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Jurnal RISA
Published by Universitas Katolik Parahyangan
ISSN : 25488074     EISSN : -     DOI : https://doi.org/10.26593/risa
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Jurnal RISA aims to contribute to scientific research, practice, and education by publishing national and international studies. The scope of this journal includes the dissemination of research findings, ideas, and reviews in the following subject areas: 1. History, Theory, and Philosophy of Architecture; 2. Housing and Settlements; 3. Architecture and Urban Design; and 4. Building Management Technology.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Arsitektur
Articles 430 Documents
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UPAYA PENINGKATAN PERFORMA PENCAHAYAAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP HEMAT ENERGI PADA AREA DUDUK PUJASERA FOODSTEP DI APARTEMEN PARAHYANGAN RESIDENCE BANDUNG Halim, Marion; Dewi Pangestu, Mira
Jurnal Riset Arsitektur Vol 7 No 02 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i02.6606.196-211

Abstract

Abstract - Lighting among various aspects, is crucial in facilitating users to carry out activities. Lighting can be categorized as decent, if it can meet the visual comfort standards in accordance to the demands of existing activities. One of the differentiating aspects in the lighting procurement strategy is the buildings’ typology. Each typology has different lighting characteristics, where a typically large room typology has a central area that is more difficult achieve natural lighting (Anasiru, 2016) and so it relies more on artificial lighting. However, there have been numerous findings and innovations in the use of natural lighting in buildings with similar typologies. This arises in response to concerns about the high level usage of energy in buildings, proving the need for an energy-efficient lighting system. The object reviewed in this study is Pujasera FoodStep, a commercial area on the semi-basement floor of the Parahyangan Residence Apartment. The object of this research is filled with various food outlets and sitting areas, with an area of about 1250 m2. In addition to being used for eating activities, it is also often used for studying, doing college assignments, and holding discussions. This room with a rather large typology utilizes artificial lighting as the main light source, aside from several natural lighting strategies implemented in this area, namely side openings and light wells. Fulfilling the quantity and quality standards of lighting become especially important at the Foodstep Pujasera, promoted by the management as a learning and working area in addition to dining area. This is made to be even more concerning with the existing state deemed uncomfortable visually based on initial observations. Because of the high usage od artificial lighting in pujasera foodstep as a result of the large semi-basement space, a strategy is needed that can take advantage of existing natural lighting from side openings and lightwells so that it can lighten the burden of artificial lighting, especially considering existing conditions that do not seem to include the potentials of natural lighting in its system, where all the lights can be seen turned on throughout the day, even in areas near the openings. The purpose of this research is to assess the level of visual comfort in the existing conditions, to seek proposed strategies related to artificial lighting to be able to fulfill visual comfort, and also to seek proposed strategies for collaborating artificial lighting and natural lighting in order to save energy.The method used is descriptive experimental, with a quantitative approach through simulation assisted by DIALUX Light Wizard, Curic Sun, and DIALUX Evo software. Through this research, several conclusions were obtained. First, the lighting in existing conditions that rely on artificial light as the main lighting does not meet the standard of visual comfort. Second, is the creation of artificial lighting design that can achieve visual comfort. Third, is to propose a strategy that can collaborate artificial lighting with natural lighting in the Foodstep food court seating area. Suggestions that can be given through this research is to consider the role of other elements aside from artificial lighting as aspects that also affect lighting in the room. The elements mentioned are the design of the side openings and lightwells, as well as the use of wall, floor, and ceiling materials. Key Words: Lighting, visual comfort, energy saving, Foodstep foodcourt
KAJIAN ESTETIKA MASJID SALMAN ITB DITINJAU DARI STRUKTUR Pratomo, Gilang; Abdullah Arif, Kamal; Nirwan Histanto, Enrico
Jurnal Riset Arsitektur Vol 7 No 02 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i02.6607.212-227

Abstract

Abstract - The Salman ITB Mosque is one of Indonesia's most important architectural accomplishments. It has an upward curved roof with a column-free prayer space that is still in good working order. The structure serves as a medium for distributing load, but the structural function of a building extends beyond that to include the aesthetic value of the architectural work itself. The purpose of this study is to look at the use of structures in the Salman ITB Mosque building, which not only serve as a means of distributing loads but also have an aesthetic value. The findings of the study could lead to scientific advancements in the construction of structures that improve the aesthetic value of structures. Designers can use this knowledge to create structure-based designs in the future, so that structural aspects are no longer considered as an afterthought to the architectural design, but are valued equally. The Bjorn Normann hypothesis is used to investigate the structure's aesthetics, which states that the structure's aesthetics can be appraised based on its structural and architectural functions. The outcomes of the study of books connected to structure will be based on the theory. This is a qualitative descriptive study that uses data from book reviews, direct observation, interviews, and simulations to process the data. The analysis is split into two sections. The first section is devoted to a consideration of the structure and its structural features as a load-distribution medium. The second section delves into the structure's architectural features, such as forms, expressions, and elements that divide the space. Findings emerged from the conversation, which were used to draw conclusions. The structure, as a space-forming element, plays the most important role in accomplishing structural ethics at the Salman Mosque ITB, according to this study. Furthermore, in the ITB Salman Mosque, the structure as an expression of the building still plays a significant part in achieving the structure's aesthetics. Finally, in the Salman ITB Mosque, the structure as a type of building plays the least important function in achieving structural beauty. This is possible due to the structure's position as a load distributor, which places a premium on optimizing the structure's design and arrangement. Keywords: Salman Mosque ITB, structural aesthetics, structural function, architectural functions, load distribution, form, expression, and interior space.
PENDEKATAN LOKALITAS BALI PADA DESAIN ARSITEKTUR HOTEL POTATO HEAD STUDIOS DI SEMINYAK Jordan, Joshua; Fauzy, Bachtiar
Jurnal Riset Arsitektur Vol 7 No 03 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i03.6997.228-247

Abstract

Abstract - Globalization is a phenomenon that is difficult to avoid, and its effects are also felt in the field of architecture. As time passed by, more architectural works in Indonesia are built very modern and the locality approach is starting to be forgotten, especially in design. As a result, Indonesian architectural works began to lose their real context and identity. The purpose of this study is to uncover the local Balinese approach applied by Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), in the architectural design of the Potato Head Studios hotel in Seminyak, Bali. The research was conducted using qualitative methods in the form of description, comparison, analysis and interpretation. The theories used are the principle of Balinese locality and the theory of the design approach on historical approaches, historicism, study of precedents and materials. The supporting theories are the Ordering Principles and the theory of Good Building / Architecture. The case study is divided into the scope of the surrounding environment, the site, the form, the figure and its sustainability. The results show that the Balinese locality approach to the architectural design of this hotel as a whole was dominated by the concept of harmony with nature and the approach to materials. The use of materials involves local craftsmen applying aspects of material sustainability in the building process and using recycled materials to create an interesting creation of shapes and textures on the wall, ceiling and floor elements. In addition, the historical approach of Balinese philosophy and culture is shown by the application of the sanga mandala concept to the shape of the building mass, and the use of the ancient Tika calendar which translates into a breeze block facade. From the concept of Balinese architecture, it can be seen that there is the application of natah as a form OHof the rwabhineda concept and also the woven elements on the ceiling, facade and railing of the building. A precedent study approach was also carried out at this hotel so as to create an architectural design that was different from the surrounding inns. The benefits of this research include providing an understanding to readers and designers regarding the local Balinese approach used in the this hotel and becoming a design inspiration. As a suggestion, the Balinese locality approach from the architectural concept can be applied further to the site and shape of the building mass. The pattern of the Tika calendar can also be simplified to make it easier to identify. Keywords: design approach, locality, architectural design, Bali
STRATEGI TRANSFORMASI ARSITEKTUR PADA STUDIO AKANOMA DI PADALARANG, KABUPATEN BANDUNG BARAT Amanda Irawan, Neysa; Fauzy, Bachtiar
Jurnal Riset Arsitektur Vol 7 No 03 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i03.6998.248-265

Abstract

Abstract – The architecture in Indonesia, like the architecture of many countries and regions in the world, has recently undergone various changes due to the phenomenon of globalization. The rapid modernization and the rapid pace of architectural development create enormous opportunities for the entry of foreign cultural values. This causes rapid changes and transformations that occur in the architecture. This condition is thought to have resulted in the transformation of traditional architecture as a relic of past architecture, both in function, spatial planning or building form.The purpose of this research is to find out how Studio Akanoma responds to this globalization phenomenon by transforming its architecture, as well as revealing the architectural transformation strategy of the Akanoma Studio building in Padalarang, West Bandung Regency. Studio Akanoma is the work of Yu Sing, which currently functions as the office of an architectural consulting bureau. The theory applied in this study refers to (1) the theory of architectural transformation, (2) the theory of architectural transformation process (3) the theory of function, space, and form in architecture, and (4) the theory of traditional Javanese culture and architecture. This research was designed using a qualitative method with a case study approach.The results of this study indicate that the architectural transformation that occurred in the Akanoma Studio building in Padalarang, West Bandung Regency shows a transformation strategy that closely interweaves elements of traditional architectural locality in the context of modern life, with the use of pragmatic and iconic transformation strategy. This can be seen in the architectural expression, both in the function, layout, and form of the building. How to maintain the existence of traditional architecture in the present and in the future is a factual and interesting problem for the development of local/traditional architectural knowledge. More broadly, this study is expected to provide an overview of the development and transformation strategy of traditional architecture which is expected to answer future architectural challenges, and can be applied in the activities of designing and building architecture as a work of the built environment. Keywords: globalization, architectural transformation, identity, Padalarang Bandung Barat
KONSISTENSI MASYARAKAT ADAT TERHADAP TATANAN FISIK SPASIAL KAMPUNG ADAT CIREUNDEU, CIMAHI SELATAN Sherlinda, Nadya; Basuki Dwisusanto, Yohanes
Jurnal Riset Arsitektur Vol 7 No 03 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i03.6999.266-282

Abstract

Abstract - Cireundeu Traditional Village is one of the traditional villages that still exist today. Located in Leuwigajah Village, South Cimahi District, Cireundeu Traditional Village has Sunda Wiwitan as the root of indigenous identity. Like a traditional village, there are many traditions, cultures, ancestral values, and rules handed down by previous elders. However, the rapid flow of globalization that is currently happening can have an impact on the meaning of customary values ​​in the Cireundeu Traditional Village. “Miindung ka time, mibapa ka era” – is one of the established principles which means that humans must grow and develop by following the progress of the times while still preserving the inherited culture. The existence of this principle makes the indigenous people of the Cireundeu Traditional Village open to the development of the times. This openness can affect the meaning of existing customary values, especially regarding village arrangements and patterns of spatial arrangement in buildings. The purpose of this study was to examine the consistency of the arrangement, as well as the customary values ​​of buildings with a residential scale in the indigenous people of the Cireundeu Traditional Village. The research was conducted with the hope of exploring what is behind the arrangement of the Cireundeu Traditional Village and how the consistency of indigenous peoples is in following the arrangement. The research was conducted using a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by direct observation in the field, conducting interviews with figures who were considered to understand the history of the Cireundeu Traditional Village, and searching for secondary data using literature studies from previous research so that previous documentation about the Cireundeu Traditional Village could be obtained. Based on the collected data, it is concluded that the arrangement of the Cireundeu Traditional Village is based on the applicable rules and regulations regarding the placement of the main door and side door. Based on virtual documentation that was traced in 2006, 2010, 2013, 2017, 2019, and 2022, not much has changed. Although the form of housing is not in the form of a house on stilts, the indigenous people of the Cireundeu Traditional Village still interpret traditional values ​​through the application of the Pancawara concept. Thus, it is concluded that although the indigenous peoples are open to rapid development, the indigenous people of the Cireundeu Traditional Village are still consistent in maintaining traditional values. The application of these traditional values ​​of course undergoes several adjustments with the progress of the times. However, it can still be expressed through physical and spatial arrangements both at the village scale and at the residential scale. Keywords: traditional village, Pancawara, Cireundeu Traditional Village, Sunda Wiwitan
RUANG INTERPERSONAL BERDASARKAN POLA AKTIVITAS IBADAH JEMAAH MASJID AL-BAROKAH, SUKARAJA, CICENDO, BANDUNG DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 Athayanissa, Jasmine; Astrina Fitria Indrarani, Indri
Jurnal Riset Arsitektur Vol 7 No 03 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i03.7000.283-298

Abstract

Abstract - The implementation of joint worship is highly prioritized in Islam. Such as straightening and tightening the rows during congregational prayers by bringing the shoulders and ankles closer between adjacent congregations, to maintaining the ukhuwwah Islamic relationship recommended by the Prophet Muhammad by shaking hands when meeting with other Muslims. Entering its 3rd year, Indonesia must fight against the spread of a new variant during the Covid-19 pandemic, namely the BA.2 Subvariant or the Omicron Variant which requires mosques, as facilities for collective worship, to adjust managers and congregations in carrying out various activities. Likewise, the Al-Barokah Mosque which functions as a residential mosque in the Sukaraja area, Bandung City. Prisoners between individuals and personal hygiene are crucial things to be monitored together. Residents of the Muslim community who are accustomed to worshiping together at the mosque daily, carrying out activities to build brotherhood together, must change their traditions to avoid a virus that has not gone away for a long time. The solemnity of congregational worship that is felt through togetherness in activities in the mosque, must be forced to change in maintaining personal health. There is a drastic change that is increasingly turning into a polemic not only for the manager, but also for all the congregation who carry it out. This study uses a qualitative-descriptive method by borrowing the inductive method in the process of justification and confirmation of the observation results. Observations were made on managers, implementers, and congregation as performers of worship activities in the mosque area, to find out the real results of activity patterns based on various subject positions. Direct communication and filling out questionnaires by activity actors are also used to obtain a more personal quality of information, related to observations of the user's interpersonal space. The conclusion is generated by combining the observation findings on several different activities which are analyzed through the theory of interpersonal space based on the procedures for worship in Islam and justified through the results of questionnaires and direct interviews with the managers and congregants of Al-Barokah Mosque, Sukaraja, Cicendo, Bandung City, to see personal space. and the social space that followed. The research was aimed at knowing the changing conditions of the congregation's interpersonal space during the Covid-19 pandemic, within the scope of joint and munfarid religious activities. Keywords: activity, interpersonal, mosque, omicron, pandemic, space
ELEMEN-ELEMEN ARSITEKTUR NEO-GOTIK PADA GEREJA POUK LAHAI ROI JAKARTA Milleni, Sylvia; Sudianto Aly, C
Jurnal Riset Arsitektur Vol 7 No 03 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i03.7001.299-316

Abstract

Abstract - POUK Lahai Roi Church is an Ecumenical Church located in Jakarta. At a glance, you can see elements of neo-Gothic architecture in this church, such as the tower, pointed arch, rose window, and other elements. The church, which was completed in 2007, is included in a new building that is interesting to study further because of the discovery of elements of neo-Gothic architecture which is an architectural style that developed in its final era. This study was made to identify the elements of neo-Gothic architecture found in the POUK Lahai Roi Church based on theories regarding neo-Gothic architecture. The elements of neo-Gothic architecture studied in this study based on literary sources are the roof, the ribbed vault, tower, infill wall, molding, stained glass, tracery, sculpture, door, window, rose window, column, porch, spatial arrangement, arches, materials, and colors. The analysis in this research was conducted by studying the elements of neo-Gothic architecture and then comparing them with the elements in the POUK Lahai Roi Church. Based on the analysis, found 13 elements of the 17 elements of neo-Gothic architecture in POUK Lahai Roi Church. The thirteen elements consist of the roof, the ribbed vault, tower, infill wall, stained glass, tracery, sculpture, rose window, porch, spatial arrangement, arches, material, and color, while the four elements that are not in accordance with neo-Gothic architecture are moldings, doors, windows, and columns. Thus, it can be said that the POUK Lahai Roi Church has a neo-Gothic architectural style. Keywords: element, architecture, neo-Gothic, Cijantung Jakarta
STUDI TRANSFORMASI ARSITEKTUR CANDI BATU DIENG DITINJAU DARI ANATOMI, TEKTONIKA, PROPORSI, TATA RUANG DAN MASSA SERTA WUJUD REKONSTRUKSI VIRTUALNYA Steven Nugroho, Michael; P. Herwindo, Rahadhian
Jurnal Riset Arsitektur Vol 7 No 03 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i03.7004.317-333

Abstract

Abstract - Dieng Temple is one of the oldest stone temple clusters in Central Java and stores about 400 stone temples and now only 9 temples are left standing intact or partially collapsed. Batu Dieng Temple holds a lot of history of architectural development and transformation in the 7th to 8th centuries. The tectonics and architectural anatomy of Batu Dieng Temple can provide evidence of the progress and technology of Nusantara construction in that century, Batu Dieng Temple also stores stories about the relationship between Archipelago Temple Architecture with Temple Architecture in other places such as in North and South India. This study found that there were various kinds of transformations that were studied through the architectural transformation theory written by Mustafa (2010) such as the transformation of creation, cultural borrowing, and variants. In addition, this study also provides an overview of the temples in Dieng that have been found collapsed, such as the head of the Srikandi, Gatotkaca, and Dwarawati temples. Keywords: Batu Temple Architecture, Batu Dieng Temple. Temple Reconstruction, Tectonics, Anatomy
TINGKAT KOMPLEMEN ARSITEKTURAL ELEMEN NATURAL DAN BUATAN DALAM PENGUNGKAPAN FUNGSIONALITAS RUANG KOTA Firasyan, Raisa; Pangarso, F.X. Budiwidodo
Jurnal Riset Arsitektur Vol 7 No 04 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i04.7232.334-350

Abstract

Abstract - Architecture is always pervaded by the context in which it is placed. This is of course closely relatedto the visual impression created on a large scale, namely the city scale. A city can have an identity because thearchitecture in it is related to its nature. The elements that make up the urban space will adapt and anticipateusing designs that respond to geographic facts. These adjustments can lead to dif erent visual goodness values.Cities are often simply separated from nature, coupled with the destruction of nature caused byindif erent humans. This thinking is called binary pairs, where a city and nature are considered contradictoryand cannot be united. Humans raise their hands against exploitation and environmental pollution. Valssonwrites that this thinking is wrong, and can be corrected by the method of complementarity. Therefore, the focusof this research is to find the level of complementarity between the geographical facts of the city and thearrangement of architectural elements through panoramic view of the city's space and functional condition ofthe Segiri Market Area, Samarinda.This research was conducted qualitative descriptive with the help of pictorial analytic technique. Theresearch aims to contribute a study of urban aesthetics, with a focus on the complementarity of urban elements.This research is theory-based from several literatures and online observation of the object of study. The datacollected is associated with a theoretical study of urban literature of urban aesthetics.Samarinda City is a waterfront city which is crossed by the Mahakam River and its tributary, theKarang Mumus River. Even though it is a tributary, the Karang Mumus River has a fairly large width of 40meters. This geographical fact relates to the surrounding architectural elements visually. These relationshipscan be complementary or analogous, dif ering in each area of observation. The review of the complementarity ofeach observation area is accompanied by observations of the activities in it, and dif erences in human activitypatterns are found based on these relationships.It is hoped that this research can provide benefits in the form of a study of urban aesthetics, with afocus on the relationship between natural and artificial elements of urban space and activity patterns in urbanspace in the Segiri Market Area, Samarinda. In addition, it is hoped that this research can become additionalknowledge and as a reference and basis for further research.Keywords: complementarity, urban elements, functional townscape, Samarinda
PENGARUH DESAIN PENCAHAYAAN ALAMI TERHADAP KENYAMANAN VISUAL DAN PSIKO-VISUAL PADA TANATAP RING GARDEN COFFEE SHOP AMPERA JAKARTA Firmansyah Putri, Ghea Helena; Dewi Pangestu, Mira
Jurnal Riset Arsitektur Vol 7 No 04 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i04.7233.351-370

Abstract

Abstract - At the moment, daylight is a significant element in designing a building. Daylight design needs toconsider visual comfort and psycho-visual comfort in a building. Visual comfort calculate the quality andquantity of daylight in an area. Meanwhile, psycho-visual comfort relates to the experience or atmosphere ofdaylight in a room that af ects the visual perception, emotion, and behaviour of space users.Tanatap Ring Garden Cof ee Shop Ampera Jakarta is a cafe designed by RAD+ar, which have functions fordining, hanging out, and meeting. Public Park is the main concept of the Tanatap Ring Garden with sustainablearchitecture and a tropical building approach that responds to the climate on site. The application of thisconcept uses daylight as the main lighting from morning to evening. In addition to saving energy, the use ofdaylight is also designed to create an intimate atmosphere at the entrance and bar area, then an openatmosphere whose intimacy is reduced by the presence of an outdoor as a focal point of this building. Withvarious activities and designs of daylight openings, this aspect af ects the visual and psycho-visual comfort ofvisitors at Tanatap. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the ef ect of light opening design onthe quantity and quality of daylight. This study is also to determine the extent to which the design of daylightopenings af ects the visual comfort and psycho-visual comfort of visitors at the Tanatap Ring Garden AmperaCafe Jakarta.This research uses descriptive - evaluative methods with quantitative approaches. A quantitative approach isused to obtain data on the quantity and quality of daylight to determine visual comfort at Tanatap with digitalsimulation techniques using LightStanza. A quantitative approach was used to obtain data on theperception-emotion-behaviour of respondents with a questionnaire regarding the psycho-visual comfort ofvisitors to Tanatap Ampera. Then, data on the existing condition of visual and psycho-visual comfort werecompared to confirm the achievement of the concept of daylight designed by Tanatap architects.This study resulted in several conclusions. First, the visual comfort in the existing condition in terms of thequantity and quality of daylight at the Tanatap cafe already meets existing standards and is in accordance withthe concept of the Tanatap architect. Second, psycho-visual comfort has an important role in realizing the visualperception of visitors so as to create a comfortable, open, and intimate atmosphere, as well as an impression ofbeing in a garden in accordance with the concept of daylight from the architect Tanatap. Third, the design ofdaylight openings has provided visual and psycho-visual comfort with categories appropriate to be very suitablefor visitors in the research area.Keywords: café, daylighting, natural lighting, visual comfort, psycho-visual comfort, Tanatap Cof ee Shop

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