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Ethnomedicinal survey of traditional antidiabetic plants in Baturraden and Sumbang Utaminingrum, Wahyu; Nofrianti, Nofrianti; Hartanti, Dwi
MEDISAINS Vol 18, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30595/medisains.v18i2.7169

Abstract

Background: The scientific-based jamu development program enables the development of medicinal plants in the traditional medicine system that eventual-ly can be used in the formal healthcare system. Baturraden and Sumbang are considered as areas with abundant plant biodiversity in Java, where the local community has used those plants for medicinal purposes.Objective: This study is conducted to qualitative and quantitatively record and conserve the knowledge of the Baturraden and Sumbang community on the utilization of plants for treating diabetes mellitus.Method: The data of the plant’s local names, plant organs, methods of prepara-tion, and routes of administration of the herbal preparations used for treating diabetes mellitus were collected through semi-structured interviews with 97 informants. The species use-value (SUV), the relative frequency of citation (RFC), and fidelity level (FL) of each species were calculated accordingly to determine their relative importance and value to the local community.Result: There were 11 plant species from 10 families mentioned. The most commonly used plant organ, preparation method, and administration route were leaves, decoction, and oral, respectively. The most important and valuable plants were including Piper ornatum (SUV = 0.19, RFC = 0.13, FL = 23.09%) and An-drographis paniculata (SUV = 0.09, RFC = 0.07, FL = 42.86%).Conclusion: As the most critical antidiabetic plant in the studied area, the decoction or infusion of Piper ornatum leaves is taken orally 1-2 times a day. However, there are no reports on its anti-diabetic-related activities available to date. In contrast, the uses of Andrographis paniculata as the antidiabetic agent has been widely proven. Baturraden and Sumbang people orally consumed the decoction of this plant’s leaves once a day for the said purpose
Peran Homepharmacycare pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe II Prolanis terhadap Tingkat Kepatuhan dan Keberhasilan Terapi Di BP Sentra Medika Lebaksiu Tegal Mita Rodiyatun Najiha; Wahyu Utaminingrum; Much Ilham Novalisa Aji Wibowo
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry Vol. 4 No. 2 (2017): J. Trop. Pharm. Chem.
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia, 75117, Gedung Administrasi Fakultas Farmasi Jl. Penajam, Kampus UNMUL Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25026/jtpc.v4i2.134

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus disease (DM) is chronic diseases due to the increase of glucose concentration in the body. The compliance and successful treatment of diabetes are needed to prevent complications. The patients’ compliance in using the medicine is an important factor of the successful therapy. One of the most comprehensive interventions for DM patients is Home Pharmacy Care. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of Home Pharmacy Care role in patients with diabetes mellitus in increasing the compliance and successful therapy. Method: This research is pre experimental research conducted at Bp Sentra Medika Clinic and counseling at home respondents in Lebaksiu ,Tegal with using the method of one group pretest posttest design. Purposive sampling method is used in this research and got 35 respondents. Measurements were made using the MMAS-8 (pretest-postest) and pill count instrument to determine the patient's compliance level and the glucotest to measure the success of therapy characterized by blood sugar levels. Statistics test uses Wilcoxon and Mc Nemar to determine the effect of provision of Home Pharmacy Care intervention on compliace and successful therapy level. The results: showed that a total of 20 patients (57%) comliance to MMAS-8 and pill count scores and a total of 20 patients (57%) of successful treatment were achieved based on controlled blood glucose levels. Conslusion: The statistical test showed that there was a significant difference between before and after intervention marked with the value of p value of both tests was 0,000 so that there is an effect of giving Home Pharmacy Care toward the improvement of compliance and successful therapy. Keywords : diabetes mellitus, homepharmacycare, prolanis, compliance and successful therapy level
Assistance in Implementing Hygiene and Sanitation to Promote Halal Certification at UMKM Pabrik Kerupuk in Linggasari Purwokerto Djalil, Asmiyenti Djaliasrin; Utami, Pri Iswati; Suparman; Utaminingrum, Wahyu; Rahayu, Wiranti Sri; Mulyani, Ayu; hasnita
Mattawang: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol. 5 No. 3 (2024)
Publisher : Yayasan Ahmar Cendekia Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35877/454RI.mattawang2815

Abstract

Healthy and nutritious food is a basic human necessity. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that our food is healthy, nutritious, and halal according to Islamic law. This community service activity aimed to support sanitation hygiene requirements for obtaining halal certification at the UMKM Pabrik Kerupuk in Linggasari, Kembaran, Purwokerto. The methods used included observation, interviews, training, and evaluation. The results revealed that while the factory had met several requirements, there were areas for improvement in the use of work clothes and gloves, vector control, and the provision of closed waste bins. The education provided raised awareness among owners and employees about the importance of maintaining product cleanliness and safety. By adhering to reasonable standards, the UMKM can enhance product quality, consumer confidence, and compliance with relevant regulations.
Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants in Baturraden, Central Java Nofrianti, Nofrianti; Utaminingrum, Wahyu; Hartanti, Dwi
Jurnal Jamu Indonesia Vol. 6 No. 2 (2021): Jurnal Jamu Indonesia
Publisher : Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29244/jji.v6i2.206

Abstract

An ethnopharmacological study is an initial step for the development of jamu, which has been simultaneously conducted throughout Indonesia. This study aimed to explore the utilization of medicinal plants in Baturraden, a region with relatively rich plant biodiversity in Java. Our research is a quantitative ethnobotanical study reporting the utilization of medicinal plants as a single plant botanical preparation in the studied area. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 36 informants on the local names, indications, parts used, method of preparation, and application of the plants. The species use-value (SUV), relative frequency citation (RFC), and the fidelity level (FL) of each species were calculated accordingly. The study recorded the utilization of 47 species of medicinal plants, which were employed to treat 32 ailments. Leaves, decoctions, and oral were recorded as the most commonly used plant part, herbal preparation, and application. There were 24 botanical preparations with the FL value of 100%, which were indicated for the treatment of fourteen diseases/symptoms. Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Piper betle, Cymbopogon citratus, Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium polyanthum, Citrus aurantiaca, and Zingiber montanum were considered as the most important and valuable plants by the local community. Hence, those plants should be evaluated further for their pharmacological activity and developed into standardized botanical preparations.
Edukasi Masyarakat Tentang Penyimpanan Obat dan Pembuangan Obat Rusak/Kedaluwarsa Dalam Keluarga/Rumah Tangga Utami, Pri Iswati; Rahayu, Wiranti Sri; Djalil, Asmiyenti Djaliasrin; Utaminingrum, Wahyu; Suparman; Pamungkas, Regawa Bayu
BERNAS: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Majalengka

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31949/jb.v7i2.17565

Abstract

Pengurus ranting Aisyiyah Desa Karangsalam Kidul yang mengelola Taman Pendidikan Al-Qur’an (TPQ) di Masjid Al Iman Desa Karangsalam Kidul menganggap perlu untuk ikut berperan dalam mengedukasi orang tua/ wali murid TPQ dan masyarakat umum. Masalah yang menjadi prioritas adalah kurangnya bekal pengetahuan yang dimiliki oleh pengurus ranting Aisyiyah tentang penyimpanan obat dan pembuangan obat yang rusak/kedaluwarsa di keluarga/rumah tangga. Solusi yang diberikan untuk mengatasi permasalahan mitra adalah dengan pemberian edukasi tentang cara penyimpanan obat yang benar serta cara pembuatan obat rusak/kedaluwarsa dalam keluarga/rumah tangga sesuai dengan pedoman dari Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Dalam kegiatan ini dilakukan pemberian penyuluhan dan pelatihan serta praktik penyimpanan obat dan pembuangan obat rusak/kedaluwarsa. Peserta kegiatan menunjukkan peningkatan pengetahuan mengenai cara menyimpan dan membuang obat rusak dan/atau kadaluwarsa di keluarga/rumah tangga. Upaya peningkatan pengetahuan mitra ini diharapkan dapat mendukung pemberdayaan ranting Aisyiyah dalam pemberian edukasi pengelolaan obat dalam keluarga/rumah tangga secara tepat kepada orang tua/wali murid TPQ maupun masyarakat yang lebih luas.
An Educational Intervention to Improve Knowledge of Local Medicinal Plants among Students Conducting Final Projects on Herbal Medicine Development Dwi Hartanti; Wahyu Utaminingrum; Dodi Siraj Mu'amar Zain; Alwani Hamad
Mattawang: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol. 6 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Yayasan Ahmar Cendekia Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35877/454RI.mattawang4404

Abstract

The diversity of medicinal plants found in Banyumas Regency has encouraged the Faculty of Pharmacy at Muhammadiyah University of Purwokerto to develop medicines from these natural ingredients actively. This is demonstrated through research projects, such as student final assignments, in this field. However, there are still many students from the Faculty of Pharmacy, UMP, who exhibit a gap between their high enthusiasm and limited in-depth knowledge of local medicinal plants, resulting in a weak scientific and cultural basis for their research in their final assignments. This community service activity aimed to enhance students’ knowledge and understanding of local medicinal plants, thereby supporting the quality and progress of their final assignments, which included topics related to herbal medicines. The method employed was a knowledge-refreshing program through education and hands-on practice. The activity involved 18 students (14 undergraduate and 4 postgraduate) and was conducted in July 2025. The stages included a pretest, education using leaflets and posters, field plant identification, and a Posttest. The program’s effectiveness was analyzed statistically using a T-test to compare the pretest and Posttest scores. The results indicated a highly significant increase in knowledge. The average Posttest scores (99.3 - 100.0) far exceeded the pretest scores (80.0 - 83.3), with a p-value < 0.05. This proves that the applied educational and practical methods were highly effective. A positive impact of this initiative was observed in the accelerated completion of final projects, where 7 students successfully defended their undergraduate theses with grades of A/A- and 4 other students completed their proposal seminars. In conclusion, this community service significantly improved students’ knowledge of local medicinal plants. The combined approach of visual education and field-based identification practice proved effective in equipping students with a solid understanding of their research subjects, which ultimately contributed directly to the timely and quality completion of their final assignments.
EVALUASI MANAJEMEN PENGELOLAAN OBAT DI PUSKESMAS RAWAT INAP KABUPATEN PURBALINGGA BERDASARKAN TIGA BESAR ALOKASI DANA PENGADAAN OBAT R. Adi Soeprijanto; Indri Hapsari; Wahyu Utaminingrum
PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia) PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia), Vol. 08 No. 03 Desember 20
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30595/pji.v8i03.1126

Abstract

ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang Evaluasi Manajemen Pengelolaan Obat di Puskesmas Rawat Inap Kabupaten Purbalingga Berdasarkan Tiga Besar Alokasi Dana Pengadaan Obat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi manajemen pengelolaan obat di Puskesmas Rawat Inap Kabupaten Purbalingga berdasarkan 3 besar alokasi dana pengadaan obat. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan didukung dengan data kuantitatif. Sampel yang diambil adalah Puskesmas Kalimanah, Puskesmas Bobotsari dan Puskesmas Rembang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Puskesmas dalam melakukan perencanaan tergolong tidak baik. Stok optimum tidak tercatat pada kartu stok dan masih terdapat permintaan obat diluar DOEN untuk Puskesmas Kalimanah sebesar 84,51%, Puskesmas Bobotsari 79,64% dan Puskesmas Rembang 85,35%. Penerimaan obat sudah dilakukan dengan ketentuan yang berlaku. Penyimpanan Psikotropika belum sesuai ketentuan dan belum menjamin mutu obat. Distribusi obat, pengendalian penggunaan, pencatatan dan pelaporan sudah dilakukan sesuai dengan ketentuan. Kata kunci : Evaluasi, Pengelolaan Obat, Puskesmas Rawat Inap, Alokasi Dana Obat. ABSTRACT A research about Evaluation of Drug Management in Public Health Centre with Lodge Care of Purbalingga Based on Three Major of Public Sector Drug. The purpose of this study to evaluate management of drug in Public Health Centre with lodge care of Purbalingga based on three major of public sector drug. This research use descriptive method with approach qualitative which supported with quantitative data. The sample’s of this research are Public Health Centre of Kalimanah, Bobotsari and Rembang. The result of research show that Public Health Centre in planning was not good. Optimum stock is not be noted at stock card and there are still requested of drug outside DOEN for the Public Health Centre of Kalimanah 84,51%, Bobotsari 79,64% and Rembang 85,35%. Acceptance of drug have been done with procedure. Storing of Psikotropika drug is not according the rule and not guarantee the quality of drug. Drug distribution, operation of usage, reporting and record-keeping have been done with procedure. Key words : Evaluation, Drug Management, Public Health Centre with lodge care, Public Sector Drug.
EVALUASI POLA PERESEPAN BERDASARKAN BEERS CRITERIA PADA PASIEN GERIATRI RAWAT JALAN PADA POLI PENYAKIT DALAM DI RSUD Prof. Dr. MARGONO SOEKARJO PURWOKERTO PERIODE AGUSTUS 2010-MARET 2011 Dhian Rahayu Setyowati; Sudarso Sudarso; Wahyu Utaminingrum
PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia) PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia), Vol. 08 No. 03 Desember 20
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30595/pji.v8i03.1127

Abstract

ABSTRAK Geriatri berasal dari kata geros yang berarti tua dan iatriea yang berarti to care atau merawat. WHO menetapkan populasi antara usia 65-75 tahun sebagai geriatri. Pada usia ini, terjadi penurunan fungsi-fungsi fisiologis tubuh sehingga diperlukan pertimbangan yang cermat dalam memilih obat. Beers Criteria merupakan suatu kriteria yang menjadi standar penggunaan obat khusus untuk geriatri, yang mengetengahkan dasar panduan untuk mengatasi masalah Drug Related Problem (DRP) pada geriatri. Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pola peresepan pada pasien geriatri rawat jalan pada poli penyakit dalam di RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto berdasarkan Beers Criteria 2003 dan melihat persentase ketidakrasionalan peresepan pada pasien geriatri rawat jalan penyakit dalam periode Agustus 2010 – Maret 2011. Metode yang digunkan adalah non eksperimental, dengan pengumpulan data secara retrospektif. Analisis dilakukan dengan metode diskriptif untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang pola peresepan pasien geriatri rawat jalan di poli penyakit dalam berdasarkan Beers Criteria 2003. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa selama periode Agustus 2010 – Maret 2011, dari total 405 item obat terdapat 84 item obat (20,5%) yang tidak rasional yang sesuai Beers Criteria 2003. Obat yang paling banyak diresepkan sekaligus dihindarkan adalah diazepam yaitu 26 item obat (31,3 %), Chlordiazepoksid-clidinium 25 item obat (30,1%), Digoxin 24 item obat (27,7%), Alprazolam 6 item obat (7,1%), Ferrosi Sulfat 1 item obat (1,2%), Bisakodil 1 item obat (1,2%), Clonidine 1 item obat (1,2%). Kata kunci: geriatri rawat jalan poli penyakit dalam, beers criteria 2003 ABSTRACT Geriatric derived from the word geros is meaning oldest and iatriea is meaning to care. WHO set the population between the ages of 65-75 years as a geriatric ward. At this age, a decline of physiological functions of the body so that needed careful consideration in choosing a drug. Beers Criteria is a standard criteria to be specific to geriatric drug use. Beers Criteria specifically set forth basic guidelines for the surpass Drug Related Problem in geriatrics. Goal of the research is evaluating of prescription patterns in geriatric outpatient based on Beers Criteria in Geriatrics outpatient on internist division regional public hospital of Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto and all at once to see irrasionalist praescription patterns in geriatric outpatient in August 2010 to March 2011 period. The method`used was non experimental, with retrospective data collection. The analysis was done with descriptive method to get an idea of prescription patterns in geriatric outpatient on internist division based on Beers Criteria 2003. Results obtained show that during August 2010 to March 2011 period, of total 425 recipe there are 84 recipe (19,8%) that is not appropriate rational Beers Criteria 2003. The most widely prescribed drugs were diazepam 26 drug item (31,0 %), Chlordiazepoksid-clidinium 25 drug item (29,8%), Digoxin 24 drug item (28,6%), Alprazolam 6 drug item (7,1%), Ferrosi Sulfat 1 drug item (1,2%), Bisakodil 1 drug item (1,2%), Clonidine 1 drug item (1,2%) Keywords: geriatrics outpatient on internist division, beers criteria 2003
TINGKAT KEPUASAN KONSUMEN APOTEK DI KABUPATEN BANJARNEGARA Tri Setianingrum; Sudarso Sudarso; Wahyu Utaminingrum
PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia) PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia), Vol. 08 No. 03 Desember 20
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30595/pji.v8i03.1131

Abstract

ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang tingkat kepuasan konsumen apotek di Kabupaten Banjarnegara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat kepuasan konsumen di apotek Kabupaten Banjarnegara. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan model pendekatan secara observasional. Pengambilan sampel untuk penelitian ini menggunakan metode area random sampling dengan sampel berjumlah 400 orang konsumen. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan dianalisis dengan metode customer satisfaction index (CSI). Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai customer satisfaction index (CSI) pada dimensi Responsiveness sebesar 0,8324 termasuk kategori sangat puas, pada dimensi assurance sebesar 0,8242 termasuk kategori sangat puas, pada dimensi reliability sebesar 0,7189 termasuk kategori puas, pada dimensi tangible sebesar 0,7704 termasuk kategori puas dan pada dimensi empathy sebesar 0,6194 termasuk kategori cukup puas. Nilai CSI secara keseluruhan sebesar 0,695 berada pada rentang nilai 0,66-0,80 yang termasuk kategori puas. Tingkat kepuasan konsumen apotek Kabupaten Banjarnegara adalah puas. Kata kunci : Tingkat kepuasan konsumen, pelayanan kefarmasian, apotek. ABSTRACT Has done research on the level of consumer satisfaction in the district of Banjarnegara pharmacies. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of consumer satisfaction in pharmacies Banjarnegara district. This research is descriptive analytical model with the observational approach. Sampling for this study using random sampling method with sample areas totaling 400 people of consumers. Methods of data collection is done by using a questionnaire and analyzed by the method of customer satisfaction index (CSI). The analysis showed the value of customer satisfaction index (CSI) on the dimensions of 0.8324 Responsiveness including categories very satisfied, on the assurance dimension of 0.8242 including the category of very satisfied, on the dimensions of reliability of 0.7189, including categories of content, on tangible dimension of 0 , 7704 including the categories of satisfaction and the dimensions of empathy for 0.6194 categorized quite satisfied. CSI overall value of 0.695 is in the range of values from 0.66 to 0.80 are categorized as satisfied. Levels of consumer satisfaction pharmacy Banjarnegara District is satisfied. Keywords: Level of customer satisfaction, pharmacy services, pharmacy.
EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN OBAT PADA PASIEN SKIZOPRENIA DI INSTALASI RAWAT INAP RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH BANYUMAS PERIODE JANUARI –APRIL 2009 Gayuh Kurniawan; Indri Hapsari; Wahyu Utaminingrum
PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia) PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia), Vol. 08 No. 03 Desember 20
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30595/pji.v8i03.1136

Abstract

ABSTRAK Skizofrenia merupakan gangguan psikiatrik yang sangat kompleks yang dapat menimbulkan paling banyak masalah baik medik, psikologik maupun social. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan deskriptif non analitik yang bersifat retrospektif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui karakteristik pasien (jenis kelamin, usia, status pendidikan, durasi rawat inap dan keadaan pulang pasien), pola pengobatan dan kesesuaian terapi (jenis obat, dosis obat dan cara pemberian) dengan Standar Pelayanan Medis (SPM), dan mengetahui interaksi obat yang terjadi. Hasil dari penelitian ini, karakteristik pasien (jenis kelamin 63,49% pada wanita, usia 31,75% 20-29 tahun, status pendidikan SD 31,7%, durasi rawat inap 30,1% 7-14 hari, keadaan pulang pasien 88% membaik), pola pengobatan (jenis obat 80,16%, dosis obat 78,57%, cara pemberian 91,27%), kesesuaian terapi (jenis obat 73,01%, dosis obat 78,57%, cara pemberian 96,03%) dan interaksi yang terjadi adalah interaksi antar obat skizofrenia (100 kasus) dan interaksi obat skizofrenia dengan obat lain (34 kasus). Kata kunci : Skizofrenia, Retrospektif, Standar Pelayanan Medis (SPM), Karakteristik pasien, Pola Pengobatan, Kesesuaian Terapi ABSTRACT Schizophrenia represent the very complex trouble psychiatric which can generate at most good problem sis, psychology and also social. This research conducted by using descriptive device non-analytic having the character of retrospective. This research target to know the patient characteristic (gender, age, education status, time take care to lodge and circumstance come home the patient), medication pattern and according to therapy (drug type, dose medicines and way of gift) with the Medical Service Standard (SPM), and know the interaction medicines that happened. Result from this research, patient characteristic (gender 63,49% at woman, age 31,75% 20-29 year, status education SD 31,7%, time take care to lodge 30,1% 7-14 day, circumstance come home the patient 88% good), medication pattern (type medicines 80,16%, dose medicines 78,57%, way gift 91,27%), according to therapy (type medicines 73,01%, dose medicines 78,57%, way gift 96,03%) and interaction that happened interaction usher the drug schizophrenia (100 case) and interaction medicines the schizophrenia with the other drug (34 case). Keyword : Schizophrenia, Retrospective, Medical Service Standard (SPM), Patient Characteristic, Medication Pattern, According to Therapy, Drug Interaction.