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Journal : International Journal of Quantitative Research and Modeling

Determination of Dominant Factors Affecting Lung Cancer Patients Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Amal, Moh Alfi; Suhaimi, Nurnisaa binti Abdullah; Yasmin, Arla Aglia
International Journal of Quantitative Research and Modeling Vol 5, No 3 (2024)
Publisher : Research Collaboration Community (RCC)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46336/ijqrm.v5i3.747

Abstract

The diagnosis of lung cancer is one of the most pressing health issues as the disease is often only detected at an advanced stage, leading to a poor prognosis for patients. Therefore, in an effort to detect, prevent, and manage the disease more effectively, this study utilized screening variables. Screening is an important endeavor in the early detection of diseases or abnormalities that are not yet clinically apparent using various tests, examinations, or procedures. The use of screening variables is very important in the early detection process because it can help in this study to understand the risk factors and causes of disease. The purpose of this study is to determine the dominant factors affecting people with lung cancer using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Based on the results of the study, it was found that there are 20 dominant screening variables that have a considerable correlation to the formation of early detection of lung cancer with a total proportion of covariance variance of 100% when, the total variance obtained from the 20 screening variables is 100%. The final PCA results show that the factor loading values are used to determine which variables are most influential by comparing the magnitude of the correlation. As a result, the main factor causing lung cancer was Fatigue which had a factor loading of 7.87%, followed by the variables Age and Alcohol use with a factor loading of 6.02%. Other variables also showed certain factor loadings that indicated the cause of lung cancer. These findings are very important in efforts to improve early detection and management of lung cancer through more effective and targeted screening.
The Development of Atomic Structures by Dalton, Thomson Rutherford and Bohr, and their Mathematical Equations Suhaimi, Nurnisaa binti Abdullah; Cahyandari, Rini; Salih, Yasir
International Journal of Quantitative Research and Modeling Vol 5, No 3 (2024)
Publisher : Research Collaboration Community (RCC)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46336/ijqrm.v5i3.759

Abstract

Thomson's atom is a solid ball or billiard ball with a positive charge that contains several negatively charged particles or electrons. These electrons will be spread on the ball like raisins on bread. The main difference between Thomson's and Rutherford's atomic models is that Thomson's model does not contain information about the atomic nucleus, while Rutherford's model does. The theory of atomic structure helps scientists understand why elements behave in certain ways in chemical reactions. For example, electron configuration determines how elements bond and form compounds. In this paper, a literature review was conducted on the development of Thomson's atomic structure model. The study method was carried out to identify elements based on their atomic number, determine their reactivity based on the number of valence electrons, and understand how atoms unite to form molecules through chemical bonds. The results of the study, by studying atomic theory, can find out about the chemical and physical properties, as well as the uses of particles or substances that exist around the universe.