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Reaktor

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Published by Universitas Diponegoro

ISSN : 08520798 EISSN : 24075973 DOI : https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.xx.x.xx-xx

Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology

Reaktor invites contributions of original and novel fundamental research. Reaktor publishes scientific study/ research papers, industrial problem solving related to Chemical Engineering field as well as review papers. The journal presents paper dealing with the topic related to Chemical Engineering including: Transport Phenomena and Chemical Engineering Operating Unit Chemical Reaction Technique, Chemical Kinetics, and Catalysis Designing, Modeling, and Process Optimization Energy and Conversion Technology Thermodynamics Process System Engineering and products Particulate and emulsion technologies Membrane Technology Material Development Food Technology and Bioprocess Waste Treatment Technology

Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik (Lain-Lain)

Articles 530 Documents

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ULTRASONIC-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF ANTIOXIDANT PHENOLIC COUMPOUNDS FROM EUCHEUMA COTTONII Dyah Hesti Wardhani; Denni Kartika Sari; Aji Prasetyaningrum
Reaktor Volume 14, No. 4, OKTOBER 2013
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

The influences of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions on phenolic compounds of Eucheuma cottonii seaweeed were investigated. The effects of temperature, time and liquid-solid ratio were evaluated based on the total phenolic content (TPC). The result showed a significant variability of effect of temperature, time, and liquid-solid ratio on TPC. Application of ultrasound reduced the optimum temperature, time and liquid-solid ratio of the extraction when compared to the conventional extraction. The highest phenolic content (4.44 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight) was obtained at 3:1(v/w) of liquid-solid ratio, 55oC of temperature and 35 min of extraction time. At this condition, the extract showed ability to scavenging 91% of 1,1-diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH radical) and 10.9% of H2O2. High ability of the extract to scavenge DPPH radical but low in scavenging H2O2 indicated that the extract dominated by primary antioxidant compounds which work by donating hydrogen atoms to bind free radical.

Control System Strategy Of The Saponification Process Between Ethyl Acetate And Sodium Hydroxide M. Djaeni; Suherman Suherman; K. Jalasanti; R. R. Mukti
Reaktor Volume 5 No.2 Desember 2001
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

The research looks into the performance of Proportional (P), Proportional Integral (PI), and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller to maintain soap concentration. To facilitate the study, the mathematical model of saponification process is derived using information cited from literature. Then the model is validated using experimental data. Based on model, the control system using Proportional (P), Proportional Integral (PI) and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) are designed. In this case, the constant of each controller is tuned using Ziegler Nichols method. The result showed that the PID controller with Integral Square Error (ISE) of 5,77936 E-08 isthe strongest for disturbance rejection among the others. The performance of PID controlleris also good for set point tracking with ISE of 1.28227 E-05.Key words : control, mathematical model, simulation, saponification

SACCHARIFICATION OF NATIVE CASSAVA STARCH AT HIGH DRY SOLIDS IN AN ENZYMATIC MEMBRANE REACTOR I Nyoman Widiasa; I Gede Wenten
Reaktor Volume 12, Nomor 3, Juni 2009
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

This study is aimed to develop a novel process scheme for hydrolysis of native cassava starch at high dry solids using an enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR). Firstly, liquefied cassava starch having solids content up to 50% by weight was prepared by three stage liquefactions in a conventional equipment using a commercially available heat stable a-amylase (Termamyl 120L). The liquefied cassava starch was further saccharified in an EMR using glucoamylase (AMG E). By using the developed process scheme, a highly clear hydrolysate with dextrose equivalent (DE) approximately 97 could be produced, provided the increase of solution viscosity during the liquefaction was precisely controlled. The excessive space time could result in reduction in conversion degree of starch. Moreover, a residence time distribution study confirmed that the EMR could be modelled as a simple continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Using Lineweaver-Burk analysis, the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and glucose production rate constant (k2) were 552 (g/l) and 4.04 (min-1), respectively. Application of simple CSTR model with those kinetic parameters was quietly appropriate to predict the reactor’s performance at low space time.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Purified with Activated Charcoal of Salak Peel Luqman Buchori; Dinda Labibah Ubay; Khonsa Syahidah
Reaktor Volume 18 No. 3 September 2018
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Biodiesel is one of diesel fuel alternative made from renewable resources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. One of the natural ingredients that can be used as a material in the production of biodiesel is waste cooking oil (WCO). Biodiesel from WCO can be made through a transesterification reaction using a CaO catalyst. Free fatty acid (FFA) content in WCO needs to be reduced by activated charcoal adsorption. This research aims to determine the optimum time of adsorption by activated charcoal that made from salak peel and to determine the effect of transesterification temperature on biodiesel yield. The results showed that the FFA content of WCO decrease from 6.16% to 0.224% with adsorption time is 80 minutes and 10 gram of activated charcoal. Biodiesel yield increase by increasing transesterification temperature. The appropriate temperature is 50oC with 86.40% of yield, 887.2 kg/m3of density, 5.174 mm2/s of kinematic viscosity and acid number 0.421 mg KOH/gram sample. The composition of alkyl ester was obtained 65.54% with a FAAE yield of 56.63%.

PROSES TOREFAKSI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT UNTUK KANDUNGAN HEMISELULOSA DAN UJI KEMAMPUAN PENYERAPAN AIR Anton Irawan; Tubagus Riadz; Nurmalisa Nurmalisa
Reaktor Volume 15 No.3 April 2015
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES TORREFACTION FOR HEMICELLULOCE CONTENT ANDWATER ABSORPTION TEST. Biomass is organic material resulting from the process ofphotosynthesis. Biomass can be produced directly as product or waste from the processing ofagricultural or plantation. Indonesia is a country that produces biomass in very large quantities. Oneof the largest biomass resulting from the proceessing of palm oil is oil palm empty fruit bunches(EFB). Basically, the EFB has a low energy content and easily absorbs water. With higher productionof palm oil, the EFB has potential as a good quality fuel and need early treatment to maintain thequality of the EFB. Torrefaction was one of thermal treatments with process temperature around200-350 ° C in the absence oxygen condition. By torrefaction, the EFB has a high energy content anddecrease the water absorption. With low water absorption, EFB will have benefit in the storage thathas high humidity such as Indonesia. The variables that varied for EFB torrefaction was thetemperature (250-350 ° C) and the holding time (15-60 minutes) to produce the high quality solid fuelfrom EFB. Analysis product in this study was proximate analysis, water absorption, and hemicelluloseand caloric value. The results showed that the higher temperature and longer time torrefaction hadhigher calorific value, the hemicellulose content decreased thereby increasing hydrophobicity. Also,the torrefaction EFB can increase the calorific value around 30%. Keywords: calorific value; empty fruit bunches (EFB); hemicellulose; hydrophobic; torrefaction AbstrakBiomassa merupakan material organik yang dihasilkan dari proses fotosintesis. Biomassa dapatdihasilkan secara langsung sebagai produk atau limbah dari pengolahan hasil pertanian atauperkebunan. Indonesia merupakan negara kaya akan biomasa dengan jumlah yang melimpah. Salahsatu biomassa dengan jumlah yang melimpah adalah limbah yang dihasilkan dari pengolahan bijikelapa sawit antara lain tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). Pada dasarnya, TKKS memilikikandungan energi rendah serta mudah menyerap air. Dengan jumlah biomassa TKKS melimpahmaka perlu suatu metode untuk meningkatkan kualitas dari TKKS dengan melakukan pengolahanawal. Torefaksi merupakan salah satu metode pengolahan awal untuk peningkatan kualitas biomassadengan temperatur proses sekitar 200-350 o C tanpa adanya oksigen. Setelah mengalami prosestorefaksi maka TKKS akan memiliki kandungan energi tinggi serta kemampuan menyerap air rendah.Dengan kemampuan menyerap air rendah maka TKKS dapat disimpan dalam rentang waktu lamapada kondisi kelembaban tinggi seperti Indonesia. Adapun variasi dalam penelitian ini yaitutemperatur antara 250-350 o C serta waktu tahan torefaksi antara 15-60 menit. Adapun analisa produkTKKS torefaksi yaitu analisa proksimat, kemampuan menyerap air, kandungan hemiselulosa dannilai kalor. Pada percobaan ini memperlihatkan bahwa pada temperatur torefaksi lebih tinggi sertawaktu tahan torefaksi yang lama akan meningkatkan kandungan energi serta menurunkankemampuan menyerap air tapi menghilangkan massa TKKS lebih banyak. Pada percobaan inikandungan energi dari TKKS dapat meningkat sekitar 30%Kata kunci: nilai kalor; TKKS;hemiselulosa; hidropobik; torefaksi

Pengaruh Loading Ni Pada Karakter,Aktivitas, Dan Satbilitas Katalis Ni-CeO2/MgO/Al2O3 Untuk Reaksi Oksidasi Parsial Metana W. W. Purwanto; Slamet Slamet; E. Swarandani
Reaktor Volume 07 No.2 Desember 2003
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Reaksi oksidasi parsial metana mempunyai potensi menggantikan reaksi reformasi kukus untuk menghasilkan gas sintesis yang selama ini banyak digunakan yang prosesnya membutuhkan energy dan biaya yang besar. Reaksi parsial oksidasi metana merupakan reaksi eksotermis yang membutuhkan sedikit energy. Loading Ni yang rendah diharapkan dapat mengurangi pembentukan deposit karbon, tetapi tetap memiliki kinerja yang baik karena diameter partikel kecil dan disperse tinggi. Ni-CeO2/MgO/Al2O3 dengan loading Ni 3,5 dan 10% di@reparasi dengan metode preparasi sol gel-impregnasi. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan adalah, BET, XRD dan chemisorptions. Selanjutnya digunakan pada reaksi oksidasi parsial metana pada temperatur 800 0C, tekanan atmosferik, rasio CH4/O2 sebesar 1,67 dan waktu tinggal 0,2 g.detik/l selama 8 jam reaksi. Loading Ni 5%menunjukkan aktivitas terbaik dengan konversi CH4 sebesar 97,06%, selektivitas CO 73,14%, selektivitas H2 83,38% yield CO 70,99% yield H2 80,93% dan rasio H2/CO 2,28. Uji stabilitas menunjukkan kestabilan selama 48 jam reaksi.Kata kunci : gas sintesis, katalis, oksidasi parsial metana

KINETIKA REAKSI OKSIDASI KATALITIK FERO SULFAT DARI LIMBAH BESI DALAM REAKTOR LULUHAN Hary Sulistyo; Muhammad Fadjri; Nuryoto Nuryoto
Reaktor Volume 13, Nomor 2, Desember 2010
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Limbah besi yang berupa serbuk direaksikan dengan asam sulfat membentuk larutan fero sulfat. Larutan fero sulfat dapat dioksidasi menjadi feri sulfat. Oksidasi dijalankan dalam reaktor drift pada tekanan dan suhu tetap. Percobaan dilakukan pada kisaran suhu 323K sampai 353K dan konsentrasi katalisator dari 1,7 sampai 6,7 g/L, waktu reaksi 150 menit pada tekanan atmosferis. Nilai konversi tertinggi fero sulfat menjadi feri sulfat yang diperoleh 39,5%. Nilai koefisien perpindahan massa gas ke cairan dan cairan ke permukaan padatan berturut-turut 37,18 cm/s dan 180 cm/s. Hubungan antara konstante kecepatan reaksi permukaan dengan suhu dapat dinyatakan dalam bentuk persamaan Arrhenius, k = 2,8092x107exp(-8794/RT). Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh sesuai dengan data di pustaka dan kinetika reaksi ditentukan oleh gabungan antara perpindahan massa gas ke cairan dan reaksi pada permukaan katalisator.

Biofilm Based on Modified Sago Starch: Preparation and Characterization Dewi Sondari; Faizatul Falah; Riska Suryaningrum; Fahriya Puspita Sari; Athanasia Amanda Septefani; Witta Kartika Restu; Yulianti Sampora
Reaktor Volume 19 No. 3 September 2019
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Biofilms made from modified sago starch to improve the mechanical and physical properties have been studied. This study aimed to prepare and characterize biofilms from sago starch and modified sago (acetylation, oxidation, cross-link and precipitation). Modified of sago starch was prepared by some methods: precipitation using ethanol as solvent, acetylation modified of sago starch using acetic anhydride, oxidation modification using hydrogen peroxide and cross-link modification using sodium acetate. Biofilms were made from modified sago using glycerol with a concentration of 1.0% weight, where glycerol acts as a plasticizer to impart the thermoplasticity of the starch film. Biofilm made from native sago was then compared to biofilm from modified sago starch. The effects of modified sago starch to the biofilm were measured on its moisture contents, contact angle value, mechanical properties such as elongation and tensile strength. The chemical structures were evaluated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and morphology of biofilm were measured by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The optimum condition of modified sago starch used in biofilm in this study is by acetylation. The result show that modified acetylation of sago starch can improve the properties of biofilm Keywords: biofilms, sago, acetylation, oxidation, cross link, SEM, FTIR

Kerapatan, Kekerasan dan Koefisien Muai Panas Membran Penghantar Ion Oksigen LaCo0,8Fe0,2O3-δ Tersubstitusi Ca2+(La1-xCaxCo0,8Fe0,2O3-δ) Hamzah Fansuri; Totok Trengginas; Vivi Zulaicha; Wahyu Prasetyo Utomo; Nurul Widiastuti; Endang Purwanti
Reaktor Volume 16 No. 2 Juni 2016
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Abstract DENSITY, HARDNESSAND THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENTOF Ca2+-SUBSTITUTED LaCo0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (La1-xCaxCo0,8Fe0,2O3-δ) OXYGEN ION TRANSPORT MEMBRANE. A dense oxygen ion conductive membrane such as LaCo1-yFeyO3must be hard and has a low thermal expansion coefficient to survive harsh reaction condition in its application. Substitution of La3+ with Ca2+ is expected to improve both properties. Ca2+ substituted LaCo1-yFeyO3 powders were prepared from their respective metal oxides to become La1-xCaxCo0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (LCCF), where 0.1≤x≤0.4, using the solid state method. X-ray diffraction data indicates that the LCCFs are highly crystalized. The LCCF was then made into a membrane by pressing the powder in a stainless steel mold by applying 6 tonnes load for 10 minutes, followed by sintering the product at 1250°C. SEM analysis results showed that the densities of all LCCF membranes are very high. Average hardnesses of LCCF 9182, 8282, 7382 and 6482 membranes, as measured by the Vicker method,are 902.08, 915.42, 1093, and 1178.6 HV, respectively. Thermal expansion tests showed that LCCF 6482 is a membrane with the lowest thermal expansion coefficient. In addition, it is also evident that the higher the number of Ca2+substituents, the higher the hardness and the lower the thermal expansion coefficient. Substitution of La3+ by Ca2+ produced denser and harder membranes, as well as low thermal expansion coefficient, which are preferable when they are applied as oxygen ion conductive membranes. Keywords: dense membrane; La1-xCaxCo0.8Fe0,2O3-δ; oxigen ion transfer; perovskite Abstrak Kekerasan tinggi dan koefisien muai panas rendah adalah sifat mekanik yang perlu dimiliki oleh membran rapat penghantar ion oksigen seperti oksida perovskit LaCo1-yFeyO3, agar dapat bertahan ketika digunakan. Substitusi La3+ oleh Ca2+ diperkirakan dapat memperbaiki kedua sifat tersebut. LaCo1-yFeyO3 tersubstitusi Ca2+disintesis dari oksida-oksida logamnya sehingga memiliki komposisi La1-xCaxCo0,8Fe0,2O3-δ (LCCF) dengan 0,1≤x≤0,4 dengan metode solid state melalui kalsinasi pada suhu 1000°C. Data difraksi sinar-X menunjukkan bahwa serbuk LCCF yang dihasilkan memiliki kekristalan yang tinggi. LCCF tersebut selanjutnya dibuat menjadi membran yang diawali oleh pencetakan melalui penekanan serbuk LCCF dengan beban 6 ton selama 10 menit di dalam cetakan baja tahan karat dan dilanjutkan dengan sintering hasil pencetakan pada suhu 1250°C. Hasil pengamatan dengan SEM menunjukkan bahwa kerapatan semua membran LCCF yang dihasilkan sangat tinggi. Kekerasan rata-rata membran yang diukur dengan metode Vicker adalah 902,08; 915,42; 1093; dan 1178,6 HV masing-masing untuk LCCF 9182, 8282, 7382 dan 6482. Pengujian muai panas menunjukkan bahwa LCCF 6482 adalah membran dengan koefisien muai panas tekecil. Selain itu terlihat pula bahwa semakin tinggi jumlah substituen Ca2+, semakin tinggi pula kekerasannya dan semakin rendah koefisien muai panasnya. Substitusi La3+ oleh Ca2+ menghasilkan membran dengan kerapatan tinggi serta kekerasan dan koefisien muai panas yang lebih baik dalam aplikasi LCCF sebagai membran penghantar ion oksigen. Kata kunci: membran rapat; La1-xCaxCo0,8Fe0,2O3-δ; penghantar ion oksigen; perovskit

Response Surface Approach for Optimization of Protein Hydrolysis from Reutealis trisperma Cake as Potential Animal Feedstock Yuana Elly Agustin; Lieke - Riadi; Titie Prapti Utami
Reaktor Volume 20 No.1 March 2020
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

The conditions for protein hydrolysis were optimized to prepare Reutealis trisperma cake for potential animal feedstock. The cake’s content was 34.03 % protein, 6.32 % moisture, 18.56 % total sugar, 15.58 % lipid and 25.51% others. Other components in cake could be fibre and lignin. The cake is a byproduct of mechanical pressing process of the seeds and contains high protein content (34.03%). It was ground prior the hydrolysis process. A central composite design including concentration of NaOH, ratio of cake to NaOH, time and temperature were used to develop second order model to predict protein content under various experimental conditions. Protein yield was primarily affected by ratio pressed cake to NaOH and concentration of NaOH. Based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model, maximum yield of protein was 11.33% which was obtained at cake/solvent ratio 1: 50; 1.5 % w/v NaOH; 15 minutes of hydrolysis at 40oC. The actual maximum protein yield from the experiment was obtained at cake/solvent ratio 1: 40; 1.5 % w/v NaOH; 20 minutes of hydrolysis at 45oC which was 21.28 %.Keywords: animal feedstock; protein hydrolysis; response surface; Reutealis trisperma

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