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All Journal Bulletin of Scientific Contribution : Geology Jurnal Pengajaran MIPA Jurnal Pengajaran Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Phi : Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika dan Terapan Global Medical and Health Communication
Kartika Hajar Kirana, Kartika Hajar
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Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Dentistry Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Energy Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Mathematics Nursing Physics Public Health Other

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Early Detection of the Heavy Metals Pollution Effect on Citarum River Using Zebrafish Muscle Mitochondria Biomarkers Gene Expression Oktorina, Lenny; Goenawan, Hanna; Sylviana, Nova; Kirana, Kartika Hajar; Feriandi, Yudi; Lesmana, Ronny
Global Medical & Health Communication (GMHC) Vol 13, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/gmhc.v13i1.14110

Abstract

Citarum is the longest river in West Java and one of the most polluted rivers in Indonesia and the world. Heavy metals from agriculture, industry, and household waste pollute the Citarum river. Heavy metals enter humans and animals by consuming contaminated food and beverages. Several studies have identified mitochondria as a primary target for heavy metal poisoning, resulting in impaired mitochondrial energy production, induction of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitophagy. This study aims to investigate the impact of heavy metals from the upstream and downstream areas of the Citarum river on mitochondrial gene expression of cox4i1, sod2, baxa, mfn1b, and ppargc1a in the skeletal muscle of zebrafish (Danio rerio) using in vivo models for biological monitoring of early detection of environmental heavy metal pollution. This experimental study was conducted from December 2019 to March 2020. The study involved four treatment groups and one control group of zebrafish, which were exposed to river water and sediments collected from two sites in the Citarum river area in December 2019. The biomarker levels were analyzed using multivariate analysis. Although all heavy metal levels except mercury were below the WHO threshold in all samples, this study's results showed that the RT-PCR results indicated that the levels of cox4i1, baxa, and ppargc1a in all samples were generally higher than those in the control. There were significant differences (p<0.05) using multivariate analysis in sod2 in Cibeureum water compared to Cibeureum sediment and ppgarc1a compared to control and Balekambang sediment. In conclusion, heavy metals from the upstream and downstream areas of the Citarum river had an impact on mitochondrial gene expression of cox4i1, sod2, baxa, mfn1b, and ppargc1a in the skeletal muscle of zebrafish. Biomarkers pparc1gc and sod2 could be further studied to identify the most valid and reliable parameters for biological monitoring, which may aid in the early detection of environmental damage to humans and animals.
Co-Authors Aji, Bayu Gusti Pangestu Alfitrah, Siti Percika Amalia, Shita Ayu Asep Harja, Asep AZIZAH, DARIN NUR Azzam, Muhammad Zharfan Budianto, Muhammad Abdillah Carrisa, Refi Cecep Kusmana Dini Fitriani, Dini Eleonora Agustine Fathurrohman, Fahmy Fitri Nurul Sholihat, Fitri Nurul Fitriansyah, Rd Agung Hanifah, Shofie Dzakia Hanna Goenawan Hendrayani, Riska Hutabalian, May Angelia Irwan Ary Dharmawan Juniarti, Nita Kusnahadi Susanto Mentari, Vanessa Zian Mia Uswatun Hasanah Muhamad Gina Nugraha Muhammad Gina Nugraha, Muhammad Gina Mulyadi, Yudi MULYANA, ACHMAD ARIF Nawawi, Muhamad Rovie Nico Andrianto, Nico Nova Sylviana Novala, Gesti Cita Nugraha, Andhika Nuzulira Janeusse Fratiwi Oktorina, Lenny Pranatikta, Krishna Agra Rahman, Jafar Shidqur Rahmaputri, Maghfira Dwivani Ramadan, Ananda Zikri Ramadhan, Fadhel Rizki, Muhammad Ilham Rizkita, Nabila Risty Rohman, Muhammad Alkuansinta Ronny Lesmana Santy Awalliyah, Santy Septiani, Fadia Tri Shafaria, Mileani Sihombing, Feronika Roulitua Susilawati, Anggie Syarafina, Zhafirah Nurul TATI NURHAYATI Yudi Feriandi Zaenudinna, Rayna Aulia