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Ratio Decidendi dan Obiter Dictum: Evolusi Konseptual Pertimbangan Hakim dalam Putusan Pidana Indonesia Susilo, Erwin; Negara, Dharma Setiawan
Jurnal Negara Hukum: Membangun Hukum Untuk Keadilan Vol 16, No 2 (2025): JNH VOL 16 NO 2 NOVEMBER 2025
Publisher : Pusat Analisis Keparlemenan Badan Keahlian Setjen DPR RI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22212/jnh.v16i2.5049

Artikel ini membahas integrasi antara ratio decidendi dan obiter dictum dalam putusan perkara pidana di Indonesia sebagai cerminan perkembangan paradigma hukum yang tidak lagi terikat pada klasifikasi tradisional sistem common law. Melalui metode yuridis normatif, tulisan ini menyoroti bagaimana berlakunya Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, khususnya Pasal 53 ayat (2), mendorong pengadilan untuk mendahulukan nilai keadilan dibandingkan kepastian hukum, sehingga membuka ruang bagi obiter dictum untuk memperoleh relevansinya secara substantif. Dalam konteks ini, ratio decidendi dan obiter dictum dipahami bukan sebagai entitas yang terpisah secara ketat, melainkan saling melengkapi dalam membentuk struktur pertimbangan hukum yang integral. Artikel ini juga mengaitkan pergeseran tersebut dengan konsep positivisme hukum inklusif, yang mengakomodasi nilai-nilai moral dan kemanusiaan ke dalam sistem hukum positif. Dengan menelaah berbagai konsep, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penyatuan ratio decidendi dan obiter dictum adalah suatu keniscayaan secara yuridis dalam membangun putusan pidana yang adil dan kontekstual dalam sistem hukum Indonesia yang berlandaskan Pancasila.

Restorative Justice: Antithesis or New Face of The Punishment Model? Susilo, Erwin; Sujatmiko, Bagus; Mawla Ibnu Kamali , Karell
Legitimasi: Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Politik Hukum Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Faculty of Sharia and Law, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/legitimasi.v14i2.31892

Restorative Justice is increasingly adopted to overcome the limitations of retributive punishment, which emphasizes inflicting suffering on offenders. However, a fundamental theoretical debate remains regarding the ontological status of Restorative Justice: whether it is merely a non-penal mechanism outside the concept of punishment or a transformative form of punishment within the modern penal framework. This research examines this debate by determining the proper positioning of Restorative Justice in modern sentencing policy. The purpose of this study is to reconstruct the penal paradigm by integrating restorative, utilitarian, and moral-communitarian values into a more humane and inclusive system of punishment. Using normative legal research with a conceptual approach, this study analyzes theories, legislation, and judicial practices related to Restorative Justice in Indonesia. The findings suggest that Restorative Justice still retains punitive elements, as offenders are required to acknowledge wrongdoing and repair the harm. Consequently, Restorative Justice ought not to be classified as an exclusively non-penal mechanism but rather as an evolution of punishment that prioritizes reconciliation, moral accountability, and social restoration. This study concludes that Restorative Justice represents the new face of punishment, where the ultimate aim is no longer solely retribution but the restoration of social balance and substantive justice for victims, offenders, and society.

Unraveling the ambiguity of the commonality element in Indonesian class action litigation Susilo, Erwin; Nahdhah, Nahdhah; Negara , Dharma Setiawan
International Journal of Law, Environment, and Natural Resources Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): April Issue
Publisher : Scholar Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51749/injurlens.v6i1.151

The meaning of commonality in Class Action (CA) lawsuits in Indonesia, which remains abstractly formulated, leaves room for judges to interpret it differently, potentially leading to "disparities in rulings and legal uncertainty." This research aims to compare the regulation of CA in Indonesia and the United States, specifically regarding the concept of commonality, and to formulate a more concrete and applicable concept for the Indonesian legal system. The normative legal research used in this study employs a legislative and comparative law approach. Based on the study, this research found that in the United States, commonality has developed more clearly through jurisprudence by emphasizing a single core issue (common contention) and the dominance of a shared issue (predominance), unlike Indonesia, which still lacks a definite standard. From this condition, this research takes a firm position that commonality should not be merely interpreted as a general similarity, but rather as a unity of substantive issues that can be proven and resolved collectively in a single decision. On this basis, it is necessary to formulate a norm that is "concrete, measurable, and operational" so that the CA mechanism can truly provide legal certainty.

Unraveling the ambiguity of the commonality element in Indonesian class action litigation Susilo, Erwin; Nahdhah, Nahdhah; Negara , Dharma Setiawan
International Journal of Law, Environment, and Natural Resources Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): April Issue
Publisher : Scholar Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51749/injurlens.v6i1.151

The meaning of commonality in Class Action (CA) lawsuits in Indonesia, which remains abstractly formulated, leaves room for judges to interpret it differently, potentially leading to "disparities in rulings and legal uncertainty." This research aims to compare the regulation of CA in Indonesia and the United States, specifically regarding the concept of commonality, and to formulate a more concrete and applicable concept for the Indonesian legal system. The normative legal research used in this study employs a legislative and comparative law approach. Based on the study, this research found that in the United States, commonality has developed more clearly through jurisprudence by emphasizing a single core issue (common contention) and the dominance of a shared issue (predominance), unlike Indonesia, which still lacks a definite standard. From this condition, this research takes a firm position that commonality should not be merely interpreted as a general similarity, but rather as a unity of substantive issues that can be proven and resolved collectively in a single decision. On this basis, it is necessary to formulate a norm that is "concrete, measurable, and operational" so that the CA mechanism can truly provide legal certainty.

Analisis Konsentrasi DPK di Bank Umum Indonesia Berdasarkan Tiering Saldo Hatta, M.; Susilo, Erwin
RIGGS: Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Business Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Februari - April
Publisher : Prodi Bisnis Digital Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/riggs.v5i1.6852

Penelitian ini menganalisis dinamika perkembangan dan tingkat konsentrasi Dana Pihak Ketiga (DPK) perbankan Indonesia berdasarkan klasifikasi tiering saldo selama periode 2013–2025. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pola pertumbuhan DPK, perubahan struktur deposan, serta implikasi konsentrasi dana terhadap stabilitas sistem perbankan. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif deskriptif-komparatif dan memanfaatkan data agregat publikasi Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan (LPS), analisis dibagi ke dalam tiga fase utama, yaitu periode pra-pandemi (2013–2019), periode pandemi dan dampaknya (2020–2023), serta periode pasca-pandemi (2024–2025). Tingkat konsentrasi dan ketimpangan distribusi DPK dianalisis menggunakan beberapa indikator komplementer, antara lain Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), rasio konsentrasi antar tier saldo, Kurva Lorenz, dan Indeks Gini. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan DPK perbankan Indonesia bersifat asimetris dan cenderung semakin terkonsentrasi pada kelompok rekening bersaldo besar. Meskipun Tier 1 (rekening bersaldo kecil) secara konsisten mendominasi jumlah rekening, kontribusinya terhadap total nominal DPK terus mengalami penurunan relatif. Sebaliknya, kelompok tier saldo tinggi, khususnya Tier 5 hingga Tier 7, menunjukkan peningkatan kontribusi yang signifikan dan bersifat struktural dalam jangka menengah hingga panjang. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa peningkatan DPK lebih mencerminkan proses pendalaman simpanan (deposit deepening) dibandingkan perluasan basis deposan secara luas. Kondisi tersebut memiliki implikasi penting terhadap stabilitas likuiditas perbankan, sensitivitas terhadap perilaku deposan besar, serta efektivitas kebijakan inklusi keuangan. Oleh karena itu, hasil penelitian ini relevan sebagai dasar pertimbangan bagi regulator dan otoritas perbankan dalam merancang kebijakan pengelolaan risiko konsentrasi dana dan strategi pendalaman intermediasi keuangan yang berkelanjutan.

Reassessing Dwangsom in Indonesian Civil Procedure Law: Legality, Preferences, and Urgency Setiawan Negara, Dharma; Susilo, Erwin; Lufsiana
Supremasi Hukum: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025): Supremasi Hukum
Publisher : UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/sh.ctp9wt62

Dwangsom are intended to compel the losing party to comply with a legally binding court decision. However, in Indonesian civil procedural law, they continue to cause uncertainty and debate. Generally, previous research has focused only enforcement of a fine obstacles rather than on normative limitations, issues with the principle of justice, and the sustainability of dwangsom. This research aims to discuss the legality, preferences, and urgency of Dwangsom through doctrinal legal research methods, drawing on statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The analysis was conducted on Indonesian regulations by comparing them with Dutch civil procedural law as a reference. The findings highlight three key points. First, the application of dwangsom can be traced back to Articles 606a and 606b of the Reglement op de Rechtsvordering (Rv) serve as the primary legal basis for the imposition of dwangsom in Indonesian civil procedure. Second, the principle of proportionality demonstrates that dwangsom should not be applied to judgments involving the payment of a sum of money or debt obligations, because monetary obligations already have their own enforcement mechanism. Third, future reform of Indonesian civil procedure law is necessary to establish measurable standards for determining the dwangsom. The absence of clear limitations regarding the amount and duration of dwangsom creates significant risks of abuse. These findings expand on previous studies by positioning dwangsom as a procedural sanction that must be tested through the principles of proportionality and legal certainty.

Reconstructing the Provisions on the Abatement of Pretrial Proceedings in Indonesian Criminal Procedure Law: Ensuring Equality Before the Law Negara, Dharma Setiawan; Susilo, Erwin; Lufsiana, Lufsiana
SIGn Jurnal Hukum Vol 5 No 2: Oktober 2023 - Maret 2024
Publisher : CV. Social Politic Genius (SIGn)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37276/sjh.v5i2.688

Pretrial proceedings were designed as an instrument of judicial oversight to protect human rights from the arbitrariness of law enforcement authorities. Nevertheless, this philosophical expectation is contradicted by the reality of procedural malfunctions arising from legal loopholes in application abatement provisions. This research aims to examine the respondent’s power over case transfers critically and to formulate a norm reconstruction design for time limitations. This type of research is normative legal research that integrates the statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approaches. Syllogistic analysis juxtaposes the ideal norms of justice with empirical findings from case studies of various court decisions. The research results show that the absence of a binding time limit has led to hasty case transfers by state instruments to evade judicial scrutiny. By overcoming this state of emergency, this research offers a novel, definitive time-limit protection mechanism design. For detained suspects, the validity of a case transfer is limited to 21 days from the date of the application’s registration. Conversely, for undetained suspects, the abatement provision is eliminated, subject to the prerequisite of physical presence at the hearing. Ultimately, the separation of time limits based on detention status constitutes the highest realization of substantive equality, dismantling state domination over the individual. This research recommends that the Supreme Court revoke the relevant administrative guidelines and urges lawmakers to incorporate this differentiation scheme into the renewal of the national criminal procedure law.

Bantuan Hukum dan Kebenaran (Veritas): Membongkar Norma yang Destruktif dan Menetapkan Rekonstruksi Susilo, Erwin; Rafi, Muhammad
Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM Vol. 33 No. 2: MEI 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/iustum.vol33.iss2.art6

This research is based on the issue of limited access to legal assistance for suspects or defendants in the Indonesian criminal justice system. The provisions in Article 155 paragraphs (1) and (2) of the New Criminal Procedure Code remain stipulating a minimum criminal penalty and various administrative requirements for obtaining free legal assistance. These provisions pose the potential to hinder suspects or defendants, especially those who are incapacitated or detained, from obtaining effective legal assistance. Consequently, there is an imbalance in the position between the state and individuals in criminal justice, which can affect the search for material truth ( veritas ) as the main objective of criminal procedure law. This research aims to analyse the role of advocates in assisting to uncover veritas in criminal justice and formulate a more effective regulatory concept for legal assistance. The study uses a doctrinal legal research method with a conceptual approach and a statutory approach, which is analysed qualitatively against legal norms governing legal assistance. The results indicate that the presence of advocates plays an important role in balancing the relationship between the state and suspects or defendants and strengthening the fair evidentiary process. Therefore, this research recommends the reconstruction of legal assistance regulations by removing the minimum criminal penalty limit in Article 155 of the New Criminal Procedure Code and simplifying the administrative requirements for detained suspects or defendants. This reformulation is necessary to ensure that legal assistance truly functions as an instrument to guarantee equality before the law and support the search for material truth in criminal justice.

Reconstructing Indonesia’s Psychological Provocation Doctrine: Toward Gender-Responsive Criminal Liability Reform Susilo, Erwin
Arena Hukum Vol. 19 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

This research examines the urgency of reconstructing the provocation doctrine in Indonesian criminal law related to murder committed under conditions of loss of self-control due to severe psychological pressure. The problem arises following the absence of provisions in Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code governing psychological provocation, leading to legal uncertainty and the potential for gender bias in sentencing. Previous research by Garvey (2023), Slavković (2023), Owusu (2023), and Bettinson and Wake (2024) discussed the doctrine of provocation from the perspectives of comparative law, gender, and victim protection. However, no previous research formulates a model integrating “forensic psychology, victim protection, and criminal accountability” specifically applied to Indonesia. This research aims to formulate a model for reconstructing the provocation doctrine that is more proportional and gender-responsive. The method used is normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, comparative, and case approaches. The research results indicate that psychological provocation has been considered in Indonesian judicial practice, but without clear parameters. Therefore, this research offers the Indonesian Provocation Doctrine Concept based on evidence-based culpability, constitutional victim protection, and objective-contextual reasonableness. This research concludes that psychological provocation should serve as a basis for mitigating punishment, not as a justification or excuse. Explicit regulations in the Criminal Code are necessary to ensure legal certainty, victim protection, and proportional punishment. Theoretically, this research contributes to the development of modern criminal law and can serve as a reference for the reform of criminal liability doctrine in other countries.

Dari Teks ke Makna: Model Interpretasi Bertingkat sebagai Jawaban atas Ketegangan Hukum dan Keadilan Susilo, Erwin; Sari, Iustika Puspa; Negara, Dharma Setiawan
Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

The Indonesian rule of law emphasizes that law should not be understood merely in a legal-formal sense, but also in its moral and social dimensions. This study stems from the persistent tension between legal certainty and justice and the need for an interpretative method capable of bridging the two. The main objective of this research is to examine and formulate a model of tiered legal interpretation that integrates four approaches derived from the common law tradition—Literal Interpretation (LI), Golden Rule (GR), Mischief Rule (MR), and Purposive Approach (PA)—into the Indonesian legal system. This model has been contextually applied in jurisdictions such as India, the United Kingdom, and the United States to balance statutory texts with underlying values of justice. The study reveals that tiered interpretation provides judges with a methodological framework to interpret law contextually and value-oriented, beginning from the grammatical meaning of a norm to the normative purpose of the legislature. Findings also show that similar practices have emerged in Indonesia, as reflected in the Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010, despite the absence of an explicitly institutionalized model. In conclusion, this approach aligns with the constitutional mandate and the foundational character of Pancasila-based law and proves to be a relevant response to the challenges of legal interpretation amidst social pluralism and the evolving nature of modern law.

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