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Chitosan Concentration and Cross-linker Volume Effect on The Release Kinetic of Red Ginger Oleoresin Microcapsule in Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) Medium Jayanudin Jayanudin; Moh. Fahrurrozi; Sang Kompiang Wirawan; Rochmadi Rochmadi
Eksergi Vol 16, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Prodi Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknologi Industri, UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31315/e.v16i2.3088

Red ginger oleoresin contains components that can be used as antioxidants. Release kinetics studies are used to provide doses to achieve the desired drug concentration. The purpose of this study was to determine the release kinetics of red ginger oleoresin microcapsules based on changes in chitosan concentration and volume of cross-linker and determine the diffusion coefficient of red ginger oleoresin through microcapsule walls. Red ginger oleoresin microcapsules were prepared from a mixture of red ginger oleoresin in chitosan solution and stirred to form an emulsion. After that, it was added to corn oil and stirred again to form a second emulsion. Glutaraldehyde saturated toluene was added dropwise after finished added the 25% glutaraldehyde solution and remains stirred for 2 hours. Red ginger oleoresin microcapsules were separated and washed with petroleum ether and hexane, then dried in an oven. Microcapsules inserted in the release medium (simulated intestinal fluid) without enzymes, and then the samples were analyzed using a UV-vis spectrophotometer to determine the absorbance. The release kinetics models used were zero order, first order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Hixon-Crowell. The highest correlation coefficient (R2) was obtained from the Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics model, R2 = 0.73-0.85 with the value of n = 0.39-0.41. Based on the n value, the release mechanism of red ginger oleoresin microcapsules was Fickian diffusion. The diffusion coefficients obtained were 2,807 x 10-13 - 3,675 x 10-13 cm2 /sec.

Pengaruh Proses Pengeringan dan Konsentrasi Gliserol terhadap Karakteristik Mekanik Pektin Edible Film Widra Putri Juwita; Sang Kompiang Wirawan; Aswanti Mindaryani
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia "Kejuangan" 2019: PROSIDING SNTKK 2019
Publisher : Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan

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Analisis Permeasi Air pada Dehidrasi Osmosis Pepaya (Carica papaya) Sang Kompiang Wirawan; Natalia Anasta
agriTECH Vol 33, No 3 (2013)
Publisher : Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Fruit preservation using low temperature drying is commonly initiated by osmotic dehydration process. The osmotic time is strongly influenced by the water permeation from the fruit to the osmotic solution. This research aimed to study the osmotic dehydration process of papaya by finding out the permeation rate of water to the osmotic solution across a semi permeable membrane. The effect of temperature and osmotic solution concentration on the permeation rate were also observed. The osmotic temperatures were 30, 40, 50, and 60oC, and the osmotic solution concentration were 55, 60, 65, and 70%. In order to study the water permeation through the semi permeable membrane, a simple mass transfer mathematical models based on Fick’s and Van’t Hoff laws were applied. Generally, higher temperature and osmotic solution concentration, higher water permeation rate was achieved. The results also showed that osmotic dehydration has the same identity or characteristic as drying process at high temperature. The water removal from product slices into the osmotic solution increased by the increase of osmotic period. The mass transfer coefficient and effective diffusivity of water increased when temperature and osmotic solution concentration were increased. However, the membrane permeability has a special characteristic at the ranges conditions studied.ABSTRAKPengawetan buah dengan pengeringan suhu rendah pada umumnya diawali dengan proses dehidrasi osmosis. Lama waktu osmosis sangat dipengaruhi oleh permeasi air dari bahan ke larutan osmosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari proses dehidrasi osmosis dan kecepatan permeasi air dari pepaya ke larutan gula sebagai larutan osmosis melalui membran semipermeabel. Pengaruh suhu dan konsentrasi larutan osmosis terhadap kecepatan permeasi air juga diamati. Suhu osmosis adalah 30, 40, 50, dan 60oC, sedangkan konsentrasi larutan osmosis 55, 60, 65, dan 70%. Untuk mempelajari kecepatan permeasi air melalui membran, digunakan model matematis sederhana berdasar pada hukum Fick’s dan Van’t Hoff. Secara umum hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi suhu dan konsentrasi larutan osmosis kecepatan permeasi air juga semakin tinggi. Profil dehidrasi osmosis menunjukkan karakteristik yang sama dengan profil proses pengeringan suhu tinggi. Dengan bertambahnya waktu osmosis, air yang berpindah dari potongan pepaya ke dalam larutan osmosis juga semakin banyak. Pemodelan matematis memberikan gambaran bahwa koefisien transfer massa dan difusivitas efektif meningkat dengan naiknya suhu dan konsentrasi larutan osmosis Permeabilitas membran pada bahan menunjukkan karakteristik yang spesifik pada rentang kondisi operasi yang dipelajari.

Pengaruh Kadar Air Umpan dan Rasio C/N pada Produksi Biogas dari Sampah Organik Pasar Zuliyana; Sang Kompiang Wirawan; Wiratni Budhijanto; Rochim Bakti Cahyono
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 9, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Nowadays, Indonesia is facing serious problem related to the rapid generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and dependence on fossil energy. Converting organic content of MSW into biogas through biological process by mean of anaerobic digester is one of promising proposals to solve the MSW problem. In order to optimize biogas production, this research studies the effect of Total Solid (TS) content and ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) within organic fraction of MSW as raw material for biogas production. The organic fraction of MSW consists of vegetables and fruits waste which originated from traditional market. The experiments using various TS concentrations (10%, 15% and 20%) were conducted in batch reactors. The results showed that TS content of MSW raw material had significant effects on the total volume and CH4 concentration of biogas production. High water content in MSW raw material enhanced the hydrolysis of organic fraction as well as avoided the excessive Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) concentration which posed the risk of inhibition on the anaerobic process. Based on the results, the TS concentration of 10-15% in the organic MSW would offer an optimum yield of biogas production. In order to examine the effect of C/N ratio, the organic MSW was modified using ZA fertilizer (36, 30, 20 and 10 C/N ratios). The C/N ratios of 20-30 produced high amount biogas and CH4 concentration compared to others. The C/N ratio should be maintained at the optimum value to prevent the accumulation of free ammonia which could cause problems in the anaerobic process. Based on the results, the biogas production from organic MSW would yield the optimum biogas amount and CH4 concentration when the TS concentration and C/N ratio were 10-15% and 20-30, respectively. This outcome would give recommendation on the water addition to the raw organic fraction of MSW and C/N modification when converting the organic fraction of MSW to biogas. Keywords: biogas, C/N ratio, municipal solid waste, total solid. Permasalahan sampah dan ketergantungan akan energi fosil mendorong pemanfaatan sampah organik menjadi biogas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi Total Solid (TS) dan rasio C/N dari sampah kota sebagai bahan baku produksi biogas. Sampah kota berupa sayuran dan buah yang merupakan fraksi organik yang diperoleh dari pasar tradisional dan selanjutnya produksi biogas dilakukan dalam reaktor batch. Konsentrasi TS bahan baku divariasikan menjadi tiga variasi nilai TS yaitu 20%, 15% dan 10%. Konsentrasi TS pada bahan baku digester berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap jumlah akumulatif biogas yang dihasilkan dan kadar CH4. Diperlukan air dengan jumlah yang optimum untuk mempercepat proses hidrolisis sekaligus mencegah konsentrasi Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) terlalu tinggi yang beresiko inhibitor dalam sistem anaerob. Pada penelitian ini, untuk jenis sampah sayur/buah, nilai TS yang relatif baik adalah antara 10-15%. Modifikasi nilai rasio karbon terhadap nitrogen (C/N) dilakukan pada bahan baku dengan kadar TS optimum dimana nilai rasio C/N dimodifikasi menjadi 36 (rasio C/N orisinal TS optimum), 30, 20 dan 10. C/N ratio yang lebih rendah daripada nilai orisinalnya dicapai dengan penambahan pupuk ZA. Dalam penelitian ini, rasio C/N antara 20-30 memberikan hasil yang relatif paling baik dibandingkan nilai rasio C/N yang lain. Perlu dijaga agar nilai rasio C/N tidak terlalu rendah yang menyebabkan kinerja sistem anaerob justru lebih buruk. karena akumulasi ammonia bebas yang justru merupakan inhibitor. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, produksi biogas dari sampah buah dan sayur menunjukkan hasil yang optimum saat kisaran konsentrasi TS 10-15% dan rasio C/N 20-30. Hal ini memberikan rekomendasi jumlah penambahan air dan perlu tidaknya koreksi rasio C/N pada umpan bahan baku saat operasi skala industri. Kata kunci: biogas, rasio C/N, sampah kota, total solid.

PENGARUH RASIO ISOPROPIL ALKOHOL TERHADAP RECOVERY DAN KARAKTERISTIK SERBUK PEKTIN DARI KULIT KAKAO Venitalitya A. S. Augustia; Dian Ika Nugraha; Sang Kompiang Wirawan
Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU Vol 7, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Universitas Sumatera Utara

Cocoa is a fruit crop which is able to be planted in tropical climate, e.g. Indonesia. Generally, people only take the flesh of cocoa fruit and the peel is removed so that it will increase the volume of waste. The cocoa peel contains useful compounds for food and pharmaceutical industries, such as pectin. Hence, a research to increase the pectin retrieval quality from cocoa peel is needed in order to utilize the useful cocoa waste. Methods used in this research is solid-liquid extraction with water as solvent in the presence of acid (HCl). The process of making pectin powder is done through several steps here: (1) Raw material preparation, (2) Pectin extraction, and (3) Analysis of pectin powder. The extraction process is done at temperature of 70℃ for 90 minutes with the pH of the solvent is 1.5. The variation is done on the ratio of volume of isopropyl alcohol to the retrieved pectin. The result of the research shows that the recovery of pectin is at its peak at 6.50% with the percentage of water at 5,82%, equivalent weight of 6454,5242, metoxyl percentage of 5,76%, galacturonate percentage of 35,45%, and esterification level of 92,31%. The best quality of pectin, determined by the highest value of characterization, is obtained when the ratio of the filtrate to the volume of isopropyl alcohol is 1:1.

PELUANG OLEORESIN JAHE SEBAGAI SUMBER BAHAN BAKU BERKELANJUTAN UNTUK OBAT-OBATAN Jayanudin Jayanudin; Rochmadi Rochmadi; Mohammad Fahrurrozi; Sang Kompiang Wirawan
JURNAL INTEGRASI PROSES VOLUME 8 NOMOR 2 DESEMBER 2019
Publisher : JURNAL INTEGRASI PROSES

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36055/jip.v8i2.6776

Jahe oleoresin adalah produk dari rimpang jahe melalui proses ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut organik. Komponen aktif oleoresin jahe adalah sama dengan rimpang jahe seperti gingerol dan zingiberene sementara shogaol diperoleh dari proses dehidrasi selama penyimpanan dan ekstraksi. Bahan aktif seperti gingerol, shogaol, zingiberene dapat digunakan sebagai antioksidan, antiinflamasi, antimikroba, dan antikanker. Jahe oleoresin memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai bahan baku alami dan berkelanjutan untuk industri farmasi

Problem Solving of Isopropyl Alcohol – Water Azeotropic Characteristics Using Packed (Natural Zeolite) Bed Adsorber Laras Prasakti; Muhammad Hartono; Pandu Prabowo Jati; Muhammad Fajar Setiaji; Sang Kompiang Wirawan; Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo
ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development Vol. 37 No. 1 (2020): Earth, Water & Fire
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29037/ajstd.611

The adsorption kinetics of water from an azeotropic mixture of isopropyl alcohol and water using chemically activated natural zeolites with and without a binder (starch) was investigated. In addition, an investigation of the compressive strength of zeolite pellets was conducted to ascertain the performance of the adsorbent for long-term operation. Three parameters were applied in the zeolite-making process: the particle size of zeolite (20, 30, 50, and 80 mesh), the sintering temperature (550, 750, and 1,000°C), the compaction pressure (2, 4, and 6 tonnes), and the starch-to-zeolite weight ratio (0, 1:3, 1:5, and 1:7). Initial screenings indicated that the strongest zeolite pellet was 80-mesh zeolite powder (without starch addition) that was compacted using 6 tonnes pressure and was sintered at 750°C. The adsorption tests using the strongest zeolite were conducted in a packed-bed column for three cycles, followed by compressive strength tests on the zeolite pellets after each cycle. According to the experimental data, zeolite pellets made without the addition of starch could adsorb up to 98.4% of the initial water in the mixture. From the four models proposed to describe the kinetics of adsorption of water from the mixture, the Freundlich model turned out to be the best model.

Evaluasi Nilai Difusivitas Ion Kalsium & Magnesium pada Proses "Low Salinity Waterflood" di Batuan Berea Yusmardhany Yusuf; Suryo Purwono; Sang Kompiang Wirawan
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 11, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.28890

In recent years Low Salinity Waterflood (LSW) had been supposed as trusty method to improve oil recovery and the most essential aspect is a alteration of divalent ion concentration in reservoir pore volume as a respon LSW. The objective of this paper are to find divalent diffusivity constant (Ca2+ and Mg2+) in berea sandstone by ionsmass conservation equation along with Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) as validation. The study was conducted at 2 berea core having porosity : 0.235 and 0.230 and permeability : 661 mD and 550 mD, we use synthetic formation water accordance to "LN" field property. Experiment was treated by by diluting Ca2+ up to 79% from its original value and by diluting Mg2+ up to 95% from its original value while other ion were maintained fit to their original value. As a result we got difusion constant 0.0620 cm2.min-1 and 0.2667 cm2.min-1for Ca2+ and Mg2+, respectively.ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai metode low salinity waterflood (LSW) dalam beberapa tahun terakhir mengalami perkembangan yang cukup pesat. Salah satu aspek esensial dalam metode tersebut adalah respon perubahan konsentrasi ion divalent dalam ruang pori reservoir. Penelitan ini bertujuan mencari konstanta difusivitas ion kalsium dan magnesium pada batuan Berea sandstone. Konstanta difusivitas dihitung menggunakan persamaan konservasi massa dan ditinjau secara difusi yang divalidasi oleh atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Penelitian dilakukan pada 2 batuan Berea dengan porositas masing-masing: 661 mD dan 550 mD. Air formasi dibuat secara sintetik sesuai data lapangan "LN". Eksperimen difusivitas Ca2+ dilakukan dengan pengenceran hingga 79% dari konsentrasi awal. Sedangkan eksperimen Mg2+ dilakukan dengan pengenceran hingga 95% dari konsentrasi awal. Sementara itu ion lain diatur tetap sesuai konsentrasi awal. Dari hasil percobaan didapat konstanta difusivitas Ca2+ sebesar 0,0620 cm2/menitdan Mg2+ sebesar 0,2667 cm2/menit.

Persamaan Empiris Sederhana untuk Memprediksikan Ukuran Partikel dari Enkapsulasi Oleoresin Jahe Merah Jayanudin Jayanudin; Rochmadi Rochmadi; Moh. Fahrurrozi; Sang Kompiang Wirawan
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 14, No 2 (2018): September
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.14.2.17076.178-192

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan persamaan empiris dari bilangan tak berdimensi untuk memprediksikan ukuran mikrokapsul oleoresin jahe merah. Metode enkapsulasi yang digunakan adalah crosslink emulsi dengan kitosan sebagai penyalut dan glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) sebagai agen crosslink. Oleoresin jahe merah dan kitosan dengan konsentrasi 1, 2, 3 dan 4% (w/v) diaduk dengan kecepatan 10.000 rpm untuk membentuk emulsi, kemudian dimasukan dalam minyak jagung dan diaduk kembali untuk membentuk emulsi kedua. Sebanyak 10 mL glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) sebagai agen crosslink ditambahkan secara bertahap. Setelah itu, ditambahkan larutan glutaraldehida 25% dan terus diaduk selama 2 jam. Mikrokapsul dipisahkan dan dicuci dengan petroleum eter dan heksan, kemudian dikeringkan dalam oven dengan suhu 70 °C. Dengan cara yang sama digunakan untuk membuat mikrokapsul pada kecepatan pengadukan 5.000, 8.000 dan 15.000 rpm. Ukuran diameter mikrokapsul dianalisis menggunakan mikroskop digital. Persamaan empiris dari bilangan tak berdimensi Reynolds (Re) dan Ohnesorge (Oh) dibuat untuk memprediksikan diameter mikrokapsul. Data dari variabel perubahan konsentrasi kitosan dan kecepatan pengadukan dapat menghasilkan persamaan empiris dari bilangan Reynolds (Re) dan Ohnesorge (Oh). Konstanta yang dihasilkan adalah = 422,06, = 0,37 dan = -0,18. Berdasarkan perbandingan antara data diameter penelitian dan hasil perhitungan didapat % kesalahan sebesar 8,05% untuk pengaruh konsentrasi kitosan dan 7,52% untuk pengaruh kecepatan pengadukan.A Simple Empirical Equation for Predicting Particle Size from Encapsulation of Red Ginger Oleoresin. This study aims to determine the empirical equations of the dimensionless number to predict the diameter size of red ginger oleoresin microcapsules. The encapsulation method used is crosslinking emulsion with chitosan as coating and glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) as a crosslinking agent. Red ginger oleoresin and chitosan with concentrations of 1, 2, 3 and 4% (w/v) were stirred at 10,000 rpm to form emulsions, and then added to the corn oil and stirred again to form a second emulsion. The 10 mL of glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) as a crosslinking agent was added gradually. After that, a 25% glutaraldehyde solution was added and stirred for 2 hour. Microcapsules were separated and washed with petroleum ether and hexane, then dried in an oven at a temperature 70 °C. The same step, the microcapsules were made at stirring speed of 5,000; 8,000; and 15,000 rpm. The size of the microcapsule diameter was analyzed using a digital microscope. The empirical equations of the dimensionless numbers Reynolds (Re) and Ohnesorge (Oh) are made to predict the microcapsule diameter. The data from the chitosan concentration change and stirring speeds could produce the empirical equations of the Reynolds and Ohnesorge numbers. The resulting constants were = 422.06, = 0.37 dan = -0.18. By comparing the data diameter of the research and calculation results obtained % error of 8.05% for the influence of chitosan concentration and 7.52% for the effect of stirring speed.

PENGARUH RASIO ISOPROPIL ALKOHOL TERHADAP RECOVERY DAN KARAKTERISTIK SERBUK PEKTIN DARI KULIT KAKAO Venitalitya A. S. Augustia; Dian Ika Nugraha; Sang Kompiang Wirawan
Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU Vol. 7 No. 2 (2018): Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU
Publisher : Talenta Publisher (Universitas Sumatera Utara)

Cocoa is a fruit crop which is able to be planted in tropical climate, e.g. Indonesia. Generally, people only take the flesh of cocoa fruit and the peel is removed so that it will increase the volume of waste. The cocoa peel contains useful compounds for food and pharmaceutical industries, such as pectin. Hence, a research to increase the pectin retrieval quality from cocoa peel is needed in order to utilize the useful cocoa waste. Methods used in this research is solid-liquid extraction with water as solvent in the presence of acid (HCl). The process of making pectin powder is done through several steps here: (1) Raw material preparation, (2) Pectin extraction, and (3) Analysis of pectin powder. The extraction process is done at temperature of 70℃ for 90 minutes with the pH of the solvent is 1.5. The variation is done on the ratio of volume of isopropyl alcohol to the retrieved pectin. The result of the research shows that the recovery of pectin is at its peak at 6.50% with the percentage of water at 5,82%, equivalent weight of 6454,5242, metoxyl percentage of 5,76%, galacturonate percentage of 35,45%, and esterification level of 92,31%. The best quality of pectin, determined by the highest value of characterization, is obtained when the ratio of the filtrate to the volume of isopropyl alcohol is 1:1.

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