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All Journal International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering Jurnal Teknik ITS Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia Rekayasa Mesin Power Plant Energi & Kelistrikan Metalurgi Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics Metalurgi
Andika Widya Pramono
FTBE IT PLN
Automotive Engineering Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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Experimental comparison of air, oil, and liquid nitrogen cooling media on the efficiency of a single-phase transformer Nugraha, Heri; Imaduddin, Agung; Priandana, Eka Rakhman; Hermawan, Asep Dadan; Darsono, Nono; Pramono, Andika Widya; Syahid, Adi Noer; Palaloi, Sudirman; Herbirowo, Satrio; Hendrik, Hendrik
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 16, No 1: February 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v16i1.pp25-35

Abstract

Transformers are critical component in electric power system, where minimizing energy losses is essential for efficiency and reliability. While ideal transformers operate with zero losses, practical transformers dissipate energy through winding and core losses caused by resistive heating. This study investigates the impact of three cooling media with ambient air, mineral oil, and liquid nitrogen on the efficiency and thermal performance of a 1 kVA single phase copper wound transformer. The experiment applied a resistive load under each cooling condition, recording input and output parameters using a HIOKI power meter model PW3360. Thermal behavior was monitored using infrared thermography and thermocouples. Copper winding resistivity was evaluated using a four-point probe within a cryogenic magnet system. The results show that liquid nitrogen cooling significantly reduced copper resistivity due to low-temperature conditions, achieving a transformer efficiency of 89.9%. Oil cooling improved efficiency to 86.0%, compared to 80.7% with air cooling. Although liquid nitrogen provided the greatest efficiency enhancement, its practical use is limited due to handling complexity and cost. In contrast, oil cooling offers a more feasible and effective solution for improving transformer performance in real world applications. These finding provide valuable insight for optimizing transformer thermal management strategies in power systems.
Co-Authors Adjiantoro, Bintang Agung Imaduddin Agung Imaduddin, Agung Alan Laksono Anton Suryantoro Anton Suryantoro Anton Suryantoro Anwar, Moch Syaiful Ari Yulianto Asep Tresna Lh Bintoro Siswayanti Budi Priyono Budi Priyono Cahya Sutowo Ciptasari, Nurhayati Indah Doty Dewi Risanti Fendy Rokhmanto Florentinus Firdiyono Florentinus Firdiyono Franciska Pramuji Lestari Gita Puspa Artiani Halim Rusjdi Hendrik Hendrik Hendrik Hendrik Heri Nugraha Hermawan, Asep Dadan Indah Handayasari Kholifatul Aniswatin Maghfirah, Awan Moch Syaiful Anwar Nasoetion, Ronald Nono Darsono, Nono Nurhayati Indah Ciptasari Paristiawan, Permana Andi Pius Sebleku Pius Sebleku Pius Sebleku priandana, eka rakhman Puspasari, Vinda Rivai, Rizky Ramadhani Ronald Nasoetion Satrio Herbirowo Satrio Herbirowo, Satrio Sigit Dwi Yudanto sudirman palaloi Suryantoro, Anton Syahid, Adi Noer Talitha Asmaria Tri Hardi Priyanto Wahyu Bawono Faathir Yeni Rian Sari