTTembawang or better known as temawak in the Tobag Dayak sub-tribe is a garden planted with various kinds of fruits, sometimes certain trees are also planted, such as ironwood, sungkai, and so on. This Tembawang has many functions, both ecological, economic, socio-cultural and even as a symbol of ethnic identity and family. Currently its existence is "emergency" both its existence and sustainability. Based on this fact, this study focuses on the main problem, namely how to protect the existence of tembawang in the Tobag Dayak sub-tribe? The research method used is explorative qualitative and an action research approach with the FGD method. The use of these two methods is with the consideration of deepening and accuracy of the data for the studies conducted. While the implementation of this research using the FGD method is a form of community action in reconstructing themselves when facing a problem according to local wisdom that lives in society. The existence of tembawang in the Tobag Dayak sub-tribe community continues to experience depreciation from year to year, both in quality and quantity, due to massive land conversion and the impact of development that is not based on ecological concepts. In addition to these two factors, the absence of regulations that provide protection for tembawang has contributed significantly to the reduction in the tembawang area. For this reason, this study is important to encourage de facto and de jure recognition and protection, both for indigenous peoples and by the state. The existence of customary rules and regulations at the village level can be a solution at the base level to provide minimum protection against the existence of tembawang.Keywords: customary law; legal protection; tembawang.

PENDAPAT ULAMA TERHADAP HAK AHLI WARIS AL-KHUNTSA (KELAMIN GANDA) PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM DI KABUPATEN SAMBAS Anisa, Kholifatun; Djunâ€™astuti, Erni; Agus, Agus; Lolita, Lolita
Tanjungpura Legal Review Vol 2, No 2 (2024): Tanjungpura Legal Review
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Tanjungpura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/tlr.v2i2.77755

ABSTRACTThe aim of this research is to obtain data and information, law, legal status, and opinions of ulama regarding the rights of heirs of al-khuntsa (ambiguous genitalia) who have undergone surgery as women but whose subsequent biological development has become men in the perspective of Islamic law in Regency society. Sambas. This research uses descriptive empirical legal research methods with direct communication techniques in the form of interviews. The results of the research reached that if clarity on khuntsa affairs is no longer awaited then khuntsa takes the middle ground between the men's part and the women's part. So if the heir is an al-khuntsa who has had surgery as a woman then she is counted as a woman, and vice versa. The law for al-khuntsa who have undergone surgery is permitted to undergo genital surgery with the aim of repair or perfection so that it has an impact on the al-khuntsa itself, namely gaining clarity on its identity or legal status. The legal status for al-khuntsa heirs must be adjusted to the condition or genitals that occurred after surgery or the last surgery. Therefore, the scholars in Sambas Regency agree that al-khuntsa (ambiguous genitalia) who have undergone surgery as women but whose subsequent biological development becomes men (grow a mustache, beard, Adam's apple, deep voice, broad chest and broad shoulders ) suggested doing the operation again to get clarity on identity. So if the al-khuntsa undergoes surgery once again to become a man, he will each receive 1 share along with his brothers, but if the khuntsa does not undergo the operation again, he will still be counted as a woman, in accordance with KHI article 176, namely the share boys are two to one with girls.ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkan data dan informasi, hukum, status hukum, serta pendapat ulama terhadap hak ahli waris al-khuntsa (kelamin ganda) yang telah melakukan operasi sebagai perempuan tetapi perkembangan biologis selanjutnya menjadi laki-laki dalam perspektif hukum Islam di masyarakat Kabupaten Sambas. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum empiris yang bersifat deskriptif dengan teknik komunikasi langsung berupa wawancara. Hasil penelitian yang dicapai bahwa apabila kejelasan urusan khuntsa tidak ditunggu lagi maka khuntsa mengambil pertengahan antara bagian laki-laki dan bagian perempuan. Sehingga jika ahli waris adalah al-khuntsa yang sudah melakukan operasi sebagai perempuan maka dihitung sebagai perempuan, begitu pun sebaliknya. Hukum bagi al-khuntsa yang telah melakukan operasi diperbolehkan melakukan operasi kelamin dengan tujuan untuk perbaikan atau penyempurnaan sehingga memberikan dampak bagi al-khuntsa nya sendiri yakni mendapatkan kejelasan identitas ataupun status hukumnya. Status hukum bagi ahli waris al-khuntsa ialah harus disesuaikan dengan kondisi atau alat kelamin yang terakhir pasca operasi atau operasi terakhir. Oleh karena itu, Para ulama yang ada di Kabupaten Sambas sepakat bahwa al-khuntsa (kelamin ganda) yang sudah melakukan operasi sebagai perempuan tetapi perkembangan biologis selanjutnya menjadi laki-laki (tumbuh kumis, janggut, jakun, suara berat, dada bidang dan bahu lebar) menyarankan untuk melakukan operasi sekali lagi untuk mendapatkan kejelasan identitas. Sehingga jika al-khuntsa tersebut melakukan operasi sekali lagi menjadi laki-laki maka akan mendapat masing-masing 1 bagian bersama saudara laki-lakinya, namun jika khuntsa tidak melakukan operasi sekali lagi, akan tetap terhitung sebagai perempuan maka sesuai dengan KHI pasal 176 yakni bagian anak laki-laki adalah dua berbanding satu dengan anak perempuan.

A Legal Protection Model For Handling Human Trafficking in West Kalimantan Border Azizurrahman, Syarif hasyim; Ismawati, Sri; Lolita, Lolita; Elyta, Elyta
Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum Vol. 23 No. 1 (2024): Pena Justisia
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Pekalongan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31941/pj.v23i1.3632

Although it is a highly serious human crime, people trafficking still occurs, particularly in West Kalimantan's border region. West Kalimantan's border region has seen a variety of attempts to reduce human trafficking, yet the practice persists still. There is a need for a solution or model that can lessen instances of human trafficking in the West Kalimantan border region, carried out so that the parties involved are unaware of it.This study aims to develop an appropriate model for legal protection to deal with human trafficking at the border West Kalimantan. Methods of the Research, The research will be conducted at the Polres in the Sajingan and Biawak border regions, as stated in the research title. The Sajingan Besar sector's Resort Police and Border Communities are two sources of crime prevention strategies based on legal requirements, The study's findings serve as a model for public protection from human trafficking activities from the perspective of the role of law enforcement officials, the police in the border regions of Sajingan and Biawak, in particular, to combat the crime of trafficking in persons, conduct investigations, and look into cases of human trafficking that happened in the border regions of Sambas Regency, particularly Sajin. The criminal law (penal) is used by the authorities as a model of legal protection to stop human trafficking. However, there is still human trafficking that takes place. Because there are still several barriers to sentencing that do not take into account the elements of a crime. The unlawful behavior in place does not yet constitute the TIP factor. Using criminal law policies and cultural norms to carry out criminal crimes like human trafficking, protecting the public, and implementing coordination with illegal law enforcement policies all help to enhance efforts to combat corruption

Tacrolimus outcomes in adult kidney transplants: a decade review Lolita, Lolita; Isrovanigoro, Isrovanigoro; Puspitasari, Metalia; Wang, Zijie
International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) Vol 15, No 1: March 2026
Publisher : Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26879

Tacrolimus remains a principal immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplantation, yet its reported efficacy and safety vary due to differences in study design, treatment regimens, and patient characteristics. Objectives: To summarize recent evidence on the clinical performance of tacrolimus in adult kidney transplant recipients and identify factors contributing to variability in outcomes. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed as the primary database because of its comprehensive indexing of clinical and pharmacological studies relevant to transplant immunosuppression. Additional databases were screened to ensure completeness. Studies published between 2015 and 2025 were searched using predefined keywords. Of 91 open-access articles identified, 19 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Results: Reported clinical outcomes demonstrated wide variability across studies. Acute rejection ranged from 0-18.8%, while biopsy-proven acute rejection varied substantially (0-85%). Graft loss occurred in 0-15% of recipients and mortality in 0-8%. Major adverse events were also heterogeneous, including cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (0-16.9%), new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) (0-22.8%), and tremor (3-28.6%). Variability in findings was largely influenced by differences in study methodology, concomitant immunosuppressive protocols, monitoring practices, population characteristics, and limited ethnic diversity, as most participants were Caucasian. Tacrolimus maintains a strong efficacy-safety profile in adult kidney transplantation. Future studies with more diverse populations, standardized therapeutic drug monitoring, and longer follow-up durations are required to enhance generalizability and support individualized immunosuppressive management.

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