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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry
Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada
ISSN : 14119420     EISSN : 24601578     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry is an International, peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, as well as short communication in all areas of chemistry including applied chemistry. The journal is accredited by The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RISTEKDIKTI) No : 21/E/KPT/2018 (in First Rank) and indexed in Scopus since 2012. Since 2018 (Volume 18), Indonesian Journal of Chemistry publish four issues (numbers) annually (February, May, August and November).
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,981 Documents
 195   196   197   198   199 
A Novel Stability-Indicating Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Glycopyrronium Bromide and Neostigmine Methyl Sulfate Injectable Formulations by RP-HPLC Mashru, Chetankumar; Dhalani, Jayesh
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 26, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.106427

Abstract

Glycopyrronium bromide and neostigmine methyl sulfate drugs combination is used in treatment as an injectable formulation. The present study proposes the development and validation of an accurate, selective, and sensitive RP-HPLC method, which will enable the detection of degradation products for the combined estimation of glycopyrronium bromide and neostigmine methyl sulfate in both the parental dosage form and bulk samples. The optimum chromatographic condition was achieved using an octadecylsilane column, such as the Inertsil ODS-3 column with dimensions of 150 × 4.6 µm, 3 µm, at a flow rate of 1.00 mL/min with gradient elution. Phosphate buffer (pH 2.50) and acetonitrile were used as solutions A and B, respectively. Chromatography was achieved with an injection volume of 10 µL and a detection wavelength of 220 nm. The proposed study found a linear relationship between the ranges of 25–75 and 125–375 ppm for glycopyrronium and neostigmine methyl sulfate, respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were achieved at 0.15 and 0.5 ppm for glycopyrronium bromide and neostigmine methyl sulfate, respectively. The validation of the method was carried out with a short run time of 20 min and a recovery rate of more than 99%.
An Optimization of the Adsorption Method for Methylene Blue Using Faujasite Zeolite-X Synthesized from Coal-Fly Ash Utilizing RSM Coupled with Central Composite Design Approach Tirva, Divya; Sur, Dharmesh
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 26, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.107596

Abstract

The objective of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of Faujasite zeolite-X, produced from coal fly ash, in removing methylene blue dye. The zeolite was synthesized using hydrothermal treatment, and its properties were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM+EDAX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Response surface methodology (RSM), employing a central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the adsorption parameters. High-resolution XRD confirmed phase-pure, highly crystalline Faujasite zeolite-X, responsible for its superior adsorption ability. SEM shows conversion of amorphous coal fly ash to strongly crystalline Faujasite-type zeolite-X with sharp angular morphologies, confirming the process’s efficacy and its suitability for industrial use. Elimination of MB onto the synthesized adsorbent reached 99.23% at pH 9, contact time of 40 min at 55 °C, sorbent mass of 2.5 g/L, and an original dye concentration of 125 ppm. Unlike previous studies, this work integrates waste valorization with advanced statistical optimization to achieve superior dye removal efficiency. The optimized process not only develops the dye removal efficiency but also offers a green, scalable solution for coal fly ash utilization and textile sewage treatment, thereby addressing serious environmental issues and encouraging cleaner industrial performance.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Simvastatin Derivatives with Potent Lipid-Lowering Effects and HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition in Hyperlipidemic Rats Sheaa, Amaal Hussein; Abass, Abass Fadhil; Zearah, Sameera Ahmed
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 26, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.108172

Abstract

In this study, two novel ester derivatives of simvastatin were synthesized via a convenient one-pot esterification method using acetic acid and propanoic acid. The synthesized compounds were fully characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry. Their safety profiles were evaluated through acute toxicity (LD50) and cytotoxicity tests, affirming their biocompatibility. To assess their hypolipidemic potential, both derivatives (A1 and A2) were administered to a cholesterol-induced hyperlipidemic rat model. Lipid profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), were measured post-treatment. The results revealed that both compounds significantly improved lipid parameters, with the propanoate derivative (A2) exhibiting the most potent lipid-lowering activity, surpassing even the reference drug, simvastatin. Furthermore, biochemical assays demonstrated a substantial reduction in hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity, particularly in the A4-treated group, suggesting a direct inhibitory effect on cholesterol biosynthesis. These findings suggest that the synthesized derivatives may serve as promising candidates for the development of safer and more effective lipid-lowering agents.
Ultrasound-Assisted One-Pot Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Imidazoles with Hemocompatibility Assessment Hilal, Duaa Abed; Hanoon, Haitham Dalol; Al-Saadi, Narjis Hadi
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 26, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.108494

Abstract

Imidazole derivatives are well known for their anti-inflammatory potential, and recent studies focus on synthesizing 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles through faster, greener methods. In the present study, a series of such derivatives (N1–N10) was prepared in a single-pot, ultrasound-assisted reaction using benzil, various aromatic aldehydes, and ammonium acetate, with sulfuric acid as the catalyst. This procedure shortens reaction times, enhances yields, and reduces waste, offering a greener alternative to conventional heating methods. The products were fully characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, FTIR, and MS. Four representative derivatives (N2, N4, N5, and N8) were selected for biological evaluation. Their anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in vitro using trypsin inhibition and albumin denaturation assays, with diclofenac sodium as the reference. N5 and N8 showed potent trypsin inhibition (61.63 ± 1.74 and 53.49 ± 0.45%) comparable to diclofenac (61.69 ± 0.74%), while N2 achieved 60.71 ± 3.68% and N4 50.33 ± 0.58%. In albumin denaturation, N5 and N8 again displayed high activity (76.8 ± 6.3 and 76.55 ± 0.89%), N2 58.33 ± 0.62% and N4 50.33 ± 0.58%. All compounds produced < 5% hemolysis, indicating good hemocompatibility. The findings demonstrate that ultrasound enables a greener and more efficient synthesis of anti-inflammatory imidazole derivatives, while also highlighting these compounds as promising, safe, and effective candidates for future therapeutic development.
Biodecolorization and Biodegradation of Methylene Blue Dye by Gloeophyllum trabeum and Fenton-Like Reaction Purnomo, Adi Setyo; Rizqi, Hamdan Dwi; Kuncoro, Wahyu Adhy; Rohmah, Alya Awinatul; Tsutsumi, Yuji
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 26, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.109527

Abstract

This study investigated the potential of the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum to decolorize and degrade methylene blue (MB) through a synergistic Fenton-like mechanism. The main objective was to elucidate the contribution of the Fe2+-dependent Fenton-like reaction of G. trabeum in enhancing the efficiency of MB biodegradation. Decolorization experiments were carried out in mineral salt medium (MSM) with and without FeSO4 supplementation for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d of incubation. The results showed that the addition of Fe2+ significantly accelerated MB decolorization, achieving 91.9% efficiency compared to 88.3% without Fe2+. LC–MS analysis identified two major degradation metabolites, C14H16N2O3S and C12H11N3O7S, indicating oxidative demethylation and thiazine-ring cleavage as key degradation pathways. The findings suggest that G. trabeum employs a dual mechanism involving both Fenton-like radical generation and enzymatic oxidation, where Fe2+ addition further enhances its decolorization and degradation capability. Hence, this study demonstrates that the Fenton-like reaction of G. trabeum represents an effective and environmentally sustainable approach for the remediation of synthetic dye pollutants.
Electrocoagulation Applied for Removal of Microplastic Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) with Aluminium-Aluminium (Al-Al) Electrode in Wastewater Fardiyah, Qonitah; Ramadani, Azaria Ivana; Rumhayati, Barlah
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 26, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.109998

Abstract

The use of fabric fresheners and cleaners in the form of laundry capsules has recently received significant attention due to their practicality. The film layer used in the production of laundry capsules is made of plastic derived from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as its raw material. The abundance of PVA in domestic waste has led to the increasing presence of PVA microplastic contaminants in aquatic environments. The novelty of this research lies in the use of Al-Al electrodes and the addition of surfactants in the electrocoagulation method for removing PVA microplastics. This study aims to investigate the effect of surfactants on the removal of PVA microplastics in aquatic environments using Al-Al electrodes by electrocoagulation. The parameters evaluated included electrolysis time, voltage, pH, electrolyte type, and electrolyte concentration. The study achieved a PVA microplastic removal efficiency of 93.84% at an electrolysis time of 40 min, with a voltage of 10 V at pH 3, using a 0.01 M NaCl electrolyte solution, as determined by gravimetric analysis. UV–vis yielded a PVA microplastic removal efficiency of 99.52%. Application to synthetic laundry pod samples resulted in a PVA microplastic removal efficiency of 81.97% as determined by UV–vis analysis.
Antihypercholesterolemic Activity of Ethanol Extract from Manilkara kauki Leaves: In Vitro and In Silico Studies Meilasari, Renita; Tukiran, Tukiran
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 26, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.110256

Abstract

Current food consumption patterns are a significant concern in the field of health. For example, the habit of consuming high-calorie, high-saturated-fat, and high-sugar junk food contributes to various health problems. Fat, as a molecule required by the body as a source of energy, has adverse effects if its levels exceed the amount needed by the body. One of these effects is an increase in cholesterol levels, a condition known as hypercholesterolemia. Manilkara kauki is a plant that has the potential as an antihypercholesterolemic agent. The objective of this study is to evaluate their antihypercholesterolemic activity both in vitro, using the Liebermann-Burchard method, and in silico, by assessing the inhibition of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme (PDB ID: 1HW9), which plays a key role in cholesterol synthesis. The antihypercholesterolemic activity assessed via the Liebermann-Burchard assay revealed that the ethanol extract exhibited significant activity, with an IC50 value of 108.91 ppm. Furthermore, LC-MS analysis identified 117 compounds in the extract, which were subjected to molecular docking studies. Three flavonoid compounds, lanaroflavone (−8.69 kcal/mol), sequoiaflavone (−9.28 kcal/mol), and sumaflavone (−8.55 kcal/mol), demonstrated higher binding affinities to HMG-CoA reductase than the positive control, simvastatin (−8.53 kcal/mol).
Multifunctional Coumarin-Derived Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Bio-Screening, and In Silico Target Evaluation Shahid, Zulfiqar Ali; Tabassum, Rukhsana
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 26, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.110413

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance and oxidative stress-related diseases are emerging as serious global health concerns. These challenges underscore the urgent need for novel, effective, and environmentally friendly therapeutic agents. Coumarin derivative (ZL) and its Mn(II) and Zn(II) metal complexes were synthesized. Structural characterization was performed using various analytical techniques, including FTIR, XRD, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, TGA, and MS. FTIR spectra confirmed the existence of the –N=N– functional group of the coumarin-derived ligand. The antioxidant potential of the coumarin-derived compounds (against DPPH and NO) was evaluated. The ZL exhibited the most potent activity, with IC50 values of 6.48 μg/mL for the DPPH assay and 6.91 μg/mL for the NO radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial activities were evaluated against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Molecular docking studies further supported the biological potential of Zn-ZL, which showed strong binding affinities to oligo-1,6-glucosidase (PDB ID: 3AJ7) and mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase (PDB ID: 4J5T), with binding energies of −8.5 and −9.4 kcal/mol, respectively. These findings revealed the therapeutic potential of coumarin-derived compounds and their metal complexes, particularly in addressing oxidative stress and antibiotic resistance.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Ni(II), La(III), and Ce(IV) Complexes with 8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-6-((4-sulfophenyl)diazinyl)quinoline-5-sulfonic Acid Ligand Muhi, Noora Qasem; Abbas, Alyaa Khider
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 26, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.110573

Abstract

In this study, a new azo ligand, 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-6-((4-sulfophenyl)diazinyl)quinoline-5-sulfonic acid (HAQ), was synthesized from 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-quinoline-5-sulfonic acid using a diazotization-coupling procedure and then complexed with La(III), Ni(II), and Ce(IV) ions. The ligand and its metal complexes were analyzed using elemental analysis, FTIR, UV-vis, 1H-NMR, TGA, SEM, ICP, and XRD techniques. Spectral and analytical results indicated the effective coordination of oxygen and nitrogen donor atoms, resulting in stable 1:1 (metal:ligand) of [La(HAQ)Cl2(H2O)2]·5H2O, and (1:2) of [Ce(HAQ)2(SO4)]·H2O and [Ni(HAQ)2(H2O)2]·4H2O complexes. Thermal analysis has revealed that metal complexes are more thermally stable than their corresponding free ligands. SEM showed significant morphological modifications during complexation, whereas XRD patterns revealed an increase in crystallinity in the metal complexes. The antioxidant characteristics of the synthesized compounds were evaluated using the phosphomolybdate technique, with the Ce(IV) complex displaying the highest activity, most likely due to its redox capacity. Overall, the results highlight the potential of HAQ and its metal complexes as promising candidates for antioxidant and anticancer applications. These findings warrant further mechanistic studies and in vivo evaluations.
A Novel Multiepitope Vaccine for Jembrana Disease: Immunoinformatics, Structural Analysis, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Fatimah, Fatimah; Wibowo, Syahputra; Sari, Dini Wahyu Kartika; Pratiwi, Rarastoeti; Kusumawati, Asmarani
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 26, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.110759

Abstract

Jembrana disease, caused by the Jembrana virus, leads to high mortality (30%) and abortion (49%) in cattle, making vaccination essential. In this study, a multiepitope vaccine was designed using immunogenic TM and CA proteins. Predicted cytotoxic T lymphocyte, helper T lymphocyte, and linear B-cell epitopes were linked with flexible linkers, and the 50S L7/L12 ribosomal protein was added as a TLR4 agonist. In silico analysis confirmed the construct as non-allergenic, antigenic, and thermostable (aliphatic index 85.44), with 94.2% of residues in favored Ramachandran regions. Docking analysis revealed strong binding to TLR4 (−66 kcal/mol), and molecular dynamics simulations validated the structural stability. Immune simulations revealed increased antigen and antibody levels (IgM early, IgG1/IgG2 after day 15), progressive CD4+ T-helper expansion, transient CD8+ T-cell peaks, elevated IFN-γ and IL-2, and strong dendritic cell activation through MHC I and II pathways. These findings indicate the vaccine effectively stimulates humoral and cellular responses, supporting its potential as a promising candidate against the Jembrana virus.

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