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Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

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Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : 14119420 EISSN : 24601578 DOI : -

Core Subject : Science, Engineering,

Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry is an International, peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, as well as short communication in all areas of chemistry including applied chemistry. The journal is accredited by The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RISTEKDIKTI) No : 21/E/KPT/2018 (in First Rank) and indexed in Scopus since 2012. Since 2018 (Volume 18), Indonesian Journal of Chemistry publish four issues (numbers) annually (February, May, August and November).

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Articles 2,006 Documents

5 6 7 8 9

Methylation of Eugenol Using Dimethyl Carbonate and Bentonite as Catalyst Dina Asnawati; I Made Sudarma; Emmy Yuanita; Baiq Fadila Arlina; Saprini Hamdiani; Siti Raudhatul Kamali
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 15, No 3 (2015)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Eugenol is a compound with a variety of reactive functional groups such as allyl, hydroxy and methoxy. The presence of the functional groups brings eugenol possible to undertake the transformation into various derivative compounds with diverse activities. One of the simple and possible transformations is methylation or alkylation. Commonly, methyl halides and dimethyl sulphate are used as methylation agent. However, those kinds of methylation agents are toxic and carcinogenic. In this research dimethyl carbonate, an alternative methylation agent is used, because of its low toxicity, green, and economic. The synthesis has been carried out by using a catalyst. Bentonite was activated by heating to a temperature using 300 °C. Methylation was shown by the formation of a light yellow liquid (25.71% yield). The structures of products were characterized by GC-MS and obtained a compound, namely bis eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) methane (2.37% yield).

Synthesis of Benzoyl C-Phenylcalix[4]resorcinaryl Octaacetate and Cinnamoyl C-Phenylcalix[4]arene for UV Absorbers Budiana I Gusti M. Ngurah; Jumina Jumina; Chairil Anwar; Mustofa Mustofa; Sahadewa Sahadewa
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2014)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

A new upper rim-functionalized benzoyl C-phenylcalix[4]resorcinaryl octaacetate and cinnamoyl C-phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene have been synthesized and evaluated as the absorbers for ultraviolet radiation. The benzoyl C-phenylcalix[4]resorcinaryl octaacetate was synthesized in 3 steps. They were synthesis of C-phenilcalix[4]resorcinarene via acid-catalyzed-condensation of resorcinol and benzaldehyde, followed by O-acetylation and Friedel-Craft benzoylation. The cinnamoyl C-phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene was synthesized in 4 steps. They were synthesis of C-phenilcalix[4]resorcinarene via acid-catalyzed-condensation of resorcinol and benzaldehyde, followed by O-acetylation, Friedel-Craft cinnamoylation and hydrolysis. Spectroscopic analysis (UV) showed that the target molecule absorbed the ultraviolet radiation between 200 and 400 nm with the maximum absorption at 240.50 nm (ε = 10.135 M-1 cm-1) and 243.50 nm (ε = 12.135 M-1 cm-1).

SYNTHESIS OF TETRAKIS-N,N,N-TRIMETHYLAMMONIUMMETHYL-C-3,4-DIMETHOXYPHENYLCALIX[4]RESORCINARENE IODIDE BASED VANILLIN AND ITS ANTIDOTE ACTIVITY FOR CHROMIUM(VI) INTOXICATION Suryadi Budi Utomo; Jumina Jumina; Dwi Siswanta; Mustofa Mustofa
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2013)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

A research has been conducted to synthesize tetrakis-N,N,N-trimethylammoniummethyl-C-3,4-dimethoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene iodide from vanillin and investigate its antidote capability for Cr(VI) intoxication. The synthesis was carried out in four steps i.e. (1) O-alkylation of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, (2) HCl-catalyzed condensation of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde with resorcinol, (3) Mannich reaction of C-3,4-dimethoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene with formaldehyde and dimethylamine in the presence of HCl to yield tetrakis-N,N-dimethylaminomethyl-C-3,4-dimethoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene, and (4) treatment the Mannich base with methyl iodide to produce the quaternary ammonium salt of tetrakis-N,N,N-trimethylammoniummethyl-C-3,4-dimethoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene iodide. According to the analysis of 1H-NMR spectrometer, the targeted compounds tend to exist in the chair (C2h) conformation. The capability of resorcinarene for Cr(VI) antidote was examined by orally injection method on mice groups. Based on LD50 determination, the resorcinarene was classified as non toxic compound according to Loomis criteria. Therapeutic using quaternary ammonium-modified resorcinarene was able to reduce metal concentrations of Cr(VI) in liver, kidney, and serum in the magnitude of 78.30; 85.72, and 88.79%, respectively. The higher dose of drug administered the greater decrease in the level of heavy metal. Judging from the amount of milligrams of reduced chromium per gram of organ, kidney is the organ having highest decreasing metal concentrations.

ADSORPTION OF Mg(II) AND Ca(II) ON DISULFONATO-SILICA HYBRID Choiril Azmiyawati; Nuryono Nuryono; Narsito Narsito
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 12, No 3 (2012)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Adsorption of Mg(II) and Ca(II) on disulfonato-silica hybrid (DSSH) in the aqueous solution has been studied. The hybrid was synthesized by sol-gel process with sodium silicate solution from rice hull ash, chloroprophyltrimethoxysilane (CTS) and 4-amino-5-hydroxy-naphtalene-2,7-disulfonic acid monosodium salt (ANSNa) as silica source, cross linker and active group, respectively. Sodium silicate solution was reacted with CTS and ANSNa that were added dropwise. Adsorption of magnesium and calcium ions on DSSH was carried out in a batch system. Solution pH significantly affected magnesium and calcium adsorption and the optimum condition was obtained at pH = 6. The synthesized DSSH showed a high adsorption capacity of 0.0844 mmol/g and 0.1442 mmol/g for Mg(II) and Ca(II), respectively. The adsorption isotherm obtained with Langmuir isotherm model gives the negative values of ΔG°, i.e. -23.334 kJ/mol and -22.757 kJ/mol for Mg(II) and Ca(II), respectively, indicating the spontaneous process of adsorption. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of Mg(II) and Ca(II) ions onto HDSS follows the pseudo-second-order kinetics.

Influence of Solvothermal Temperatures and Times on Crystallinity and Morphology of MOF-5 Tri Ana Mulyati; Ratna Ediati; Afifah Rosyidah
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2015)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

MOF-5 (metal-organic frameworks-5) have been synthesized using solvothermal method in which reaction mixtures of zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC) in dimethylformamide (DMF) were heated at various heating temperatures and times in order to observe the influence of heating temperature and time on crystallinity and morphology of the obtained MOF-5. The heating temperatures used were 105, 120 and 140 °C, respectively with heating times of 12–144 h. Determination of the best reaction conditionswas based on the observation of phase purity and crystal morphology of MOF-5 using XRD and SEM. The characterization results showed that MOF-5 crystals with a higher crystallinity were obtained when the reaction mixtures were heated at 105 °C for 144 h, 120 °C for 24 h or 140 °C for 12 h. The maximum weight of MOF-5 crystal was generated from reaction mixture heated at 120 °C for 72 h.

Theoretical Analysis of Interaction Energy in Alginate-Capped Gold Nanoparticles Colloidal System Foliatini Foliatini; Yoki Yulizar; Mas Ayu Elita Hafizah
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 14, No 3 (2014)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Stability of Au/alginate nanocomposite was theoretically evaluated by computing various interactions energy which contributes in the system, including attraction and repulsion interaction. The results revealed that both polymer and electrostatic charges played a significant role in the stabilization, but the steric repulsion comes from polymer chain is a more effective stabilization mechanism than the electrostatic repulsion. Higher pH yielded in stronger electrostatic repulsion but when the alginate thickness is low the resulting nanocomposite was less stable in a long time period. Interaction energies for Au/alginate nanocomposite colloidal system was up to ~60 kT for alginate thickness of 1 nm, at very short particle-particle separation distance (< 1 nm). As the alginate thickness can be controlled by adjusting the alginate concentration, it can be concluded that the high stability of Au/alginate nanocomposite can be achieved by employing an appropriate amount of alginate concentration.

POLYMERIC BIOMATERIALS FILM BASED ON POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) AND FISH SCALE COLLAGEN BY REPETITIVE FREEZE-THAW CYCLES FOLLOWED BY GAMMA IRRADIATION Dian Pribadi Perkasa; Erizal Erizal; Basril Abbas
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 13, No 3 (2013)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

The polymeric biomaterial film based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and fish collagen of Lates calcarifer scale were synthesized by three times freeze-thaw cycles followed by gamma irradiation at varied doses of 0, 10, 20, and 30 kGy respectively. Characteristic of PVA/collagen film as effect of constituting polymers and cross linking methods were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Universal Testing Machine (UTM), and Chroma Mater. Its gel fraction and swelling kinetic were determined by gravimetry. The result showed that IR spectra of controlled and irradiated film demonstrated characteristic vibration bands of both constituting materials. The DSC analysis revealed that gamma irradiation induced interaction between PVA and collagen at molecular level. Improvement of tensile properties by gamma irradiation was observed on tensile strength at 30 kGy with p < 0.05. Gamma irradiation also significantly (p < 0.05) increased yellowness of PVA/collagen film, reduced swelling kinetic, and increased gel fraction of films.

MARKOVNIKOV ADDITION OF CHLOROSULFURIC ACID TO EUGENOL ISOLATED FROM CLOVE OIL I Made Sudarma; Emmy Yuanita; I Wayan Suana
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2013)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

The objective of this research was to synthesize new compounds with potential biological activity from readily accessed natural products. Eugenol has been reported to posses antioxidant and anticancer properties and was prepared by extracting from clove buds with dichloromethane and followed by isolation using column chromatography to afford pure eugenol (73%). In an attempt to enhance intrinsic activity of this natural compound, some derivatives were possible to synthesize. The main aim of this preliminary research was to transform eugenol to become sulfonic derivative. Eugenol was transformed to its sulfonic derivative in moderate yield (64%) by treatment with chlorosulfuric acid which undergoes Markovnikov addition. This product was rapidly confirmed by GC-MS and NMR analyses. Selective inhibition was performed by cyclic sulfonic ester derivative which could inhibit Eschericia coli and Staphylococcus aureus but not for Bacillus cereus.

Copper and Cadmium Toxicity to Marine Phytoplankton, Chaetoceros gracilis and Isochrysis sp. Suratno Suratno; Rachma Puspitasari; Triyoni Purbonegoro; Dieni Mansur
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2015)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

In Copper (Cu) based antifouling (AF) paints Cu was largely used as booster biocide after organotin was banned. Cu is micronutrient which is important in photosynthesis process because Cu is an essential metal as component of enzyme and electron transport chain. But in certain dosage, Cu could be toxic to marine organism. Chaetoceros gracilis and Isochrysis sp. are dominant microalgae in aquatic ecosystem. In this study the effect of Cu and Cadmium (Cd) on two marine microalgae, C. gracilis and Isochrysis sp. were compared. Toxicity test was based on American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM). IC50-96 h of Cd as reference toxicant was 2,370 mg.L-1 for C. gracilis and 490 mg.L-1 for Isochrysis sp. IC50-96 h of Cu to growth of C. gracilis was 63.75 mg.L-1 and Isochrysis sp. was 31.80 mg.L-1. Both Cd and Cu were inhibited growth of microalgae. Based on IC50-96 h value, it could be concluded that Cu was more toxic than Cd. Toxicity of Cu was 37 times stronger than Cd for C. gracilis and 15 times for Isochrysis sp. It was estimated that at concentration 10 mg.L-1 Cu does not show observable effect (NOEC) to C. gracilis and 5 mg.L-1 to Isochrysis sp. The lowest observable effect of Cu (LOEC) to C. gracilis was at concentration 17 mg.L-1 and 10 mg.L-1 for Isochrysis sp.

QSAR Analysis of Benzothiazole Derivatives of Antimalarial Compounds Based On AM1 Semi-Empirical Method Ruslin Hadanu; Salim Idris; I Wayan Sutapa
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Quantitative Structure and Activity Relationship (QSAR) analysis of 13 benzothiazoles derivatives compound as antimalarial compounds have been performed using electronic descriptor of the atomic net charges (q), dipole moment (μ), ELUMO, EHOMO and polarizability (α). The electronic structures as descriptors were calculated through HyperChem for Windows 7.0 using AM1 semi-empirical method. The descriptors were obtained through molecules modeling to get the most stable structure after geometry optimization step. The antimalarial activity (IC50) were taken from literature. The best model of QSAR model was determined by multiple linear regression approach and giving equation of QSAR: Log IC50 = 23.527 + 4.024 (qC4) + 273.416 (qC5) + 141.663 (qC6) – 0.567 (ELUMO) – 3.878 (EHOMO)– 2.096 (α). The equation was significant on the 95% level with statistical parameters: n = 13, r = 0.994, r2 = 0.987, SE = 0.094, Fcalc/Ftable = 11.212, and gave the PRESS = 0.348. Its means that there were only a relatively few deviations between the experimental and theoretical data of antimalarial activity.

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