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Reaktor

reaktor
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Published by Universitas Diponegoro

ISSN : 08520798 EISSN : 24075973 DOI : https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.xx.x.xx-xx

Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology

Reaktor invites contributions of original and novel fundamental research. Reaktor publishes scientific study/ research papers, industrial problem solving related to Chemical Engineering field as well as review papers. The journal presents paper dealing with the topic related to Chemical Engineering including: Transport Phenomena and Chemical Engineering Operating Unit Chemical Reaction Technique, Chemical Kinetics, and Catalysis Designing, Modeling, and Process Optimization Energy and Conversion Technology Thermodynamics Process System Engineering and products Particulate and emulsion technologies Membrane Technology Material Development Food Technology and Bioprocess Waste Treatment Technology

Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik (Lain-Lain)

Articles 527 Documents

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Studi Penggunaan Katalis Tembaga Molybdenum Oksida Berpenyangga Silica (CuMoO3/SiO2) Untuk Oksidasi Metana Menjadi Methanol Dan Formaldehida H. Husin; Marwan Marwan
Reaktor Volume 08 No.1 Juni 2004
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Studi penggunaan katalis tembaga molybdenum oksida berpenyangga silica (CuMoO3/SiO2) untuk oksidasi parsial metana menjadi methanol dan formaldehida telah dilakukan. Preparasi katalis dilakukan dengan metode impregnasi. Hasil identifikasi dengan XRD menunjukkan bahwa komponen katalis terdiri dari senyawa MoO3, Cu2Odan SiO2. Uji kinerja katalis dilangsungkan dalam reaktor pipa lurus berunggun tetap, beroperasi pada temperature 400, 450 dan 500 0C dan tekanan 1 atm. Produk reaksi dianalisis menggunakan gas kromatografi buatan Shimadzu dengan kolom mole sieve 5A dan porapak Q. Konversi metana tertinggi diperoleh 34,1% menggunakan katalis dengan rasio Cu: Mo 1: 3, temperatur reaksi 400 0C. Perolehan methanol tertinggi 3,4 % dan perolehan formaldehida tertinggi 7,3%.Kata kunci : oksidasi parsial metana, katalis (CuMoO3/SiO2), impregnasi, methanol, formaldehida

PEMANFAATAN KARBON AKTIF ARANG BATUBARA (KAAB) UNTUK MENURUNKAN KADAR ION LOGAM BERAT Cu2+ DAN Ag+ PADA LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI Kusmiyati Kusmiyati; Puspita Adi Lystanto; Kunthi Pratiwi
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

UTILIZATION OF CHAR COAL ACTIVATED CARBON (CCAB) FOR HEAVY IONS (Cu2+ AND Ag+) REDUCTION FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER. Industrial wastewater may contain heavy metals such as Cu and Ag those are harmful to the environment if discharged without pretreatment. One of the methods to reduce heavy metals in wastewater is adsorption, to separate certain components from liquid to the surface of solids. Adsorption is a simple method, but most of the adsorbents are expensive, therefore a cheaper adsorbent is required to reduce the cost of the adsorption process. This work utilized bottom ash as an adsorbent. Bottom ash is a waste of combustion products in the coal industry, which contain potentially harmful materials. Activation of bottom ash was made by soaking in peroxide and continuing by heating at a temperature of 500oC. This study was aimed to determine the influence of process parameters (concentration, pH and processing time) to the percentage of amount heavy metals adsorbed, to study the equation isotherm adsorption using Langmuir and Freundlich models, and to calculate the kinetic constants of adsorption based on pseudo -first- order and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The experiment was conducted in the batch system, where 10 grams bottom ash was mixed with 400 ml of synthetic waste. AAS was used to determine the heavy metals content in the waste solution. The results showed that bottom ash can be used to reduce heavy metals of Cu2+ and Ag+, the optimum condition when the concentration of 25 ppm under acidic conditions, bottom ash was able to adsorb Cu2+ metals ion by 62.79-80.25% at pH 4, and 65.54-85.98% at neutral pH with the same adsorption time of 300 min. For the ion metals Ag+, at acidic solution the metals ion can be adsorbed by 56.51-82.21%, while at neutral pH conditions 59.92-87.55%. Adsorption of bottom ash follows the model of Freundlich isotherm adsorption at acidic and neutral condition, the correlation coefficient (R2)obtained was 0.994 for Cu2+ metals ion and 0.984 for the Ag+ metals ion at acidic solution, whereas 0.986 for Cu2+ metals ion and 9.69 for the Ag+ metals ion at neutral pH. Kinetic model of second order rate describe the adsorption process well at acidic and neutral conditions. At the optimum conditions, the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.998 for Cu2+ and 0.999 for the Ag+ at acidic solution, whereas 0.993 for Cu2+ and 9.998 for the Ag+ at neutral pH were obtained. Limbah cair industri bisa mengandung ion logam berat seperti Cu2+ dan Ag+ yang berbahaya bagi lingkungan jika dibuang tanpa melalui pengolahan dahulu. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengurangi ion logam berat dalam limbah cair sudah banyak dilakukan, salah satu diantaranya adalah adsorpsi, yaitu memisahkan komponen tertentu dari fluida ke permukaan zat padat. Adsorpsi merupakan metode yang mudah, akan tetapi kebanyakan adsorben yang digunakan harganya mahal, sehingga perlu adanya alternatif adsorben yang murah. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan karbon aktif arang batubara (KAAB) sebagai adsorbennya. Arang batubara merupakan limbah hasil pembakaran batubara pada industri, yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi adsorben, sehingga dapat mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan. Pengaktifan arang batubara dilakukan dengan merendamnya dalam peroxide kemudian dilakukan pemanasan pada suhu 500°C. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh parameter proses (konsentrasi, pH dan waktu proses) terhadap persentase ion logam berat teradsorpsi dalam KAAB, mempelajari persamaan kesetimbangan adsorpsi dengan menggunakan model isoterm adsorpsi Langmuir dan Freundlich, dan menghitung konstanta kinetika adsorpsi dengan pendekatan model kinetika pseudo-first-order dan pseudo-second-order. Pelaksanaan penelitian dengan batch, yaitu mengkontakkan 10 gram KAAB dengan 400 ml limbah sintetis. Pengujian kadar ion logam berat menggunakan AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KAAB dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi kandungan ion logam berat Cu2+ dan Ag+, pada kondisi optimum saat konsentrasi 25 ppm, KAAB mampu mengadsorpsi ion logam Cu2+ sebesar 64,60-88,89% pada pH asam sedangkan pada pH netral sebesar 67,02-80,25%. Untuk ion logam Ag+ pada pH asam mampu mengadsorpsi ion logam sebesar 69,97-82,21% sedangkan pada kondisi pH netral sebesar 72,71-87,55%. Adsorpsi KAAB mengikuti model Isoterm adsorpsi Freundlich pada pH asam dan netral, koefisien korelasi (R2) 0,994 untuk ion logam Cu2+ dan 0,984 untuk ion logam Ag+saat pH asam, sedangkan pH netral (R2) 0,986 untuk ion logam Cu2+ dan 9,69 untuk ion logam Ag+. Kinetika model second-order rate sesuai untuk proses adsorpsi pH asam dan netral, pada kondisi optimum harga koefisien korelasi (R2) > 0,998.

FRACTIONATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM KAFFIR LIME (Citrus hystrix) PEEL EXTRACT AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY Yusak Adi Wijaya; Daniel Widyadinata; Wenny Irawaty; Aning Ayucitra
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 3 September 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Side effects of drug-based treatment observed in patients during degenerative diseases treatments has directed towards to the identification of plants with antioxidant activity. Kaffir lime peel was selected in this study. This work was aimed to investigate the effect of solvent (hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) polarity on the fractionation of ethanolic crude extract and assess its antioxidative property by DPPH radical scavenging assay. The results show semi polar solvent of ethyl acetate exhibited the best solvent to extract phenolic compounds from ethanolic kaffir lime peel with total phenolic content detected was 0.12 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/mg. The employment of solvents possessing different polarity resulted several fractions, i.e. hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and residue with different type of phenolic compounds in each fraction. Accordingly, each fraction exhibited different antioxidant activity against free radical compound of DPPH. The N-butanol fraction demonstrated the strongest activity which is shown by lowest IC50 value among the fractions tested. The fraction of n-butanol exhibited the IC50 value of 0.44 mg/mL which means that only 0.44 mg of the fraction/mL is required to inhibit the neutralization of DPPH by 50%. Phenolic identification by High Performance Liquid Chromatography indicates the different phenolic compounds in each fraction that contribute to antioxidative property to different extent. Further investigation to identify these phenolic compounds will lead to further development of kaffir lime as natural antioxidant to treat specific degenerative diseases.

HIGHLY ACTIVE W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 CATALYST FOR DIRECT CONVERSION OF METHANE INTO AROMATIC Kusmiyati Kusmiyati; Nor Aishah Saidina Amin; W.A. Siswanto
Reaktor Volume 11, Nomor 2, Desember 2007
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Dehydroaromatization of methane (DHAM) under non oxidative condition was studied over tungsten loaded HZSM-5 catalysts to produce aromatic hydrocarbons. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation method using different conditions: in neutral and acidified solution. The activity of W/HZSM-5 prepared by neutral solution and W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 prepared in acidified condition were compared. The results showed that the optimum activity of W-H2SO4/HZSM-5 catalyst exceeded that of W/HZSM-5 catalyst. The effect of Si/Al ratio of W- H2SO4/HZSM-5 catalyst was also studied. The W- H2SO4/HZSM-5 catalyst with Si/Al ratio = 30 was found to be the most promising for the DHAM reaction. The remarkable activity of the catalyst is attributed to the presence of dual effects: suitable content of octahedral polymeric and tetrahedral monomeric tungstate species accompanied by proper amount and strength of acid sites in the catalyst.

THE KINETICS OF CaO ASSISTED PATTUKKU CHARCOAL STEAM GASIFICATION Takdir Syarif; H Sulistyo; Wahyudi B Sediawan; B Budhijanto
Reaktor Volume 18 No. 1 March 2018
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Abstract Coal is a solid fuel that can be converted into syngas through gasification process. To obtain optimum gasification process design and operation, in-depth understanding of the influential parameters is required. This study aims to investigate the effect of temperature on the gasification process and to obtain its kinetics parameters. The study was carried out in a tubular reactor equipped with a heater and a condenser. Steam was used as gasifying agent, while CaO was employed as a CO2 adsorbent. The charcoal from coal was subjected to gasification at temperatures of 600°C, 700°C, and 800°C. The ratio of charcoal and CaO was 1:1. The gasification process lasted for 60 minutes with gas sample was taken every 15 minutes for composition analysis. The results showed that a temperature increase of 100°C caused a proportional increase of conversion of about 75% higher. The value of activation energy (Ea) and exponential factor (ko) were 46.645kJ/mole and 328.3894/min, respectively. For mass transfer parameters, values of activation energy for surface diffusion (Es) and surface diffusivity factor (as) were 81.126 kJ/mole and 0.138/min, respectively. Keywords: gasification; mathematical model; Pattukku coal char; steam; Thin Reaction Zone Model

ISOTHERMAL PYROLYSIS OF KRAFT PULP MILL SLUDGE Syamsudin Syamsudin; Herri Susanto; Subagjo Subagjo
Reaktor Volume 14, No. 4, OKTOBER 2013
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Kraft pulp mill sludge cake composed of rejected wood fibers and activated sludge microorganisms. With a heating value about 14 MJ/kg (dried basis), this type of biomass had a potential as an alternative energy source. Unfortunately, it had an ash content of 27.6% and a moisture content of 80%. For reducing moisture content with minimum energy consumption, a combination of mechanical dewatering and thermal drying was studied previously. Meanwhile, experiments on isothermal pyrolysis had been carried out for further improvement on ultimate and proximate analysis of solid fuel. Final mass of char obtained from pyrolysis at 500oC was not significantly different from that of 700oC, so pyrolysis was considered to be optimum at 500oC. A char obtained from pyrolysis at temperature of 500oC had a pore surface area of 77.049 m2/g (highest among other temperatures). Kinetic of isothermal pyrolysis was well represented with a first order modified volumetric model with a frequency factor of 0.782 1/s and an activation of 34.050 kJ/mol.

Pemanfaatan Hati Dan Biji Kapuk Serta Asam Lemak Bebas Untuk Pembuatan Sabun Lunak Setiaty Pandia
Reaktor Volume 5 No.2 Desember 2001
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Hati dan biji kapuk dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai basa alternatif, demikian pula asam lemak bebas (ALB) sebagai sumber lemak untuk pembuatan sabun lunak. Perlakuan awal dilakukan terhadap basa dari hati dan biji kapuk berupa pemisahan K dan Na, demikian pula dengan sumber lemak dari asam lemak bebas melalui tahap proses hidrogenasi asam lemak tak jenuhnya.Dengan memvariasikan jumlah basa dan lemak yang digunakan, pada kondisi pembakaran 400 0C, waktu perendaman 18 hari, rasio massa abu hasil pembakaran dengan air sebesar 1 : 1 serta campuran basa (16 gram kristal KOH dan 10 gram ekstrak basa) dengan 80 gram asam lemak bebas dan 5,5 gram H2O2, diperoleh sabun lunak dengan kandungan alkali bebas 0,12%, lemak tak tersabunkan 2,45% asam lemak bebas 88,3% serta pH 7,07. Kata kunci : Asam Lemak Bebas (ALB), hati dan biji kapuk, hidrogenasi, pembakaran dan ekstraksi, sabun lunak, saponifikasi

PERFORMANCE OF NEWLY CONFIGURED SUBMERGED MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR FOR AEROBIC INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT I Gede Wenten
Reaktor Volume 12, Nomor 3, Juni 2009
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

The application of membrane to replace secondary clarifier of conventional activated sludge, known as membrane bioreactor, has led to a small footprint size of treatment with excellent effluent quality. The use of MBR eliminates almost all disadvantages encountered in conventional wastewater treatment plant such as low biomass concentration and washout of fine suspended solids. However, fouling remains as a main drawback. To minimize membrane fouling, a new configuration of submerged membrane bioreactor for aerobic industrial wastewater treatment has been developed. For the new configuration, a bed of porous particle is applied to cover the submerged ends-free mounted ultrafiltration membrane. Membrane performance was assessed based on flux productivity and selectivity. By using tapioca wastewater containing high organic matter as feed solution, reasonably high and stable fluxes around 11 l/m2.h were achieved with COD removal efficiency of more than 99%. The fouling analysis also shows that the newly configured ends-free membrane bioreactor exhibits lower irreversible resistance compared with the submerged one. In addition, the performance of pilot scale system, using a membrane module with 10 m2 effective area and reactor tank with 120 L volume, was also assessed. The flux achieved from the pilot scale system around 8 l/m2.h with COD removal of more than 99%. Hence, this study has demonstrated the feasibility of the newly configured submerged ends-free MBR at larger scale.

Synthesis of Surfactant Tert-Butyl Glycosides from Glucose and Tert-Butanol Harsa Pawignya; Tutuk Djoko Kusworo; Bambang Pramudono
Reaktor Volume 18 No. 4 December 2018
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

In Indonesia, a lot of discarded agricultural waste still contains cellulose (35-50%), the waste can still be hydrolyzed to glucose and then used as raw material in the manufacture of surfactants. Glucose can be reacted with tert-butanol using a para-toluene sulfonic acid catalyst to form tert-butyl glycoside surfactant. The purpose of this study was to study the process conditions influence the variable mole ratio, temperature, and catalyst percent on the yield of tert-butyl glycosides. The results showed that at mole ratio 1:5; temperature 70oC; and the percentage of catalyst 2.5 %, the yield obtained was 98.58 % with tert-butyl glycosides content of 61.2 %. Furthermore, the molecular structure of the surfactant was analyzed using FTIR while surface tension to determine the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value and obtained an HLB value of 4.61 Therefore, tert-butyl glycoside surfactant can be used as an emulsifier in the water-in-oil emulsion system.Keywords: glucose; surfactant; tert-butanol; tert-butyl glycosides

Synthesized of Double Layer Thin Film ZnO/ZnO:Ag by Sol-Gel Method for Direct Blue 71 Photodegradation Heri Sutanto; Singgih Wibowo; Eko Hidayanto; Iis Nurhasanah; Hady Hadiyanto
Reaktor Volume 15 No.3 April 2015
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

The objective of this paper is to synthesize and to characterize a single and a double layer ZnO and ZnO/ZnO:Ag thin films and their application for degradation of direct blue 71. Double layer (DL) thin films of zinc oxide and silver-doped zinc oxide (ZnO/ZnO:Ag) were deposited on the substrate glass by using sol-gel spray coating technique. Ag doping variations (2, 4, 6 and 8 %mol) into ZnO were studied. X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and UV-Vis spectrophotometer were used to analyze structure and optical properties of thin films. Direct Blue 71 (DB71) was used for photocatalytic evaluation under UV light irradiation. XRD result showed that all prepared thin films have wurtzite structure with better crytalinity compared to double layer preparation and increasing concentration of Ag doping. UV-Vis transmittance spectra showed that decreasing of transparency of films followed by DL preparation and Ag doping concentration. By using envelope method, energy gap of films can be determined. ZnO/ZnO:Ag 6% (DL 6%) indicated the smallest energy gap 3,038 eV. The highest DB71 degradation result under UV light irradiation was reached by DL 6% with 55.43% and 8.56 x 10-3 min-1 for photocatalytic efficiency and photodegradation rate, respectively.

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Contact Name
Dessy Ariyanti

Contact Email
dessy.ariyanti@che.undip.ac.id

Phone
+62247460058

Journal Mail Official
j.reaktor@che.undip.ac.id

Editorial Address
Department of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH Tembalang Semarang 50275

Location
Kota semarang,

Jawa tengah

INDONESIA