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All Journal Science and Technology Indonesia Walisongo Journal of Chemistry JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) Carmin: Journal of Community Service Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia
Wathon, Muhammad Hizbul
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Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Education Environmental Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Physics Social Sciences

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Optimization of Hand Sanitizer Formulation with the Addition of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) Essential Oil and a Combination of Essential Oils of Local Indonesian Empon-empon Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi; Van Hayus, Elfi Susanti; Mulyani, Sri; Utomo, Suryadi Budi; Wathon, Muhammad Hizbul; Bilhaq, Natiq; Pramesti, Anastasia Diaz
Molekul Vol 19 No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.2.10186

Abstract

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to optimize the formulation of hand sanitizer by incorporating lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) essential oil in combination with essential oils of local Indonesian empon-empon: temu giring (Curcuma heyneana Val. & van Zipj.), temu kunci (Kaempferia pandurata Roxb.), and temu mangga (Curcuma amada Roxb.). The optimization of hand sanitizer formulation was done based on several tests. The first was organoleptic test by observing the aroma, color, and form; the second was pH, homogeneity, and spreadability testing, and; the third was testing the antibacterial activities of each hand sanitizer formula against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25922. The research stages encompassed isolation of essential oils, formulation and evaluation of hand sanitizers, antibacterial activities test, optimization of hand sanitizer formulation, and identification of the chemical compounds in the hand sanitizer with the optimum formulation using the GC-MS method. The study resulted in the hand sanitizer with the optimum formulation containing the essential oils of lemongrass (3%) and temu giring (3%), demonstrating very strong antibacterial bioactivities against both E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923, with inhibition zones measuring 29.70 mm and 60.08 mm, respectively. This hand sanitizer had a distinctive aroma, combining the scents of lemongrass and temu giring. It was in liquid form, clear, and homogeneous, with pH and spreadibility values of 5.4 and 6.4 cm, respectively. The quality complied with SNI quality standards No. 06-2588. The primary active ingredients were E-citral (22.10%), Z-citral (17.88%), and 1,8-cineol (17.63%). Keywords: Essential oil, hand sanitizer, lemongrass, temu giring, temu kunci, temu mangga.
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Plumeria alba L., Polianthes tuberosa L., and Cananga ordorata L. Flowers Essential Oils as Bioadditives in Transparent Solid Bath Soap Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi; Mitsalina, Aufa Vib; Wathon, Muhammad Hizbul
Molekul Vol 19 No 3 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.3.10280

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the chemical components and antibacterial activity of essential oils from kamboja (Plumeria alba L.), sedap malam (Polianthes tuberosa L.), and kenanga (Cananga ordorata L.) flowers against Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 25923. Additionally, the study explored the application of these essential oils as bio additives in transparent solid bath soap. The research consisted of several stages: isolation and identification of chemical components of essential oils using the GC-MS Method, transparent solid bath soap formulation, antibacterial activity test of essential oils and transparent solid bath soaps against Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 25923, organoleptic test (color, aroma, transparency, solidity, and foam) and quality test of transparent solid bath soaps (pH, water content, foam stability, saponification number, and transparency). The essential oils extracted from kamboja, sedap malam, and kenanga flowers were found to contain 17, 20, and 20 compounds, respectively. Based on the result of GC-MS analysis showed that the predominant chemical components in each essential oil were 1,1’-oxydi-2-propanol (21.01%) for kamboja, benzyl ethanoate (24.52%) for sedap malam, and caryophyllene (43.77%) for kenanga. Transparent solid bath soaps with the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATTC 25923 were obtained in the formula added with kamboja, sedap malam and kenanga flowers essential oils at 3.0%, 3.0%, and 3.0%, respectively, with respective inhibitory power of 14.48 mm (strong), 13.73 mm (strong) and 13.56 mm (strong) in diameter. Organoleptic tests revealed that each soap type exhibited characteristic of the respective flower. All soap types demonstrated good quality based on parameters such as pH, water content, foam stability, saponification number and transparency. Keywords: Cananga ordorata L., essential oil, Plumeria alba L., Polianthes tuberosa L., transparent solid bath soap
Complexation and Colour Stability of Anthocyanins from the Extracts of Java Plum Fruits (Syzygium cumini) with Selected Metal Cations (Al3+, Fe3+, and Ca2+) at Various pHs Wathon, Muhammad Hizbul; Susilowati, Endang; Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi; Sari, Latifah
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2025.10.1.43-55

Abstract

Anthocyanins are highly coloured polyphenols, a class of flavonoids, which are natural, non-toxic, and water-soluble compounds. Because of that, anthocyanins have been used in numerous applications, such as natural colorants for foods, beverages, and textiles. However, anthocyanins have some drawbacks regarding their stability towards temperature, pH, and light, leading to degradation. One method to improve anthocyanins’ stability can be achieved through a complexation reaction of anthocyanins with metal cations. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the stability and colour profiles of anthocyanins extracted from Java Plum fruits (Syzygium cumini) complexed with Al3+, Fe3+, and Ca2+ ions in pH 1-12. Previously, anthocyanins from Java Plum fruits have been identified by LC-MS as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside ([M]+, m/z 449.3), delphinidin-3-O-glucoside ([M]+, m/z 465.3), and petunidin O-glucoside ([M]+, m/z 479.3). The ATR FTIR was also performed to confirm the functional group of anthocyanins. The colour of each solution at different pH was evaluated by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at 200-800 nm. Complexation of anthocyanins with Al3+, Fe3+, and Ca2+ ions showed various colours at different pHs. The complexation of anthocyanins with Al3+ at pH 4-5 developed a blue colour. The intensity of the blue colour increases with an increase in Al3+ ion concentration. This investigation showed the potential application of anthocyanin-metal chelation for the textile industry due to the range of colour produced. Furthermore, the complexation of anthocyanins to produce blue colour can be an alternative in food industries as this colour is difficult to obtain in acidic pH.
Lokakarya Pengembangan Subject Spesific Pedagogy (SSP) Berbasis STEAM (Science Technology Engineering Art and Mathematics) bagi Guru Kimia SMA Setyowati, Widiastuti Agustina Eko; Van Hayus, Elfi Susanti; Mulyani, Sri; Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi; Utomo, Suryadi Budi; Wathon, Muhammad Hizbul
Carmin: Journal of Community Service Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Borneo Research and Education Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59329/carmin.v5i1.146

Abstract

Telah dilaksanakan Lokakarya Pengembangan Subject Specific Pedagogy (SSP) berbasis Science Technology Engineering Art and Mathematics (STEAM) bagi Guru Kimia SMA. Berdasarkan diskusi antara tim Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PkM) Kelompok Riset Bahan Alam, Rekayasa Molekuler, dan Pembelajaran Kimia dengan Ketua MGMP Kimia Surakarta, salah satu permasalahan guru kimia di Surakarta adalah sebagian besar guru kimia masih jarang mengintegrasikan unsur STEAM dalam pembelajaran, khususnya integrasi STEAM dengan SSP. Tujuan dari lokakarya ini adalah untuk memberikan keterampilan kepada peserta dalam mengembangkan instrumen kontekstual yang relevan. Lokakarya ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan profesionalisme dan pemenuhan Rencana Hasil Kerja Guru dalam Platform Merdeka Mengajar (RHK PMM). PkM dilaksanakan dengan metode Asset Based Community Development (ABCD), terdiri atas Discovery (menemukan), Dream (impian), Design (prosedur), Define (pemantapan tujuan), dan Destiny (self determination) yang secara umum dilaksanakan dalam 3 tahap kegiatan, yaitu: 1) persiapan, 2) pelaksanaan, dan 3) evaluasi. Lokakarya yang diselenggarakan berhasil meningkatkan profesionalisme guru kimia dalam kurikulum Merdeka. Melalui pretest dan posttest yang diberikan, terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan peserta terkait materi SSP berbasis STEAM sebesar 19,86 % dengan N-gain sebesar 0,585 (sedang). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa kegaiatan lokakarya yang dilaksanakan dapat meningkatkan pemahaman dan penguasaan materi SSP berbasis STEAM dengan kategori sedang. Meningkatnya jumlah jawaban benar pada posttest menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan lokakarya berjalan dengan baik sehingga memberikan dampak positif bagi guru dalam hal pemahaman dan cara penerapan STEAM dalam pembelajaran, khususnya dalam hal pengembangan SSP. Selain itu kegiatan lokakarya ini mampu menghasilkan output berupa SSP berbasis STEAM yang berkualitas.
Eco-friendly Sunscreen: Aloe vera and Garlic-Shallot Peel Extract Formulation for Enhanced SPF Mulyani, Sri; Nugrahani, Arumsasi Putri; Majid, Karima; Susanti VH1, Elfi; Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi; Utomo, Suryadi Budi; Wathon, Muhammad Hizbul; Setyowati, Widiastuti Agustina Eko
Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.13677

Abstract

ABSTRACT. In the past 5 years, research has reported that chemical sunscreen products pose risks of irritation and environmental impact, necessitating safer natural alternatives, such as eco-friendly sunscreen. This study aimed to formulate a natural sunscreen by combining Aloe vera gel with garlic-shallot peel waste extracts and evaluate their solar protection factor (SPF), physical stability, overall quality, and organoleptic-hedonic test. The Aloe vera and extracts of garlic and shallot peels were prepared using modified infusion and solvent extraction techniques. The sunscreen formulas were created in nine variations with different concentrations of natural ingredient combinations. SPF values were determined in vitro using UV/Vis spectrophotometry, and the physical stabilities were tested using the cycling method. Overall quality tests were performed using the method as described in the standard and requirements for sunscreen products in Indonesia (SNI 16-4399-1996), and the procedure for determining the organoleptic-hedonic test referred to the organoleptic and/or sensory testing instructions (SNI 01-2346-2006). The results showed that all nine formulations met most of the quality standards of sunscreen. However, the panelist preferred formulas without garlic and shallot extracts due to the prominent odor of garlic and shallot. Further studies will be performed by combining them with fragrances that panelists prefer to cover the deficiencies in unpreferred odors. Formulas with garlic and shallot peel extracts have ultra-protection SPF values, though their effectiveness decreased with increased Aloe vera concentrations. These results indicate that garlic and shallot peel waste have the potential as sustainable, environmentally friendly sunscreen ingredients with high UV protection capabilities. Keywords: Aloe vera, garlic peel, shallot peel, SPF, sunscreen
ENHANCED BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM RICE STRAW THROUGH NAOH PRETREATMENT AND MOLASSES CO-SUBSTRATE ADDITION Setyowati, Widiastuti Agustina Eko; Ningtyas, Arin Ika; Zai, Fila Delfia; Mulyani, Sri; VH, Elfi Susanti; Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi; Utomo, Suryadi Budi; Wathon, Muhammad Hizbul
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i2.28200

Abstract

  This study investigates the effects of rice straw pretreatment using sodium hydroxide and the addition of molasses as a co-substrate on biogas production through anaerobic fermentation. The pretreatment process involved immersing rice straw in sodium hydroxide solutions at three different concentrations for twenty-four hours, while molasses was added at varying levels to evaluate its effect on the fermentation process. Compositional changes in the lignocellulosic biomass were analyzed using the Chesson–Datta method, which revealed significant alterations in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents. The lowest sodium hydroxide concentration produced moderate delignification while retaining a relatively high cellulose content, indicating its potential as the optimal pretreatment condition. Molasses addition consistently increased biogas production as dosage levels rose, with the highest yield observed at the maximum molasses concentration. The combined application of the lowest sodium hydroxide concentration and the highest molasses level resulted in the maximum biogas yield, demonstrating improved substrate biodegradability and fermentation efficiency. These findings highlight the practical potential of integrating NaOH pretreatment with molasses co-substrate addition to enhance the conversion efficiency of lignocellulosic agricultural waste into renewable energy through anaerobic fermentation.
Development and Characterization of Hand Sanitizer Containing Lempuyang Emprit (Zingiber amaricans BL.) Essential Oil With Zerumbone as The Main Chemical Component Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi; Mulyani, Sri; Susanti Vh, Elfi; Utomo, Suryadi Budi; Wathon, Muhammad Hizbul; Pramesti, Anastasia Diaz
JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) Vol 8, No 1 (2023): JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia)
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Kimia FKIP Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jkpk.v8i1.67055

Abstract

Recently, research on the chemistry of natural products as medicinal has been increasingly developed; this is because natural products have many chemical components, have the potential biological activities without side effects, and are easy to obtain. One of these natural products is Lempuyang Emprit (Zingiber amaricans BL.) essential oil. The researchers guided UKM Suti Sehati to develop a new product: a hand sanitizer containing Lempuyang Emprit essential oil (LEEO). This study aims to make ten hand sanitizer formulas by varying LEEO concentrations and determine the best formula based on the physical properties and antibacterial activities. The best formulation obtained was then optimized with variations in fragrance concentration. The best product was selected by a hedonic test using 30 untrained panelists based on the parameters of color, scent, texture, pH, homogeneity, speed of drying, causing no red skin, causing no pain, and causing no dry skin. The antibacterial activity tests were performed against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 using the disk method. The LEEO isolation was carried out using steam and water distillation methods, and the chemical components of the best product was identified using the GC-MS method. Based on the hedonic test, the best hand sanitizer product contains 1.5% LEEO and 3% fragrance. This product has a strong antibacterial activity value against S. aureus ATCC 25923, with an inhibition zone of 15.95 mm, and a moderate value against E. coli ATCC 25922, with an inhibition zone of 9.42 mm. The hand sanitizer product contains 21.35% of Zerumbone and exhibits antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities.
pH-Sensitive Strips Based on Cellulose and Anthocyanins from Dried Java Plum Fruits (Syzygium cumini) Wathon, Muhammad Hizbul; Susilowati, Endang; Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi
JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) Vol 8, No 1 (2023): JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia)
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Kimia FKIP Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jkpk.v8i1.72702

Abstract

This study aimed to develop pH-sensitive strips made of cellulose incorporated with anthocyanins extracted from dried Java plum fruits (Syzygium cumini) which potentially can be used to monitor food freshness. The spoilage of animal protein typically produces total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), which can be easily detected using pH-sensitive indicators. pH-sensitive indicators can be developed by combining biopolymers and anthocyanins. Biopolymers were cellulose from Whatman filter paper. While anthocyanins in this study were extracted from dried Java plum fruits (Syzygium cumini) with acidified water (0.01% v/v HCl) followed by SPE. Anthocyanins were incorporated into Whatman filter paper and dried at 70 °C for 10 min. Cellulose incorporated with anthocyanins was analysed using FT-IR and tested for pH 7-10. LC-MS spectra showed cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (m/z 449.3), delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (m/z 465.3), and petunidin-3-O-glucoside (m/z 479.3). These anthocyanins were the products of the deglycosylation of anthocyanin diglycosides. The deglycosylation of anthocyanins takes place through two different routes in either hemiketal or quinonoid forms. Those proposed two pathways are through protonation on an oxygen atom connecting an aglycone and a sugar moiety or through protonation on an oxygen atom within a sugar ring moiety. UV-Vis studies showed the colour profiles of anthocyanins in buffer solutions pH 1-12. The λvis-max of flavylium at pH < 3 ranged from 515-524 nm. At pH 4 to 6, colourless hemiketal was observed. The λvis-max of the quinonoid base was 575 nm at pH 7 and 590-599 nm for quinonoid anion at pH > 8. In alkaline pH, chalcone was observed.
Ability Test of C-4-Methoxyphenyl-Calix[4]resorcinarene as An Inhibitor of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Crust Growth at Various Concentration Utomo, Suryadi Budi; Ramadhani, Lathifah; Hanifah, Kisti Makrifatul; Huda, Zamira Zia’ul; Susanti V.H, Elfi; Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi; Mulyani, Sri; Wathon, Muhammad Hizbul
JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) Vol 8, No 2 (2023): JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia)
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Kimia FKIP Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jkpk.v8i2.74326

Abstract

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of C-4-methoxyphenyl-calix[4]resorcinarene in impeding the development of CaCO3 crust at varying concentrations of the inhibitor and different durations of contact. The research employed a seeded experimental approach using a 0.1 M CaCO3 growth solution maintained at 80 °C. The concentrations of C-4-methoxyphenyl-calix[4]resorcinarene introduced into the CaCO3 growth solution were 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 ppm. The experimental procedure commenced with preparing crystal seeds, which is pivotal for gauging crystal growth rates. Results obtained from crystal weighing and morphological analysis through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) indicated that C-4-methoxyphenyl-calix[4]resorcinarene effectively impeded the pace of CaCO3 scaling. The inhibitory efficacy of C-4-methoxyphenyl-calix[4]resorcinarene as a CaCO3 scaling inhibitor was contingent on well-regulated temperature during the heating phase. The inhibition effectiveness was positively correlated with the inhibitor's concentration; higher concentrations yielded superior suppression of CaCO3 scaling. Optimal scale reduction was observed at an inhibitor concentration of 10 ppm during a 20-minute contact period. These findings underscore the promising potential of C-4-methoxyphenyl-calix[4]resorcinarene as a viable inhibitor for mitigating scaling growth rates in various industrial fluid systems and related contexts.
Co-Authors Ari Syahidul Shidiq Bilhaq, Natiq Elfi Susanti V. H. Elfi Susanti Van Hayus Elfi Susanti VH Endang Susilowati Hanifah, Kisti Makrifatul Huda, Zamira Zia’ul Majid, Karima Mitsalina, Aufa Vib Ningtyas, Arin Ika Nugrahani, Arumsasi Putri Pramesti, Anastasia Diaz Ramadhani, Lathifah SARI, LATIFAH Setyowati, Widiastuti Agustina Eko Sri Mulyani Sri Retno Dwi Ariani Suryadi Budi Utomo Susanti V.H, Elfi Susanti VH1, Elfi Susilowati , Endang Zai, Fila Delfia