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Styrofoam Waste as Partial Pen 60/70 Binder Replacement in AC-BC Marshall Characteristics Lestari, Cinta Ayu; Bahri, Samsul; Fitriansyah, Aidil; Mawardi, Mawardi; Supriani, Fepy
Engineering, MAthematics and Computer Science Journal (EMACS) Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): EMACS
Publisher : Bina Nusantara University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21512/emacsjournal.v8i2.16777

Abstract

Road pavements need materials that can improve asphalt mixture performance. This study analyzes styrofoam waste as a partial replacement for Pen 60/70 asphalt in Asphalt Concrete–Binder Course (AC-BC) mixtures. Styrofoam contents of 6%, 9%, and 12% by weight of asphalt (variations V1, V2, and V3) were compared with a normal mixture as the control. The styrofoam was added to hot asphalt before mixing with the aggregate (wet process). Marshall testing on three specimens per mixture covered Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA), Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA), Voids in Mixture (VIM), flow, stability, Marshall Quotient (MQ), and density, following the 2025 General Specifications of the Directorate General of Highways (Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga, 2025). The optimum asphalt content (OAC) was determined and compared with the control and specification limits. All variations met the AC-BC requirements. The OAC was 5.37% for the normal mixture and 5.12% for V1–V3, but the confirmation specimens were prepared at 5.37% (normal) and 4.87% (V1–V3), so their asphalt contents differ. Compared with the normal mixture, V1 (6% styrofoam, 94% asphalt) had higher stability (978.13 versus 896.46 kg) and MQ (303.98 versus 271.69 kg/mm), slightly lower flow (3.23 versus 3.30 mm) and VMA (14.86% versus 15.50%), and slightly higher VIM (3.94% versus 3.72%). No difference was statistically significant (ANOVA, p > 0.05), so V1 is only the most promising variation. The findings are limited to laboratory-scale Marshall results.
Risk Analysis of CD-BIM Integration in Structural Jetty Schematic Design: Time Performance Fitriansyah, Aidil; Latief, Yusuf
Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 3 (2026): Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 3
Publisher : Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2026.020.03.3

Abstract

The early design stage of jetty infrastructure is crucial for setting the project's budget and time. However, current digital processes often do not fully integrate these tasks. Computational design and Building Information Modeling (BIM) have sped up design cycles through faster iterations and improved coordination. Still, they have also increased the likelihood of mistakes, extra work, and project delays. This research analyses risks in design processes that practitioners judge as having a significant impact on design time performance and how to mitigate them. The analysis identified 66 potential risks. Thirty-five engineers then assessed these vulnerabilities based on how often they occur and how they affect design-process length. They developed a priority list using a composite risk metric. Three senior engineers with strong maritime design backgrounds then reviewed the highest?ranked risks and confirmed which items are critical in real project settings. The results highlighted 20 major vulnerabilities. The investigation also found 17 root causes and 16 mitigation measures. These were organized into a risk oversight framework with four main areas: design integrity, information and documentation, stakeholder alignment, and technical systems and integration. This framework offers practical guidance for organizations seeking to adopt digital design methods while better managing risks to design time performance as perceived by practitioners.