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Rizki Tri Anugrah Bhakti
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Brawijaya
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KLAUSULA EKSONERASI DALAM PERJANJIAN KREDIT PERBANKAN DI INDONESIA: KEBEBASAN BERKONTRAK vs IMPERATIF PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN Sartika, Evi Febri; Bhakti, Rizki Tri Anugrah; Maileni, Dwi Afni; Fernando, Rico; Novianti, Tri; Yulisa, Putri Dwi; Kelvin, Edwar; Heryanto, Medi; Anwar, Fachrul; Pramesti, Adelia Widya
JURNAL DIMENSI Vol 14, No 3 (2025): JURNAL DIMENSI (NOVEMBER 2025)
Publisher : Universitas Riau Kepulauan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33373/dms.v14i3.8690

Abstract

Kajian ini menganalisis secara yuridis-normatif klausula eksonerasi dalam perjanjian kredit baku perbankan di Indonesia. Klausula ini menciptakan ketidakseimbangan posisi tawar dan cenderung lebih meningkatkan posisi bank dalam suatu perjanjian. Kajian ini menelaah benturan antara asas kebebasan berkontrak dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPerdata) dengan mandat perlindungan konsumen dalam Undang-Undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 (UUPK) dan Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (POJK) No. 22 Tahun 2023. Dengan metode yuridis normatif, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan analisis kasus terhadap yurisprudensi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa meskipun kerangka hukum sektoral (lex specialis) secara tegas melarang klausula eksonerasi dan menyatakannya batal demi hukum (void ab initio), praktik di lapangan masih terus berlangsung. Implementasi hukum (law in action) terhambat oleh inkonsistensi putusan pengadilan, yang terbelah antara pendekatan formalistik yang menguatkan kontrak dan pendekatan progresif yang berpihak pada konsumen. Disimpulkan bahwa persoalan utama terletak pada kesenjangan antara hukum dalam teks dan penegakannya. Rekomendasi difokuskan pada penguatan pengawasan OJK, penyeragaman pandangan hakim melalui Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung (SEMA), dan peningkatan kepatuhan industri untuk menjembatani kesenjangan tersebut demi perlindungan konsumen yang efektif.
Investigating the Correlation Between Formal Tax Law Violations and the Manifestation of Tax Crimes in Batam, Indonesia F Fetri; Bhakti, Rizki Tri Anugrah; Maileni, Dwi Afni
Journal of Science and Education (JSE) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Science and Education (JSE)
Publisher : CV. Media Digital Publikasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58905/jse.v6i2.768

Abstract

This study examines how formal (administrative) tax non-compliance may, under specific legal and procedural conditions, escalate into tax crimes in Indonesia, using Batam as a case study. Batam is a free trade zone with intensive cross-border transactions and stringent VAT documentation requirements, making it a relevant setting for observing the administrative–criminal boundary in enforcement practice. Employing normative legal research, we analyze statutes and implementing regulations (including KUP provisions on Articles 38, 39, and 39A), OECD guidance as a comparative analytical lens and selected Indonesian court decisions (2020–2025) to map escalation thresholds and taxpayer safeguards consistent with the ultimum remedium principle. The findings suggest that formal violations, such as late or non-filing, deficient bookkeeping, and documentary irregularities, primarily serve as compliance-risk signals and should typically receive administrative attention. Criminal exposure becomes plausible only when these violations are accompanied by qualifying elements such as intent (dolus), patterned repetition, falsification/forgery, and demonstrable fiscal consequences supported by preliminary evidence procedures. Overly expansive criminalization may undermine legal certainty, taxpayer trust, and investor confidence. We recommend standardizing escalation indicators, strengthening the consistency of preliminary evidence assessment, and enhancing taxpayer legal literacy and administrative rectification pathways to ensure a fair and measurable boundary between administrative sanctions and criminal prosecution.
Legality, Proportionality and Protection in Public Order Enforcement by Satpol PP in Batam, Indonesia Irwan, Irwan; Maileni, Dwi Afni; Bhakti, Rizki Tri Anugrah; Kelvin, Edwar
Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): Ranah Research : Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research and Development
Publisher : Dinasti Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/rrj.v8i2.2022

Abstract

This study examines the interplay of legality, proportionality and rights protection in enforcement operations conducted by the Satpol PP in Batam, Indonesia. Local-order enforcement against violations of regional regulations often triggers contestation because it intersects with livelihoods, property interests and security while simultaneously demanding effective public-order governance. The research aims to assess whether enforcement actions comply with applicable mandates and procedural requirements; evaluate how proportionality is applied in selecting measures, escalating interventions and using force; and map available safeguards and remedies for affected residents. A socio-legal case-study design is employed, combining document analysis, field observation and semi-structured interviews with Satpol PP officers, local government units, street vendors and business actors and civil-society representatives. Findings suggest legality is generally satisfied at the level of formal authority, yet procedural weaknesses persist in advance notice, record-keeping, transparency of decision-making and post-operation accountability. Proportionality is not consistently operationalized, particularly regarding the least restrictive option, clear escalation stages and standards on the use of force. Rights protection for impacted communities remains dependent on discretion, with complaint channels and restitution mechanisms insufficiently accessible, especially for vulnerable groups. The study recommends strengthening rights-based SOPs, institutionalizing proportionality training, improving documentation and supervisory controls and providing accessible complaint, mediation and relocation-support pathways. More broadly, inter-agency coordination and performance metrics should prioritize voluntary compliance and reduced grievances, not merely the number of operations, to enhance legitimacy and protect citizens in governance.
Legal Foundations and Implications of Civil Deeds of Settlement in the Indonesian Legal System Hartawan, Ilham Eka; Handayani, Pristika; Bhakti, Rizki Tri Anugrah
Lex Publica Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : APPTHI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58829/lp.11.1.2024.210

Abstract

. In everyday life, people often take legal actions that can lead to disputes due to differing opinions and perspectives. This research looks at the legal basis for civil deeds of settlement in the Indonesian legal system by examining relevant regulations and laws, such as Articles 1851 of the Civil Code and Article 130 of the Het Herziene Indonesisch Reglement (HIR). Using a normative legal research method, the study analyzes existing laws, highlighting how peace agreements can help resolve disputes through litigation or alternative dispute resolution (ADR). It emphasizes the importance of good faith during mediation and the role of judges in encouraging amicable settlements. The findings underscore that civil deeds of settlement serve as a valuable mechanism for resolving conflicts outside traditional litigation, with their legal binding nature reinforced through documentation as peace deeds, which acquire the same legal force as court decisions when registered. This aspect provides assurance that agreements will be upheld, promoting security in contractual relationships. Moreover, while judges play a minimal role in enforcement, they facilitate mediation, ensuring parties explore amicable resolutions. Ultimately, this study advocates for a broader understanding and adoption of civil deeds of settlement, enhancing the effectiveness of dispute resolution in Indonesia.   Abstrak. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, masyarakat sering melakukan tindakan hukum yang dapat menimbulkan sengketa karena adanya perbedaan pendapat dan sudut pandang. Penelitian ini mengkaji dasar hukum akta perdamaian dalam sistem hukum Indonesia dengan mengkaji peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, seperti Pasal 1851 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata dan Pasal 130 Het Herziene Indonesisch Reglement (HIR). Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, penelitian ini menganalisis peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, dengan menyoroti bagaimana perjanjian perdamaian dapat membantu menyelesaikan sengketa melalui litigasi atau penyelesaian sengketa alternatif (ADR). Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya itikad baik selama mediasi dan peran hakim dalam mendorong penyelesaian secara damai. Temuan penelitian ini menggarisbawahi bahwa akta perdamaian berfungsi sebagai mekanisme yang berharga untuk menyelesaikan konflik di luar litigasi tradisional, dengan sifat mengikat secara hukum yang diperkuat melalui dokumentasi sebagai akta perdamaian, yang memperoleh kekuatan hukum yang sama dengan putusan pengadilan saat didaftarkan. Aspek ini memberikan jaminan bahwa perjanjian akan ditegakkan, sehingga meningkatkan keamanan dalam hubungan kontraktual. Selain itu, meskipun hakim memainkan peran minimal dalam penegakan hukum, mereka memfasilitasi mediasi, memastikan para pihak mencari penyelesaian secara damai. Pada akhirnya, penelitian ini menganjurkan pemahaman dan adopsi yang lebih luas tentang akta perdata, yang meningkatkan efektivitas penyelesaian sengketa di Indonesia. Kata kunci: Mediasi, Penyelesaian sengketa, Perjanjian damai, Kepastian hukum, Pendekatan hukum normatif
Mengukur Efektivitas Penindakan Kenakalan Remaja Sekolah Oleh Pemerintah Kota Batam Dwiyana, Nenny; Bhakti, Rizki Tri Anugrah; Sakti, Indra; Azrianti, Seftia
Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik Vol. 6 No. 3 (2026): (JIHHP) Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik
Publisher : Dinasti Review Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jihhp.v6i3.7937

Abstract

Kenakalan remaja sekolah di Kota Batam meliputi membolos, berkeliaran pada jam pelajaran dan pelanggaran tata tertib menjadi persoalan yang berdampak pada ketertiban belajar dan ketenteraman ruang publik. Pemerintah Kota Batam merespons melalui penindakan, pengawasan pelajar pada jam sekolah, namun efektivitas kebijakan perlu dinilai tidak hanya dari intensitas operasi, melainkan mekanisme yang menjelaskan perubahan perilaku. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh efektivitas penindakan pemerintah (X) terhadap luaran perilaku siswa (Z) dengan menempatkan legitimasi/keadilan prosedural (Y) sebagai mediator. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif eksplanatori dengan survei pada 100 siswa SMA/SMK di Batam dan dianalisis menggunakan SEM-PLS (SmartPLS). Indikator memenuhi kelayakan model pengukuran outer loading ≥0.70, reliabilitas konstruk α 0.722-0.765; CR 0.703-0.784 dan validitas konvergen AVE 0.625-0.642. Hasil model struktural menunjukkan pengaruh langsung yang kuat dan signifikan X-Y (β=0.828; t=45.543; p<0.001) serta Y-Z (β=0.735; t=10.730; p<0.001) dan efek tidak langsung X-Y-Z signifikan (β=0.609; t=10.593; p<0.001) menegaskan peran mediasi legitimasi/keadilan prosedural. Temuan mengindikasikan bahwa penindakan yang konsisten, sesuai SOP, disertai penjelasan dan tindak lanjut yang jelas lebih efektif ketika membangun persepsi keadilan, sehingga mendukung kepatuhan siswa terhadap ketertiban sekolah atau penurunan kecenderungan kenakalan. Secara praktis, kebijakan Batam perlu menekankan kualitas prosedur, komunikasi yang menghormati dan mekanisme tindak lanjut berbasis pembinaan.
Sinergi Satpol PP dan Masyarakat dalam Penegakan Peraturan Daerah: Studi Empiris tentang Partisipasi Publik di Kecamatan Sagulung Arif, Muhammad; Maileni, Dwi Afni; Rabu, Rabu; Bhakti, Rizki Tri Anugrah
Jurnal Pendidikan Siber Nusantara Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): Jurnal Pendidikan Siber Nusantara (April - Juni 2025)
Publisher : Siber Nusantara Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jpsn.v4i2.598

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the synergy between the Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP) and the community in enforcing regional regulations in Sagulung District, Batam City, with particular emphasis on the forms of public participation, coordination mechanisms, and their impact on the effectiveness of public order enforcement. The study employed a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through field observation and documentation of collaborative practices between Satpol PP and local residents in supporting the enforcement of regional regulations. The findings show that such synergy is built through two-way communication patterns, formal complaint channels, local coordination forums, and the involvement of community leaders, neighborhood associations, community protection units, and residents in monitoring, reporting, prevention, and assistance during enforcement activities. Community participation was found to accelerate the detection of violations, improve Satpol PP’s responsiveness, strengthen public compliance, and reduce the potential for conflict during enforcement processes. However, the effectiveness of this collaboration remains constrained by several inhibiting factors, including uneven legal awareness among citizens, limited institutional resources, and the lingering repressive image of enforcement officers. This study concludes that regional regulation enforcement becomes more effective when implemented through a participatory partnership model that positions the community not merely as an object of regulation, but as an active subject sharing responsibility for maintaining public order.
Legal Protection of BP Batam Port Assets from the Perspective of the Security Directorate Bahtiar, Bahtiar; Maileni, Dwi Afni; Riyanto, Agus; Bhakti, Rizki Tri Anugrah
Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities Vol. 6 No. 4 (2026): (JLPH) Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities
Publisher : Dinasti Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jlph.v6i4.3234

Abstract

Abstract: This article examines the legal protection of BP Batam’s port assets from the perspective of the Security Directorate (Ditpam), focusing on civil liability, administrative safeguards, and coordination. Batam’s port infrastructure forms part of a strategic free-port regime and therefore constitutes state assets essential to logistics, investment, and connectivity. The study asks how the legal status of those assets is constructed, how Ditpam functions within the institutional framework, and what legal remedies are available when assets are damaged, occupied, misused, or exposed to governance failures. The research employs a normative juridical method based on statutory, conceptual, and institutional analysis, supported by official reports and relevant empirical materials. The analysis shows that BP Batam’s port assets enjoy a relatively strong legal foundation because they form part of state property managed under a special regulatory regime. Nevertheless, effective protection depends not only on formal ownership status but also on security supervision, orderly land administration, lawful asset utilization, and timely coordination with other authorities. The article concludes that legal protection will remain incomplete unless regulatory clarity, institutional capacity, and governance accountability are strengthened simultaneously.
Manajemen Kepemimpinan dalam Menunjang Fungsi Pengawasan dan Pengendalian Stunting di Puskesmas Kecamatan Galang, Batam Roja, Roja; Hutasoit, Isfandir; Kelvin, Edwar; Bhakti, Rizki Tri Anugrah
Jurnal Pendidikan Siber Nusantara Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): Jurnal Pendidikan Siber Nusantara (April - Juni 2025)
Publisher : Siber Nusantara Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jpsn.v4i2.601

Abstract

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh kapasitas sumber daya manusia, kualitas standar operasional prosedur (SOP), dan pengawasan internal terhadap efektivitas pengendalian stunting di Puskesmas Kecamatan Galang, Kota Batam. Kajian ini berangkat dari kenyataan bahwa pengendalian stunting di wilayah kepulauan tidak hanya ditentukan oleh intensitas program, tetapi juga oleh mutu tata kelola layanan primer, terutama pada aspek pengawasan, kepatuhan prosedural, dan kesinambungan tindak lanjut keluarga berisiko. Penelitian menggunakan desain eksplanatori kuantitatif dalam kerangka yuridis empiris (socio-legal), dengan memadukan analisis dokumen normatif dan data lapangan. Data empiris diperoleh melalui survei simulatif terhadap 48 responden yang terlibat langsung dalam program stunting, dilengkapi telaah SOP dan dokumen pengawasan internal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas SDM, kualitas SOP dan pengawasan internal berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efektivitas pengendalian stunting, dengan koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,62. Pengawasan internal merupakan faktor paling dominan, diikuti kapasitas SDM dan kualitas SOP. Temuan dokumen juga menunjukkan adanya kelemahan pada audit pengukuran dan pencatatan, dokumentasi umpan balik rujukan, serta tindak lanjut keluarga berisiko, yang menyebabkan SOP belum sepenuhnya berfungsi sebagai instrumen pengendalian mutu. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penguatan supervisi suportif berbasis indikator, standardisasi SOP kritis, dan pelembagaan bukti akuntabilitas administratif sangat diperlukan untuk menjaga efektivitas pengendalian stunting di Puskesmas Kecamatan Galang.
Implementation of Enforcement of Regional Regulations on Advertising by Batam’s Public Order Agency (Satpol PP) Haryadi, Nono; Hutasoit, Isfandir; Bhakti, Rizki Tri Anugrah; Kelvin, Edwal
Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Vol. 8 No. 3 (2026): Ranah Research : Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research and Development
Publisher : Dinasti Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/rrj.v8i3.2053

Abstract

This study examines the implementation of regional regulation enforcement on outdoor advertising (reklame) by the Satpol PP of Batam using a simple quantitative approach. It investigates how’s the implementation factors of —communication, resources, implementers’ disposition and bureaucratic structure/standard operating procedures (SOP)—shape enforcement effectiveness. Data were collected through a 1–5 Likert-scale questionnaire administered to all Satpol PP personnel in Batam (N=82) using a census technique and analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics, reliability testing and multiple linear regression. Reliability results indicate that all constructs are internally consistent (Cronbach’s Alpha: communication=0.86; resources=0.88; disposition=0.84; SOP=0.82; effectiveness=0.90). Descriptively, all variables fall within the “high” category, with mean scores of 3.74 (SD=0.56) for communication, 3.45 (SD=0.63) for resources, 3.88 (SD=0.52) for disposition, 3.60 (SD=0.58) for SOP and 3.51 (SD=0.65) for enforcement effectiveness. The regression model is statistically significant (F=34.96; p<0.001) and explains 64.5% of the variance in enforcement effectiveness (R²=0.645). At the partial level, resources (β=0.39; p<0.001), communication (β=0.28; p=0.002) and SOP (β=0.23; p=0.010) have significant positive effects, while disposition is not significant (p=0.201). These findings suggest that enforcement effectiveness is primarily driven by organizational capacity, consistent information flow and procedural clarity rather than individual attitudes alone. The study recommends strengthening the advertising-object database, standardizing escalation procedures within SOPs and enhancing inter-agency coordination to improve enforcement consistency. From a broader policy perspective, these findings indicate that enforcement effectiveness in Batam is shaped less by individual commitment alone than by the city’s ability to maintain a reliable advertising-object database, sustain inter-agency information consistency, and apply SOP-based escalation uniformly across cases. The practical implication of this study therefore lies in strengthening data-driven and procedurally standardized enforcement design, rather than treating effectiveness as a purely operational or attitudinal issue
Discretion of Public Order Agency (Satpol PP) in Enforcing Regional Regulations: A Normative Review of Conditions, Limits and Accountability Nasar, Muhammad; Bhakti, Rizki Tri Anugrah; Maileni, Dwi Afni; Sakti, Indra
Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Vol. 8 No. 3 (2026): Ranah Research : Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research and Development
Publisher : Dinasti Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/rrj.v8i3.2054

Abstract

This study aims to formulate the legal basis for the Public Order Agency (Satpol PP) discretion in enforcing regional regulations, focusing on the distinction between routine and discretionary authority, the conditions for exercising discretion, normative limits, and the legal accountability model. The study uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and conceptual approach. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials are analyzed through legal interpretation, systematic reasoning, and legal argumentation to develop operational parameters for testing discretion in the practice of enforcing regional regulations. The results show that the main problem does not lie in the existence of discretion, but rather in the absence of consistent parameters for assessing the validity, limits, and accountability of its use. The study produced six main findings, namely the classification of Satpol PP actions between routine and discretionary authority; formal and material conditions for the use of discretion; a matrix for testing the limits of discretion based on legality, general principles of good governance (AUPB), the purpose of authority and proportionality; a typology of risks of deviation; a legal accountability model; and the operational flow of discretion as a framework for institutional evaluation. The findings confirm that the Public Order Agency (Satpol PP)discretion remains legitimate within the framework of a state governed by law, provided it is based on clear authority, a documented rationale, appropriate position objectives, and verifiable accountability mechanisms. This research contributes to strengthening regional administrative law and improving governance to achieve more measurable and accountable regional regulatory enforcement. More specifically, the primary novelty of this study lies in the formulation of an operational flow of Satpol PP discretion that translates abstract principles of legality, AUPB, purpose of authority, proportionality, documentation, and correction into a sequential decision-making framework that can be applied institutionally in daily regional regulation enforcement.
Co-Authors Agus Riyanto Anggrayni, Liza Anwar, Fachrul Bahtiar Bahtiar Deni, Lindu Dwi Afni Maileni, Dwi Afni Dwiyana, Nenny ER, Marselinah F Fetri Fahlevy, Riza Fernando, Rico Hartawan, Ilham Eka Haryadi, Nono Heryanto, Medi Hutasoit, Isfandir Hutasoit, Ispandir Indra Sakti Irwan Irwan Kelvin, Edwal Kelvin, Edwar Kelvin, Edward Lumbantobing, Devi Emelda Br Maejaya, Banar Mochammad Bakri, Mochammad Muhammad Arif Muhammad Nasar Pramesti, Adelia Widya Pristika Handayani Putra, Rian Rusmana Rabu, Rabu Roja, Roja Saddam Saddam, Saddam Sartika, Evi Febri Seftia Azrianti, Seftia Sianipar, Ronia sinaga, Maruntung Siti Hamidah Tri Novianti, Tri Yulisa, Putri Dwi