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Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Majalah Obstetri dan Ginekologi Indonesia)

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Published by Perkumpulan Obstetri dan Ginekologi Indonesia

ISSN : 23386401 EISSN : 23387335 DOI : -

Core Subject : Health,

Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

The Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology is an official publication of the Indonesian Society of Obstetrics and Gynekology. INAJOG is published quarterly.

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Articles 1,760 Documents

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Modified Gatot Score has a better Specificity in Predicting Ovarian Malignancies Compared to Risk Malignancy Index Mansur, Shirley
Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume. 37, No. 2, April 2013
Publisher : Indonesian Socety of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (91.403 KB)

Objective: The study was designed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of several methods in detecting ovarian epithelial malignancy by comparing Gatot Score and Risk Malignancy Index, and also proposing the modification of Gatot Score. Methods: Four hundred and one subjects with suspected epithelial ovarian malignancy were subjected to the study and had anamnesis, physical examinations, laboratories studies and ultrasonography performed. From the data, we took the variables according to Gatot Score and Risk Malignancy Index. We performed statistic analysis in term of sensitivity, specificity, ROC and optimal cut-off-point. Result: From 401 observation subjects, revealed that Gatot Score possess the sensitivity of 73.7% and specificity of 45.6% (p = 0.000; LR 28.830), while RMI possess the sensitivity of 72.4% and specificity of 35.94% (p = 0.02, LR 9.588) for RMI 1, and the sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 30.9% (p = 0.05; LR 7.984) for RMI 2. Modification to Gatot Score was performed by re-weighting to its all variables, which resulted in Gatot Score Modification 1 with cut-off point of 28.5, sensitivity of 60.4% and specificity of 35.94% (p= 0.000, LR 44.228) and Gatot Score Modification 2 with cut-off point of 5.75, sensitivity range between 49.3-69.6% and specificity range between 51.6-65.2% (p = 0.000; LR 36.806). Conclusion: Both Gatot Score and RMI gave unsatisfactory output in predicting the malignancy of ovary. By reassigning the weighting of all variables in Gatot Score, the sensitivity and especially the specificity was improved in detecting the malignancy of epithelial type ovary. This measure was directed for patients in reproductive ages, thus increasing the possibility of true malignancy. [Indones J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 37-2: 113-6] Keywords: Ca-125, epithelial ovary tumor, Gatot score, risk malignancy index

Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Hipertensi dalam Kehamilan KARKATA, M.K.
Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume. 30, No. 1, January 2006
Publisher : Indonesian Socety of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (130.981 KB)

Pendahuluan: Hipertensi dalam kehamilan muncul berupa pre-eklampsia dan eklampsia yang memberikan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi untuk ibu dan bayinya. Pencegahan primer terhadap penyakit ini belum bisa efektif karena penyebabnya belum jelas diketahui (disease of theories). Pencegahan dan pengobatan yang paling tepat terhadap penyakit ini adalah menghindari kehamilan yang tidak direncanakan dan kalau terjadi penyakit ini dilakukan terminasi kehamilannya. Dalam budaya kita cara tersebut tidak selalu mudah dilaksanakan. Pencegahan pertama dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengenal golongan ibu yang mempunyai faktor risiko terjadinya hipertensi dalam kehamilan. Tujuan: Untuk mencari faktor risiko terjadinya hipertensi dalam kehamilan. Rancangan/rumusan data: Studi kepustakaan. Hasil dan kesimpulan: Untuk mencari golongan ibu yang berisiko itu tak selalu mudah oleh karena laporan hasil penelitian kebanyakan berasal dari basis klinis rumah sakit dan jarang yang berasal dari penelitian populasi di masyarakat. Terdapat variasi dalam standar cara menegakkan diagnosis serta pelaporan hasil penelitian tentang preeklampsia dan eklampsia. Berdasarkan rasio risikonya maka kondisi yang memudahkan terjadinya pre-eklampsia secara berturut-turut adalah: penyakit ginjal kronis (20:1), hipertensi kronis (10:1), sindroma antiphospholipid (10:1), riwayat keluarga pernah preeklampsia (5:1), kehamilan kembar (4:1), nullipara (3:1), umur ibu di atas 40 tahun (3:1), diabetes mellitus (2:1) dan kelompok ras Afrika-Amerika (1,5:1). Masih ada faktor lain seperti: obesitas, immunologi, thrombophilia, kalsium, magnesium dan seng dalam diet, vitamin B2, ketinggian tempat tinggal, merokok dan penyakit periodontal yang masih dalam penelitian. [Maj Obstet Ginekol Indones 2006; 30-1: 55-8] Kata kunci: hamil, faktor risiko, pre-eklampsia, eklampsia. Introduction: Hypertension in pregnancy clinically appears as preeclampsia and eclampsia and both cause higher morbidity and mortality to mothers and babies. Primary prevention of this pathology is not effective since the condition is still "disease of theories". The most effective and appropriate prevention of this disease is by avoiding pregnancy or terminating the existing pregnancy. Practically, it is not easy to apply these methods in daily way of life. So primary prevention should be considered by identifying those risk factors in mothers that potentially lead to development of hypertension in pregnancy. Objective: To find the risk factors in mothers leading to become hypertension in pregnancy. Design/data identification: Literature study. Result and conclusion: Looking for these risks is not always easy since despite extensive study of the world-wide pre-eclampsia incidence is mostly derived from hospital-based population rather than geographically- based population. Besides that, there is a great variation in the standard criteria for establishing diagnosis and in the methods of reporting of the research results. And as a consequence fewer studies can be used for comparison. A summary of the risk factors for developing preeclampsia subsequently are as follows: chronic renal disease (20:1), chronic hypertension (10:1), anti-phospholipid syndrome (10:1), family history of pregnancy-induced hypertension (5:1), twin gestation (4:1), nulliparity (3:1), age above 40 years (3:1), diabetes mellitus (2:1), African- American race (1.5:1). A number of studies mention other risk factors such as obesity, immunology, thrombophilia, dietary calcium deficiency, magnesium and zinc deficiency, vitamin B2 deficiency, altitude, smoking, and even periodontal diseases. [Indones J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 30-1: 55-8] Keywords: pregnancy, risk factors, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia

Anti Mullerian Hormone Serum Level Indicates Ovarian Response in Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation of IVF Cycles Wiweko, Budi
Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume. 34, No. 3, July 2010
Publisher : Indonesian Socety of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (140.872 KB)

Objective: To evaluate the clinical value of Anti Mullerian Hormone serum (AMH) level as one of ovarian response indicator in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in IVF cycles. Method: This cohort-prospective study was conducted in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital. The subjects of this study were infertile couples who underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in IVF cycles. The measurement of FSH level, estradiol level, AMH level, and antral follicles count was done in the beginning of IVF cycles. The cycles were divided into two groups, good responder group and poor responder group. Good responder group had three or more mature oocytes, while the poor responder group had two or less mature oocytes. Statistical analysis was done using T-Test and Receiver Operator Characteristic area under curve (ROCAUC) to measure the predictive value of AMH, FSH, estradiol, age, and antral follicle count as ovarian response predictors. Results and Discussion: From 92 IVF cycles, there were 15 poor responder cycles (16.3%) and 77 good responder cycles. AMH serum level was 3.75 Â± 2.77 Î¼g/ml in good responder cycles and 1.04 Â± 1.39 Î¼g/ml in poor responder cycles (p < 0.0001). AMH serum level was more superior than other ovarian response predictors (AUC 0.846) with cut-off value of 1.40 Î¼g/ml. AMH serum level â¥ 1.40 Î¼g/ml had good predictive value as ovarian reserve or ovarian reserve parameter with 81% sensitivity and 87% specificity. Conclusion: AMH serum level was more superior ovarian reserve and ovarian response predictor compared to other parameters. [Indones J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 34-3: 114-8] Keywords: anti-Mullerian hormone, ovarian reserve, ovarian response

Human Papilloma Virus16 and 18 Infection and the Cervical Cytology Changes in Combined Hormonal Contraceptive Users Darkuthni, Merdyana; Tahir, Mardiah; Tumedia, Josephine L
Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume 6 No. 3 July 2018
Publisher : Indonesian Socety of Obstetrics and Gynecology

    Objective: To evaluate the correlation between HPV-16 and 18infection and the cervical cytology changes among combinationhormonal contraceptives users.   Methods: A cross-sectional study involved 40 women usingcombined hormonal contraceptive (oral or injection/DMPA contraceptive)and 40 women of non-hormonal contraceptive users wasconducted in Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo hospital, some affiliatedhospitals of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty ofMedicine, Universitas Hasanuddin and a private clinic in Makassarfrom November 2015 and April 2016. HPV 16 and 18 genotypingin cervix using PCR method and cervical cytology changes usingliquid-based cytology (LBC) method were performed. HPV infectionand cervical cytology changes were analysis based on Fisher’s testand chi-square test.   Results: A significant difference found only in parity (p<0.05)between users and control of baseline characteristics. Neither usersnor control were significantly associated with HPV-16 and 18infection and changes in cervical cytology.   Conclusion: Combined hormonal contraceptives are not correlatedwith HPV-16 and 18 infection and changes in cervical cytology. Keywords: cervix, combined hormonal contraceptive, human papillomavirus

The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor  (TNF ) and Matrix Metalloproteinase9 (MMP9) Serum in Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes Ardiles, Ardiles; Desmiwarti, Desmiwarti; Bachtiar, Hafni
Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume. 5, No. 4, October 2017
Publisher : Indonesian Socety of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Objective: To investigate the role of TNF- and MMP-9 serum in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Methods: We used cross-sectional study design. Subjects were all pregnant women with and without PPROM who underwent checkup at Obstetrics and Gynecology Functional Medical Staff General Hospital Dr. M. Djamil and networking hospital. Results: A total of 48 subjects were enrolled in this study. The mean serum levels of TNF- in patients with PPROM 17.43 ng/ml  12.4 ng/ml and without PPROM 8.45 ng/ml  6.86 ng/ml. The mean serum levels of MMP-9 in patients with PPROM 8.77 ng/ml  4.41 ng/ml, and without PPROM 4.46 ng/ml  3.04 ng/ml. Statistical test result p value <0.05, it can be conclude there are differences in the levels of TNF- and MMP-9 serum in premature rupture of membranes and without premature rupture of membranes pregnancy of preterm. Conclusion: There are differences in the levels of TNF- and MMP-9 serum in PPROM and without PPROM.Keywords: MMP-9, premature rupture of membranes, TNF-

Endoglin Expression (CD105) in Ephithelial Ovarian Cancer Jumsa, Rizkinov; Rambulangi, John; Arifuddin, Sharvianty; Miskad, Upik
Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume 6. No. 2 April 2018
Publisher : Indonesian Socety of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Abstract Objective: Endoglin ( CD105 ) is one of the factors that play a role in vascular development , angiogenesis and vascular homeostasis. The aim of this research is to address the endoglin expression (CD105) in primary tumor and metastasis tumor (omentum) and their relation with clinicopathological factor: stadium, differentiation level, and histological epithelial ovarian cancer. Method: The research was performed at Public Service Hall of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital and educational networking hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology Departement of Medical Faculty Hasanuddin University Makassar. The research design is cross sectional with 55 samples consisting of 55 samples of primary tumor and 55 matastasis tumor. Imunohistochemistry examination was performed to all samples. Result:The results show a significant relation between endoglin (CD105) at omentum metastasis tumor and stadium and cell differentiation level of epithelial ovarian cancer. There is no significant relation between endoglin (CD105) expression at primary tumor of ovarian cancer and stadium and differentiation and type of histopathological cell. In addition, there is no significant relation between endoglin expression (CD105) at omentum metastasis tumor and type of histophatological cell of ovarian cancer. There is a significant correlation (strong category) between endoglin expression at omentum metastasis tumor and endoglin expression at primary tumor of epithelial ovarian cancer. Conclusion: Endoglin expression in ovarian cancer metastatic tumor to omentum is correlated to clinical stage and differentiation level of ovarian cancer. And endoglin is one of the pro angiogenic and pro metastasis factors. Keywords:epithelial ovarian cancer, endoglin expression, CD105, immunohistochemistry  

Radiotherapy Response of Cervical Cancer Patients at a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Indonesia Winarto, Hariyono; Supriana, nana
Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume. 5, No. 4, October 2017
Publisher : Indonesian Socety of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Objective: To investigate the response of radiotherapy and related clinicopathologic characterictics on cervical cancer patients. Methods: This was a retrospective study. Subjects were patients diagnosed with cervical cancer stage IIA-IIIB who had undergone radiation therapy based on standard protocol in our hospital, during the period of January 2014 to December 2015. The clinical factors ofthose patients, such as age, Body Mass Index, blood pressure, hemoglobin level, blood leucocyte count, serum albumin, largest tumor diameter, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging, as well as pathologic characteristic, i.e histopathology and grading were recorded. During radiation protocol until 3months post radiation, we also noted any side effects of gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and hematologic. Evaluation of radiotherapy response was based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).  Results: A total of 123 subjects were enrolled in this study. 84 cases or 68.29% was complete response, 30 cases or 24.39% was partial response, 6 cases or 4.88% was stabile response, and 3 cases or 2.44% was progressive. Based on gastrointestinal side effect, there was no side effect or grade 0 on 99 cases (80.49%), grade 1 on 20 cases (16.26%), grade 2 on 4 cases (3.25%), grade 3 on 0 case (0%). Based on side effect of genitourinary, there was no side effect or grade 0 on 105 cases (85.37%), grade 1 on 17 cases (13.82%), grade 2 on 1 case (0.81%), grade 3 on 0 case (0%). Based on hematologic side effects, there was no side effecton 108 cases (87.80%), grade 1 on 15 cases (12.20%), grade 2 on 0 case (0%), grade 3 on 0 case (0%). Largest tumor diameter was statistically significant, with p=0.036 (RR 2.64 (1.07-6.56)). Conclusion: The majority of definitive-curative radiotherapy response on cervical cancer stage IIA-IIIB was complete (68.29%). Acute side effects involving the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and hematologic system were commonly can be tolerable during and 3 months post radiation therapy. Clinicopathologic characteristics significantly associated with the complete response of radiotherapy was the largest tumor diameter. Keywords: largest tumor diameter, radiation response, radiationside effect

Effectiveness of Oral Misoprostol to Prevent Postcesarean Section Urinary Retention Mahadika, Febrinata; Fauzi, Amir; Mirani, Putri; Theodorus, Theodorus
Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume 6 No. 4 October 2018
Publisher : Indonesian Socety of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Objective: to determine the effect of misoprostol on the incidence of urinary retention in post cesarean section patients by measuring maternal residual urine volume 6 hours after catheter removal. Methods: This was a single-blind randomized controlled trial, at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Hospital from October 2016 to February 2017. Samples were patients who underwent cesarean section, either elective or emergencies treated at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Mohammad Hoesin Palembang. Subjects were allocated into two groups: treatment group (receiving misoprostol) and placebo group. Urinary retention is diagnosed if post-voiding residual urine volume after Foley catheter removal was > 200 ml. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 Results: There were no differences in mean time between of urination between control group (placebo) and 600μg oral misoprostol group. The average of urine volume, and residual urine volume between control group (placebo) and 600μg oral misoprostol group was significantly different. 600μg misoprostol orally can increase the amount of urine and reduce the volume of urinary residue after cesarean section. Conclusion: 600μg oral misoprostol can increase urine volume and reduce volume of residual urine post cesarean section Keywords: Misoprostol, urinary retention, cesarean section   Tujuan: untuk mengetahui pengaruh misoprostol terhadap kejadian retensi urin pada pasien operasi seksio sesaria dengan mengukur volume residu urin maternal 6 jam setelah kateter dilepaskan. Metode: Penelitian uji klinik acak berpembanding (Randomized Controlled Trial) secara single blind (tersamar tunggal) ini dilakukan di Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi RSUP Mohammad Hoesin Palembang mulai bulan Oktober 2016 sampai dengan Februari 2017. Sampel penelitian adalah semua pasien seksio sesaria, baik elektif maupun emergensi yang dirawat di Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi RSUP Mohammad Hoesin Palembang. Subjek dialokasikan menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok penanganan yang menerima misoprostol dan kelompok placebo. Retensio urin didiagnosis jika volume residu urin pasca berkemih setelah kateter Foley dilepaskan >200 ml. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan SPSS 17.0 Hasil:Tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata waktu urinasi antara kelompok kontrol (plasebo) dengan misoprostol peroral 600µg.Terdapat perbedaan rerata jumlah urine, dan volume residu urine antara kelompok kontrol (plasebo) dengan misoprostol peroral 600µg. Misoprostol per oral 600µg dapat meningkatkan jumlah urin dan mengurangi volume residu urin pasca persalian seksio sesaria. Kesimpulan:. Misoprostol per oral 600µg dapat meningkatkan jumlah urin dan mengurangi volume residu urin pasca persalian seksio sesaria Kata kunci: Misoprostol, retensio urin, seksio sesaria

How to Recognize, Prevent and Address Complications of Laparoscopic Gynecologic Surgery Pramayadi, cepi T; Fani, Erliana
Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume 6 No. 4 October 2018
Publisher : Indonesian Socety of Obstetrics and Gynecology

AbstractObjective: to highlight the needs of awareness on recognizing, prevent and address complications in laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.Method: Literature reviewDiscussion: The complications of laparoscopic gynecologic surgery mainly can be classified as complications related to anesthesia, entry technique, electrosurgical, postoperative and visceral due to surgical procedure itself. Lam proposed a 6 phase-based classification of laparoscopic surgery complications; patient identification, anesthesia and positioning, abdominal entry and port placement, surgery, postoperative recovery and counselling. The aim of this classification is to promote a culture risk management to improve patient safety and outcome. Each and every phase above should be able to assessed, analyzed and executed properly to prevent complications. Conclusion: Complication in operative laparoscopy is generally minor and can be handled successfully. However, although very rare, major complications are detrimental to the patient. It also becomes heavy burden for the surgeons. Preventive measures should be implemented not only by the operator but also the anesthesiologist, and theatre practitioners. Systematic drills, which regularly re rehearsed is important in order to maintain team proficiencies. Keywords: complications, gynecologic laparoscopy, operative Laparoscopy   Abstrak Tujuan: Untuk menekankan pentingnya mengenali, mencegah dan mengatasi secara dini komplikasi operasi laparoskopi ginekologi. Metode: Kajian pustaka Diskusi : Komplikasi operasi ginekologi laparoskopi dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi komplikasi yang berhubungan dengan anestesi, teknik masuknya trokar utama, terkait elektro surgikal, komplikasi pascaoperasi dan komplikasi visera (pembuluh darah, usus, cedera traktus urinarius) terkait tindakan operasi itu sendiri. Lam mengusulkan suatu klasifikasi berbasis fase, antara lain, identifikasi pasien, anestesi dan posisi pasien, akses masuk abdomen dan penempatan trokar, terkait operasi, pemulihan pascaoperasi dan konseling. Tujuan dari klasifikasi ini adalah untuk meningkatkan budaya sadar risiko,guna meningkatkan keselamatan pasien. Setiap tahap harus dapat dilaksanakan, dinilai dan dianalisis dengan baik untuk mencegah terjadinya komplikasi. Kesimpulan: Komplikasi pada operasi ginekologi laparoskopi umumnya ringan dan dapat ditangani dengan baik. Walaupun jarang terjadi, komplikasi berat umumnya sangat merugikan pasien dan menjadi beban operator. Langkah-langkah pencegahan ini harus dilaksanakan oleh operator, tim anestesi serta seluruh tim kamar operasi. Simulasi  harus dilaksanakan, guna mempertahankan kecakapan tim Kata kunci : komplikasi, laparoskopi ginekologi, laparoskopi operatif

Lidocaine Prilocaine Cream versus LidocaineHCL Injection for Pain Relief during Second Degree of Perineal Tear Suturing after Vaginal Delivery: A Comparative Study Rahmawati, Rahmawati; Lotisna, David; Abdullah, Nusratuddin; Chalid, Maisuri T; Tessy, Telly
Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume 6 No. 4 October 2018
Publisher : Indonesian Socety of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Abstract Objective : To compare the effectiveness of topically applied lidocaine-prilocaine cream with lidocaine-HCl injection in the reduction of pain during second degree of perineal tear suturing after vaginal delivery. Methods : One hundred and twenty-four of women with second degree of perineal tear after vaginal delivery were enrolled in this randomized clinical trial. Women were assigned randomly to have either application of lidocaine-prilocaine cream (n=62) or local injection of lidocaine-HCl (n=62) for anesthetic during perineal suturing. Pain measured with viasual analog scale (VAS) for the first 5 minutes during the perineal suturing. Statistical analysis was performed by comparative analytic numerical unpaired with independent t test between the two groups and significance was assessed at p<0.05. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Results : There was no significantly different of pain score between lidocaine-prilocaine cream and lidocaine-HCl injection group (5.66±1.07 vs 5.56±1.5; p=0.473). Conclusion : Application of lidocaine-prolicaine cream as effective as injection of lidocaine for reducing pain during second degree of perineal tear suturing after vaginal delivery. Keywords : Lidocaine-prilocaine cream, lidocaine-HCl injection, pain, perineal suturing, vaginal delivery     Abstrak Tujuan: Untuk membandingkan efektivitas antara lidokain-prilokain topikal dan lidokain-HCl injeksi dalam mengurangi nyeri selama penjahitan luka perineum tingkat dua setelah persalinan normal. Metode: Seratus dua puluh empat perempuan dengan robekan perineum tingkat dua postpartum pervaginam mengikuti uji coba klinis secara acak ini. Enam puluh dua perempuan (n=62) menggunakan lidokain-prilokain topikal dan 62 perempuan lainnya (n=62) menggunakan injeksi lokal lidokain-HCl untuk anestesi selama penjahitan perineum. Nyeri diukur dengan visual analog scale (VAS) untuk 5 menit pertama selama penjahitan perineum. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji numerik komparatif tidak berpasangan dengan uji t independen antara kedua kelompok dengan tingkat kemaknaan p<0,05. Data disajikan sebagai rerata ± standar deviasi (SD). Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan skor nyeri antara kelompok  lidokain-prilokain topikal dan kelompok injeksi lidokain-HCl (5,66 ± 1,07 vs 5,56 ± 1,5; p = 0,473). Kesimpulan : Efektifitas lidokain-prolikain topikal untuk mengurangi nyeri sama dengan injeksi lidokain-HCl selama penjahitan robekan perineum tingkat dua postpartum pervaginam. Kata kunci : Lidokain-prolikain topical, lidokain-HCl injeksi, nyeri, penjahitan perineum, persalinan normal

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Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name eko subaktiansyah

Contact Email eko.subaktiansyah@gmail.com

Phone -

Journal Mail Official support@inajog.com

Editorial Address -

Location Kota adm. jakarta pusat, Dki jakarta INDONESIA

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Contact Name
eko subaktiansyah

Contact Email
eko.subaktiansyah@gmail.com

Phone
-

Journal Mail Official
support@inajog.com

Editorial Address
-

Location
Kota adm. jakarta pusat,

Dki jakarta

INDONESIA