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Design and Testing of a Milliampere Scale Leakage Current Sensor Based on a Current Transformer for Substation Lightning Protection Gamma Aditya Rahardi; Hendra Dharma Putra; Dodi Setiabudi; Widyono Hadi; Arizal Mujibtamala; Dani Hari Tunggal Prasetiyo
ENERGY: JURNAL ILMIAH ILMU-ILMU TEKNIK Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): ENERGY: JURNAL ILMIAH ILMU-ILMU TEKNIK (January-May 2026 Edition)
Publisher : Universitas Panca Marga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51747/energy.v16i1.1611

Abstract

Leakage current in lightning arresters is an important indicator of insulation conditions and protection system performance in substations, so a measurement method capable of detecting currents in milliamperes accurately and stably is required. This study aims to design and test a milliamperes-scale leakage current sensor that can be used for lightning arrester monitoring. The developed sensor is based on a current transformer with an analog signal amplification and filtering circuit, and data acquisition using a microcontroller. Testing was carried out experimentally by varying the resistive load and the number of turns, then the measurement results were compared with an AVO meter as a reference measuring instrument. The test results showed that the sensor was able to measure leakage current with a relatively low error rate, where the lowest error occurred at a load of 33 Ω and increased at larger loads due to a decrease in current. The relationship between current and load variation showed a linear characteristic with a coefficient of determination (R²) value close to 1. In addition, magnetic field analysis showed that the relative permeability value of the ferrite core was in the range of 88.4 to 98, which reflects the stability of the core's magnetic properties under various test conditions. Based on these results, the developed sensor has the potential to be used as part of a lightning arrester leakage current monitoring system to support the maintenance and reliability of the substation protection system.
Design of 2x1 Single-band Microstrip Antenna Array with Proximity Coupling for Enhanced CCTV Performance Dodi Setiabudi; Citra Agustina; Muh. Arif Syaifullah; Catur Suko Sarwono; Dedy Wahyu Herdiyanto; Ali Rizal Chaidir; Muh Asnoer Laagu
Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control Vol. 11, No. 1, February 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22219/kinetik.v11i1.2303

Abstract

The increasing demand for reliable wireless communication in modern surveillance systems, particularly Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV), requires the development of antennas with high efficiency, wide bandwidth, and stable signal performance. To meet these requirements, this study presents the design and analysis of a 2×1 microstrip antenna array with rectangular patches that use proximity coupling, optimized for operation in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The antenna was designed and simulated using CST Studio Suite to evaluate its electromagnetic characteristics, while measurements using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) were performed to validate the performance of the manufactured prototype. Simulation results show that the antenna achieves a reflection loss of −24.62 dB, a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.12, and a frequency bandwidth of 159 MHz, indicating good impedance matching and wide operational capability. Meanwhile, measurement results showed a reflection loss of −12.59 dB, a VSWR of 1.15, and a frequency bandwidth of 86 MHz. Both simulation and measurement results showed directional radiation patterns, ensuring efficient energy radiation and better signal focus for monitoring coverage. The designed antenna also shows a measured gain of 9.25 dBi, exceeding the simulated gain of 6.99 dBi, confirming improved performance. The difference between simulation and measurement is mainly due to variations in substrate thickness, material tolerance, and environmental factors during testing. Overall, the proximal coupling approach has proven effective in improving coupling efficiency without adding design complexity. This antenna is well-suited for reliable and efficient data transmission in CCTV applications. Furthermore, the findings contribute significantly to advancements in antenna technology, particularly in the domains of wireless communication, IoT, and smart city-based surveillance systems.