Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital

VARIABILITY IN THE NATURAL TERMITE RESISTANCE OF PLANTATION TEAK WOOD AND ITS RELATIONS WITH WOOD EXTRACTIVE CONTENT AND COLOR PROPERTIES Lukmandaru, Ganis
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol 8, No 1 (2011): Journal of Forestry Research
Publisher : Secretariat of Forestry Research and Development Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Property of natural termite resistance of teak (Tectona grandis)wood signifies one of its most important characteristics. With the purpose of understanding the variation in such resistance, four teak trees in the form of trunk (stem) from Randublatung , Central Java were randomly selected, and each wood portion sampled in radial and axial direction. Extractive content and color properties of the teak wood were also measured and correlated with properties of its natural termite resistance. Bioassay test was conducted by no-choice feeding method using Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe termites. The extractive contents were determined by successive extraction using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively. Color properties were measured with the CIELAB system. Results showed that antitermitic activity of the teak wood was affected by radial and axial position in the corresponding tree. The wood from middle part of the trees in axial direction exhibited the most resistant to termites (mean mass loss = 1- 4 mg ), while in radial direction the sapwood exhibited the least resistance ( greatest mass loss), and moving inward to the near-pith heartwood the resistance tended to decrease somewhat (slight increase of mass loss). Heartwood and sapwood part differed significantly in ethyl acetate and methanol- soluble extractive contents. Apparently, the greater the ethyl-acetate-soluble extractives (EEC) then the higher the termite resistant (lower mass loss), and conversely the greater the methanol- soluble extractive (MEC) then the lower the termite resistant ( greater mass loss). The brightness index (L*) and redness index (a*) varied significantly in radial direction, however, no significant variation was found in color properties within the heartwood. No strong degree correlation was measured between the mass loss due to termite activity and extractive content parameters. In both heartwood and sapwood, a significant negative correlation (r = -0.50) was found between the mass loss and redness (a*), while correspondingly a significant positive correlation (r = +0.54) occurred between brightness and mass loss. These occurring phenomena strongly suggested that the red colored teak wood was brought about by the moderately polar EEC (e.g. tannin, quinone, and other polyphenol) that inflicted teak-wood resistance against termite (lower mass loss), while the bright-colored teak wood was due to the highly polar MEC (e.g sugar and other soluble carbohydrate) which were conversely responsible for lowering termite resistance ( greater mass loss).

Sifat Kimia dari Kayu Shorea Retusa, Shorea Macroptera, dan Shorea Macrophylla Yunanta, Rohmatus Rizqy Kisna; Lukmandaru, Ganis; Fernandes, Andrian
Jurnal Penelitian Ekosistem Dipterokarpa Vol 8, No 1 (2014): Jurnal Penelitian Dipterokarpa
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Ekosistem Hutan Dipterokarpa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Kayu meranti merah berpotensi sangat tinggi untuk digunakan sebagai alternatif bahan baku industri. Agar dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal, kayu meranti merah perlu diketahui sifat dasarnya, diantaranya sifat kimia kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi sifat kimia pada tiga jenis kayu meranti merah kurang dikenal. Pohon yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah Shorea retusa (SR) dan Shorea macroptera (ST) yang didapat dari PT. Hutan Sanggam Labanan Lestari, Berau, Kalimantan Timur, dan Shorea macrophylla (SP) yang didapat dari PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma, Seruyan, Kalimantan Tengah. Analisis kimia yang dilakukan mengacu pada standar ASTM. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan kadar ekstraktif etanol-toluena (KEET), air dingin (KEAD), dan air panas (KEAP) secara berurutan adalah 1,47%-16,09%, 1,37%-6,91%, 1,55%-8,14%. Kadar holoselulosa, alfa-selulosa, dan lignin secara berurutan adalah 63,16%-75,16%, 39,70%-48,33%, 24,35%-35,95%. Kemudian kelarutan dalam NaOH 1%, kadar abu, dan nilai pH secara berurutan adalah 19,33%-39,56%, 0,02%-1,40%, 4,59-8,39. Kadar alfa-selulosa, lignin, dan nilai pH tertinggi terdapat i pada SR, sedangkan KEAD, KEAP, dan kelarutan dalam NaOH 1% tertinggi diperlihatkan oleh ST. Selain itu, kadar holoselulosa dan abu tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh SP. Kadar holoselulosa dan kadar abu cenderung meningkat dari kayu teras ke kayu gubal pada variasi radial. Secara keseluruhan variasi aksial, KEET, KEAP, holoselulosa, lignin, dan kelarutan dalam NaOH 1% cenderung meningkat dari bagian pangkal ke ujung.

SIFAT KIMIA DAN WARNA KAYU KERUING, MERSAWA, DAN KAPUR Lukmandaru, Ganis; Fatimah, Siti; Fernandes, Andrian
Jurnal Penelitian Ekosistem Dipterokarpa Vol 1, No 2 (2015): Jurnal Penelitian Ekosistem Dipterokarpa
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Ekosistem Hutan Dipterokarpa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sifat kimia dan warna kayu keruing (Dipterocarpus humeratus), mersawa (Anisoptera laevis) dan kapur (Dryobalanops keithii) yang sampai saat ini relatif belum banyak diketahui. Sampel pohon diperoleh dari hutan Muara Wahau, Kalimantan Timur. Bagian gubal dan teras diperoleh dari bagian pangkal pohon. Pengujian komponen kimia mengacu pada standar ASTM. Pengukuran warna dilakukan melalui sistem koordinat CIELAB. Hasil pengukuran kadar ekstraktif di 3 spesies pada nilai kadar ekstraktif etanol-toluena (KEET) menunjukkan kisaran pada kayu bagian gubal (KG) 2,37-4,60 % dan teras (KT) 2,58-4,81 %, kelarutan dalam air panas (KAP) sebesar 2,14-6,49 % (KG) dan 1,14-5,77 % (KT), kadar kelarutan dalam air dingin (KAD) adalah 1,61-6,39 % (KG) dan 1,06-3,26 % (KT). Kecenderungan dari gubal ke teras menunjukkan adanya kenaikan nilai KEET, dan penurunan nilai KAP dan KAD. Pengukuran komponen dinding sel pada kadar lignin berkisar 27,39 â 33,29 % (KG) dan 25,77- 34,19 % (KT), kadar holoselulosa berkisar 70,50-73,73 % (KG) dan 65,94-74,84% (KT), sedangkan kadar Î±-selulosa berkisar 45,83-49,62 % (KG) dan 44,23-52,32 % (KT). Dari gubal ke teras, perbedaan nilai kadar lignin dan selulosa relatif kecil. Kelarutan dalam NaOH 1 % berkisar 12,06-17,07 (KG) dan 11,85-20,79 % (KT), kadar abu sekitar 0,72-3,64 % (KG) dan 0,74-4,73 % (KT), sedangkan nilai pH berkisar 5,56-8,02 (KG) dan 7,09-7,96 (KT). Untuk sifat warna, kisaran nilai indeks kecerahan (L*), kemerahan (a*), dan kekuningan (b*) pada bagian gubal adalah 48-53, 6-11, dan 9-20, secara berturutan,, sedangkan pada bagian teras masing-masing 40-49, 9-16, dan 14-18.

VARIABILITY IN THE NATURAL TERMITE RESISTANCE OF PLANTATION TEAK WOOD AND ITS RELATIONS WITH WOOD EXTRACTIVE CONTENT AND COLOR PROPERTIES Lukmandaru, Ganis
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol 8, No 1 (2011): Journal of Forestry Research
Publisher : Secretariat of Forestry Research and Development Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/ijfr.2011.8.1.17-31

Property of natural termite resistance of teak (Tectona grandis)wood signifies one of its most important characteristics. With the purpose of understanding the variation in such resistance, four teak trees in the form of trunk (stem) from Randublatung , Central Java were randomly selected, and each wood portion sampled in radial and axial direction. Extractive content and color properties of the teak wood were also measured and correlated with properties of its natural termite resistance. Bioassay test was conducted by no-choice feeding method using Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe termites. The extractive contents were determined by successive extraction using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively. Color properties were measured with the CIELAB system. Results showed that antitermitic activity of the teak wood was affected by radial and axial position in the corresponding tree. The wood from middle part of the trees in axial direction exhibited the most resistant to termites (mean mass loss = 1- 4 mg ), while in radial direction the sapwood exhibited the least resistance ( greatest mass loss), and moving inward to the near-pith heartwood the resistance tended to decrease somewhat (slight increase of mass loss). Heartwood and sapwood part differed significantly in ethyl acetate and methanol- soluble extractive contents. Apparently, the greater the ethyl-acetate-soluble extractives (EEC) then the higher the termite resistant (lower mass loss), and conversely the greater the methanol- soluble extractive (MEC) then the lower the termite resistant ( greater mass loss). The brightness index (L*) and redness index (a*) varied significantly in radial direction, however, no significant variation was found in color properties within the heartwood. No strong degree correlation was measured between the mass loss due to termite activity and extractive content parameters. In both heartwood and sapwood, a significant negative correlation (r = -0.50) was found between the mass loss and redness (a*), while correspondingly a significant positive correlation (r = +0.54) occurred between brightness and mass loss. These occurring phenomena strongly suggested that the red colored teak wood was brought about by the moderately polar EEC (e.g. tannin, quinone, and other polyphenol) that inflicted teak-wood resistance against termite (lower mass loss), while the bright-colored teak wood was due to the highly polar MEC (e.g sugar and other soluble carbohydrate) which were conversely responsible for lowering termite resistance ( greater mass loss).

Evaluasi terhadap Stimulan Ethephon dalam Penyadapan Pinus merkusii (Evaluation on Ethephon Stimulant to Pinus merkusii Tapping) Lukmandaru, Ganis; Sunarta, Sigit; Listyanto, Tomy; Kasmudjo, Kasmudjo; Pujiarti, Rini; Widyorini, Ragil
Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis Vol 16, No 2 (2018): Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis
Publisher : Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (38.454 KB)

The aim of this study was to find out the effect of Ethephon, an ethylene releasing compound, in a combination with sulfuric acid resin production Pinus merkusii. The tested stimulants were ETRAT; SR4; 20% sulfuric acid; 20% sulfuric acid - Ethephon 2%; 3.3% sulfuric acid – 4.1% Ethephon; and sulfuric acid – 8.3% Ethephon. Trees without stimulant spraying were the controls. The results showed that for daily production, the first-day observation gave the highest value but decreased drastically after second-day observation in a varied degree depent on the stimulants. On the basis of accumulated production, the addition of Ethephon in a high or low level of sulfuric acid concentration exhibited significantly higher resin production compared to that of ETRAT; SR4; and 20% sulfuric acid stimulants as well as control trees. It increased resin production by 98.0-150.6% compared to control trees in class age of VII and increased by 140.9-227.1% in class age of IV stands. Moderate significant correlations (r=0.65) were observed between the values of resin production and tree diameter (controls) as well as between the values of resin production and tree diameter of trees treated by sulfuric acid stimulants (r=0.65-0.82).Keywords : class age, ethylene, quarre, resin production, tree diameter

Alkaline Pulping of Red Meranti (Shorea selanica Blume) Lukmandaru, Ganis; Setiaji, Fajar; Warahapsari, Ayu
Wood Research Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2014): Wood Research Journal
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51850/wrj.2014.5.2.57-64

The suitability for papermaking of red meranti (Shorea selanica Blume) wood for three alkaline pulping processes i.e soda, soda-anthraquinone (AQ), and kraft was studied. The ﬁber morphology and chemical properties were also examined. Cooks were made for 20% (as Na2O) activate alkali. The resulting pulp and paper properties were investigated. The basic density of red meranti was 0.42 g/cm3 and can be classified to be of medium density. The fibre proportion (67.14%) and fibre length (1.07 mm) of red meranti in this study were within the range of tropical hardwoods. The derived values for Runkel ratio, slender ratio, and flexibility coefficient were 0.54, 54.93, and 0.62, respectively. Furthermore, total extractives, lignin, and cellulose contents as well as solubility in 1% NaOH were 5.17%, 31.05%, 45.20%, and 26.02%, respectively. The alkaline pulps showed low kappa number (16~22) and reject level (0.5~1.5%) with the best results for screened yield (47.41%) being achieved in soda pulping. With regard to strength and optical properties of the paper hand-sheets, soda-AQ pulping showed the highest value in burst index (2.36 KPa m2/g), tear index (8.47 + 1.13 mNm2/g), and brightness (19.81%), whereas kraft pulping gave the best result in tensile index (28.39 Nm/g). The comparatively low values of yield and strength properties in kraft pulping might be due to overcooking in this experiment.

Inter-tree Variation in Chemical Components of North Sumatra Benzoin Gum (Styrax sp.) Harliando, Bagus Praditya; Sukadaryati, Sukadaryati; Lukmandaru, Ganis
Wood Research Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2014): Wood Research Journal
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51850/wrj.2014.5.2.46-50

Benzoin gum, which is known as Sumatra benzoin (Styrax sp), is widely used as an ingredient in the incense. Although these resins are widely used as ﬂavours and fragrances, no studies have been made on inter-tree variation of its chemical composition. Therefore, benzoin gum samples were tapped from the 30 individual trees (age 10 years, 9~35 cm in diameter) grown in the community forest of Polung, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, North Sumatra. The gum chemical components were analyzed by GC-MS and identified by comparing the fragmentation pattern with the standard components and literature studies. It was found that the major compounds detected by GC-MS were cinnamic acid (51.48%), cinnamyl cinnamate (62.56%), benzoic acid (1.94%), chavicol (5.18%), benzyl cinnamic acid (7.8%), atropic acid (9.84%), and vanillin (1.47%). Two main constituents that were always detected from 30 benzoin trees were chavicol and cinnamic acid, followed by cinnamyl cinnamate (28 trees) and benzoic acid (14 trees). By cluster analysis, 30 samples of benzoin gum can be classified into clusters I - III based on the average chemical components. Cluster I consisted of 7 individual trees with a higher percentage of benzoic acid and chavicol but lower concentration of cinnamic acid compared to other clusters. Cluster II consisted of 18 individual trees with a high percentage of cinnamyl cinnamate whereas clusters III consisted of 5 individual trees characterized with a high percentage of cinnamic acid. By Pearson correlation, it was observed that no significant correlation between the values of diameter and the amount of chemical components of benzoin gum.

Chemical investigation of methanol extracts of Swietenia mahagoni leaves and its antioxidant activity Masendra, Masendra; Purba, Brandon Aristo Verick; Arisandi, Rizki; Lukmandaru, Ganis
Wood Research Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2014): Wood Research Journal
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51850/wrj.2014.5.2.51-56

Swietenia mahagoni is among the species of trees used by the Indonesian Government for the purpose of afforestation and timber production through Perhutani Enterprise. The common use of this species as wood products has prompted investigating the chemical properties of its leaves. Based on this background, this study aimed at investigating the methanol extracts of both 2- and 3-year old S. mahagoni leaves extractives together with its antioxidants and phenols contents. The antioxidant activity was conducted through the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method, while the total phenolic and flavonoid content were measured through Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 methods, respectively. Additionally, 24 compounds were characterized by the GC-MS, and were grouped into phenolics, fatty acids and hydrocarbons, and terpenoids. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in both 2 and 3 years old leaves of S. mahagoni ranged from 36.4 ± 0.84 to 42.0 ± 0.18 mg GAE/g dried extract and from 2.24 ± 0.15 to 18.55 ± 1.05mg QE/g dried extract, respectively. Also, the antioxidant values were 66.45 ± 1.85% and 77.59 ±11.23%, respectively. Based on the results, the antioxidant activity of S. mahagoni leaves was indicated as a result of the presence of α-tocopherol and α-tocopherolquinone in the leaves extracts.

Alkaline Pulping of Red Meranti (Shorea selanica Blume) Lukmandaru, Ganis; Setiaji, Fajar; Warahapsari, Ayu
Wood Research Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2014): Wood Research Journal
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51850/wrj.2014.5.2.57-64

The suitability for papermaking of red meranti (Shorea selanica Blume) wood for three alkaline pulping processes i.e soda, soda-anthraquinone (AQ), and kraft was studied. The ﬁber morphology and chemical properties were also examined. Cooks were made for 20% (as Na2O) activate alkali. The resulting pulp and paper properties were investigated. The basic density of red meranti was 0.42 g/cm3 and can be classified to be of medium density. The fibre proportion (67.14%) and fibre length (1.07 mm) of red meranti in this study were within the range of tropical hardwoods. The derived values for Runkel ratio, slender ratio, and flexibility coefficient were 0.54, 54.93, and 0.62, respectively. Furthermore, total extractives, lignin, and cellulose contents as well as solubility in 1% NaOH were 5.17%, 31.05%, 45.20%, and 26.02%, respectively. The alkaline pulps showed low kappa number (16~22) and reject level (0.5~1.5%) with the best results for screened yield (47.41%) being achieved in soda pulping. With regard to strength and optical properties of the paper hand-sheets, soda-AQ pulping showed the highest value in burst index (2.36 KPa m2/g), tear index (8.47 + 1.13 mNm2/g), and brightness (19.81%), whereas kraft pulping gave the best result in tensile index (28.39 Nm/g). The comparatively low values of yield and strength properties in kraft pulping might be due to overcooking in this experiment.

Inter-tree Variation in Chemical Components of North Sumatra Benzoin Gum (Styrax sp.) Harliando, Bagus Praditya; Sukadaryati, Sukadaryati; Lukmandaru, Ganis
Wood Research Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2014): Wood Research Journal
Publisher : Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51850/wrj.2014.5.2.46-50

Benzoin gum, which is known as Sumatra benzoin (Styrax sp), is widely used as an ingredient in the incense. Although these resins are widely used as ﬂavours and fragrances, no studies have been made on inter-tree variation of its chemical composition. Therefore, benzoin gum samples were tapped from the 30 individual trees (age 10 years, 9~35 cm in diameter) grown in the community forest of Polung, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, North Sumatra. The gum chemical components were analyzed by GC-MS and identified by comparing the fragmentation pattern with the standard components and literature studies. It was found that the major compounds detected by GC-MS were cinnamic acid (51.48%), cinnamyl cinnamate (62.56%), benzoic acid (1.94%), chavicol (5.18%), benzyl cinnamic acid (7.8%), atropic acid (9.84%), and vanillin (1.47%). Two main constituents that were always detected from 30 benzoin trees were chavicol and cinnamic acid, followed by cinnamyl cinnamate (28 trees) and benzoic acid (14 trees). By cluster analysis, 30 samples of benzoin gum can be classified into clusters I - III based on the average chemical components. Cluster I consisted of 7 individual trees with a higher percentage of benzoic acid and chavicol but lower concentration of cinnamic acid compared to other clusters. Cluster II consisted of 18 individual trees with a high percentage of cinnamyl cinnamate whereas clusters III consisted of 5 individual trees characterized with a high percentage of cinnamic acid. By Pearson correlation, it was observed that no significant correlation between the values of diameter and the amount of chemical components of benzoin gum.

Title

Found 23 Documents
Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title Search

Found 23 Documents Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title

Found 23 Documents
Search