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All Journal Jurnal Biologi Tropis
Sabrina, Khansa Aulia
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology

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Diphtheria and Pertussis: A Literature Review of Two Preventable Infectious Diseases Sabrina, Khansa Aulia; Rahmawati, Fadila; Aghni, Hasna Tazkia; Siregar, Chivan Agustinus
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4 (2025): Oktober-Desember
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4.10380

Abstract

Diphtheria and pertussis are dangerous infectious diseases that infect the respiratory tract. Both diseases are caused by bacteria that can affect people of all ages, especially infants and children. The research design used was a literature review. Data sources were obtained by conducting electronic searches through library search engines including PubMed, ScienceDirect, MDPI, and Google Scholar to find journal articles and guidelines discussing diphtheria and pertussis. The findings indicate that diphtheria and pertussis are respiratory infections caused by bacteria. These diseases are transmitted through respiratory droplets and can spread very quickly. Both diseases remain a public health challenge due to their significant morbidity and mortality rates, especially in vulnerable groups such as infants and children. Prevention efforts need to be integrated with early detection of clinical manifestations and diagnosis, appropriate case management, and public education regarding diphtheria and pertussis prevention through timely vaccination and maintaining high vaccination coverage.
Cerebral Palsy: Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management Damayanti, Ida Ayu Andara; Prawira, I Nyoman Dio Yudha; Andini, Syabila; Hanifah, Hanum Retno; Wiguna, I Made Danuarta; Wulandari, Baiq Nurhandini; Sabrina, Khansa Aulia; Khotimah, Andi Husnul; Wardana, Shira Putri; Rizqullah, Rifqi; Haikal, Muhammad
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4a (2025): Special Issue
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10564

Abstract

Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive neuromotor disorder and the leading cause of motor disability in children worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study aims to examine the risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of cerebral palsy based on recent scientific literature. This article includes a systematic literature review using the PRISMA method and selected 15 articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the systematic literature review were obtained risk factors for cerebral palsy include intrauterine infection, preeclampsia, premature birth, asphyxia, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and hyperbilirubinemia. These risk factors can disrupt neurogenesis and brain maturation, leading to structural and functional damage to the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations of cerebral palsy include impaired muscle tone, abnormal reflexes, and postural deformities, classified as spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic, and assessed using the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). The diagnosis of cerebral palsy is established through evaluation of the clinical history, neurological/motor examination, neuroimaging, and genetic testing. Cerebral palsy management aims to improve functionality, ability, and health in movement, cognition, social interaction, and independence. Non-pharmacological management focuses on physiotherapy and occupational therapy to improve motor skills, reduce spasticity, and support independence. The mainstay of pharmacotherapy in cerebral palsy management uses systemic medications that are symptom-based and directed at specific movement disorders.
Co-Authors Aghni, Hasna Tazkia Andini, Syabila Damayanti, Ida Ayu Andara Hanifah, Hanum Retno Khotimah, Andi Husnul Muhammad Haikal Prawira, I Nyoman Dio Yudha Rahmawati, Fadila Rizqullah, Rifqi Siregar, Chivan Agustinus Wardana, Shira Putri Wiguna, I Made Danuarta Wulandari, Baiq Nurhandini