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JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI

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Published by Universitas Diponegoro

ISSN : 14108917 EISSN : 25979914 DOI : -

Core Subject : Science, Engineering,

Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Engineering

urnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi (p-ISSN: 1410-8917) and e-ISSN: 2597-9914) is published by Department of Chemistry, Diponegoro University. This journal is published four times per year and publishes research, review and short communication in field of Chemistry.

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Articles 796 Documents

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Natural Compounds Activities against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro through Bioinformatics Approaches for Development of Antivirus Candidates Taufik Muhammad Fakih
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 24, No 5 (2021): Volume 24 Issue 5 Year 2021
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 appears as a pandemic that has spread to almost all countries in the world. Antiviral therapy using natural compounds is one alternative approach to overcome this infectious disease. The therapeutic mechanism is proven effective against the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. This research aims to perform bioinformatics studies, including ligand-docking simulations and protein-protein docking simulations, to identify, evaluate, and explore five compounds' activity on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and their effects against Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE-2). Protein-ligand docking simulations show kaempferol, flavonol, and their glycosides (Afzelin and Juglanin) and other flavonoids (Quercetin, Naringenin, and Genistein) have a high affinity towards SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. These results were then confirmed using protein-protein docking simulations to observe the ability of five compounds to prevent the attachment of ACE-2 to the active site. Based on the results of the bioinformatics studies, Quercetin has the best affinity, with a binding free energy value of −33.18 kJ/mol. The five compounds are predicted to be able to interact strongly with SARS-CoV-2. The results in this research are useful for further studies in the development of novel anti-infective drugs for COVID-19 that target SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.

Synthesis of the BEAC4ND4 Ionophore from p-t-Butylcalix[4]arene Carboxylic Acid Nasriadi Dali; Arniah Dali; Seniwati Dali; Hilda Ayu Melvi Amalia
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 23, No 12 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 12 Year 2020
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

The BEAC4ND4 ionophore has been successfully synthesized from p-t-butylcalix[4]arene carboxylic acid. The BEAC4ND4 ionophore was obtained in two steps of the synthesis reaction. The first step is the chlorination reaction of p-t-butylcalix[4]arene carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride in dry benzene solvent. The chlorination reaction product is p-t-butylcalix[4]arene acyl chloride in the form of the light brown viscous liquid with a yield of 78.25% and TLC (SiO2, CH3OH: CH2Cl2 = 1: 1 v/v, Rf = 0.65). The second step is the amidation reaction of ethyl 2-aminoacetate with p-t-butylcalix[4]arene acyl chloride in dry tetrahydrofuran solvent. The product of the amidation reaction is p-t-butylcalix[4]arene ethylesteramide or the BEAC4ND4 ionophore in the form of a white solid with the yield of 75.22%, a melting point of 314-316°C, and TLC (SiO2, CH3OH: CH2Cl2 = 1: 1 v/v, Rf = 0.75).

A Compatibility in the Single Cell of the NiO/LSGM/LSCF Atiek Rostika Noviyanti; Claudia Agesti; Yusi Deawati; Dani Gustaman Syarif
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 23, No 10 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 10 Year 2020
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

The compatibility between anode, electrolyte, and cathode in a solid fuel cell determines its performance. Research on the compatibility between fuel cell components is challenging, especially for SOFCs that operate at high temperatures. Therefore, efforts to reduce the operating temperature to become intermediate temperature SOFC (IT-SOFC) are essential to facilitate compatibility between its components. La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF) has been recognized as one of the most promising cathode materials for (IT-SOFC) due to its high electronic conductivity and excellent electrical performance. While La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3–δ (LSGM) has a high oxygen ion conductivity at low temperatures, its chemical stability is still not good. LSGM is known to have interface reactivity with other components such as NiO and LSCF in fuel cells. This study looked at the compatibility of NiO/LSGM/LSCF cells prepared by the solid chemical synthesis method. Compatibility evaluation is determined by the Thermal Expansion Coefficient (TEC) parameter using the dilatometric method, Area Specific Resistance (ASR), and TBF area morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). While the conductivity of the cells is determined by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). NiO/LSGM/LSCF cells have good compatibility with a value of 78.05 kg-1.K.A.s3.µ2 at a temperature of 600°C. The ASR values of cells tend to decrease with increasing temperature and conductivity values at small TEC values. Based on these parameter values, delamination in NiO/LSGM/LSCF cells did not occur.

Isolation of a High Antioxidant Non-Toxic Polar Fraction from Garcinia mangostana Fruit Pericarp by Reverse Phase Column Chromatography Wahyuningsih Wahyuningsih; Miranti Miranti; Hilwan Yuda Teruna; Titania Tjandrawati Nugroho
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 24, No 1 (2021): Volume 24 Issue 1 Year 2021
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

The crude polar extract of mangosteen fruit pericarp not only has a moderate antioxidant activity of (55±4 μg/mL) but also has high cytotoxicity (16±0.5 μg/mL). The high cytotoxicity presumably is caused by the presence of complex cytotoxic compounds from the mangosteen pericarp. To obtain a non-toxic extract preparation with high antioxidant activity, polar crude 50% ethanol extracts of mangosteen pericarp were partially purified using reverse-phase column chromatography with Silica C18 as the stationary phase and acetonitrile-water gradient elution. Six of the ten fractions collected had high antioxidant activities, with IC50 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging antioxidant levels <50 μg/mL. Three fractions (fractions 3, 5, and 7) with the highest antioxidant activities of (16.4 ± 0.6 µg/mL), (17.8 ± 2 µg/mL) and (17.4 ± 1.8 µg/mL) respectively, were chosen for further cytotoxicity, phenolic content and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The cytotoxic tests were conducted with the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. Fraction 3 had low cytotoxicity (LC50 485 ± 96 µg/mL) and fraction 5 was non-toxic (LC50 ≥ 1000 µg/mL), while fraction 7 still had high cytotoxicity (LC50 2.8 ± 0.8 µg/mL). The chromatogram profiles of HPLC showed that fractions 3 and 5 contained more polar compounds than the compounds present in fraction 7. It can be concluded that the reverse phase method succeeded in the isolation of a non-toxic polar fraction, that is, fraction 5, with a significantly higher (p<0.05) antioxidant activity than in the original crude polar extracts. This fraction had a high total phenolic content of 43.3 ± 0.3 g GAE per 100 g extract.

Bandgap Energy of TiO₂/M-Chlorophyll Material (M=Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺) Muhammad Yusprianto; Titin Anita Zaharah; Imelda Hotmarisi Silalahi
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 24, No 4 (2021): Volume 24 Issue 4 Year 2021
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

The bandgap energy (Egap) of TiO2 material modified with metal-chlorophyll complex compounds (M = Cu2+, Fe3+) was observed. Chlorophyll (Chl) was isolated from cassava leaves, and its UV-Vis spectra showed absorption peaks in the Soret band region (410 nm) and in the Q band region (665 nm), which is the typical peak of chlorophyll. Copper(II)-chlorophyll complex was prepared from the reaction between chlorophyll and CuSO4.5H2O, while the iron(III)-chlorophyll was synthesized from chlorophyll and FeCl3.6H2O in methanol solvent under reflux at 65°C. The presence of copperand iron metals in the chlorophyll metal complexes was identified using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in methanol solution. The absorption of copper measured in Cu2+-Chl was 0.0488 (0.4805 mg/L), while the iron atom in Fe3+-Chl was 0.0050 (0.0195 mg/L). The UV-vis spectra demonstrate the hypsochromic shift of the Soret band to 405 nm (Cu2+-Chl) and 402 nm (Fe3+-Chl). The Infrared spectra of chlorophyll after being complexed with copper(II) shows the increase of vibrational absorption wavenumber of the C=N group from 1225.06 cm-1 to 1241.94 cm-1 indicates the coordination of the metal ion on the N atom in the pyrrole ring. The shift in the absorption band on the Fe3+-Chl spectrum was seen for the C=O ester group from 1720.49 cm-1 to 1721.10 cm-1 indicating the metal ion bonding in the C=O group of esters. The DR-UVis analysis of TiO2/metal-chlorophyll shows a bathochromic shift towards the visible light region. By using the Tauc plot method, it was observed that the Egap of TiO2 reduces from 3.08 eV to 2.89 eV and 2.93 eV in the compound of TiO2/Cu2+-Chl and TiO2/Fe3+-Chl, respectively.

The Combination of Carbon Source and the Addition of Phenylacetic Acid (PAA) to Growth Medium Penicillium chrysogenum to Enhance of Penicillin (Pen G) Production Martha Sari; Dirayanti Dirayanti; Eris Septiana; Bustanussalam Bustanussalam; Apon Zaenal Mustopa
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 23, No 9 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 9 Year 2020
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

The nutrition factor governs the growth and production of Penicillin G (Pen G) by Penicillium chrysogenum in a broth medium. Proper nutrition can improve Pen G antibiotic production. In this research, the optimal condition for Pen G production from P. chrysogenum in a standard culture medium and various carbon sources medium (glucose, lactose, maltose, and sucrose) were done for ten days. Phenylacetic Acid (PAA) precursor at 0.0 – 0.6 gL-1 (increment 0.1) was used to improve Pen G production. The Pen G was detected by HPLC, compared with the standard (Penicillin G Sodium Salt). The results showed that the PDB standard medium and lactose medium (150 rpm, at 30°C) produced 0.425 gL-1 and 0.107 gL-1 Pen G. Addition of 0.6 gL-1 PAA improved the Pen G production up to 0.045 gL-1 in the PDB medium, become the final concentration of 0.470 gL-1 and 2.460 gL-1 in the lactose medium, become the final concentration of 2.565 gL-1. The antibiotic’s activity against the pathogenic bacteria, i.e., B. subtilis, S. aureus, and S. typhi employing the disk diffusion method, has been done. The TLC method’s detection of the potential Pen G spots was conducted with ethyl acetate: distilled water: acetic acid (60:20:20) as the mobile phase. The Pen G extracts could inhibit the growth of all tested bacteria in Rf 0.65. This study informs the proper combination of carbon source and precursor effects and increases the bioproduction of Pen G from P. chrysogenum.

Chitosan-CuO Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Shigella dysenteriae: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Study Ahmad Fatoni; Ade Chika Paramita; Budi Untari; Nurlisa Hidayati
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 23, No 12 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 12 Year 2020
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

The synthesis of chitosan- CuO nanoparticles was studied. This research’s aims were biosynthesis CuO nanoparticles, synthesis of chitosan-CuO nanoparticles, and used as an antibacterial agent of Shigella dysenteriae. CuO nanoparticles and chitosan-CuO nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. CuO nanoparticle was synthesized by the reaction between leaf extract of sweet star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) and copper sulfate pentahydrate. Chitosan-CuO nanoparticles were synthesized by a heating method. The suspension of chitosan-CuO nanoparticles was used as an antibacterial agent with a paper disk method. The result showed that the Cu-O group at CuO nanoparticles was detected at a wavenumber of 503, 619, 767, and 821 cm-1. The crystallite size of the CuO nanoparticles was 4.25 nm. Cu-O group bonded at N-H and O-H groups and detected at 3406 cm-1 from the FTIR spectra of chitosan-CuO nanoparticles. The average inhibition zone of chitosan-CuO nanoparticles at concentration 2.500, 5.000, 7.500, and 10.000 ppm to Shigella dysenteriae were 13.57 ± 1.55; 14.90 ± 1.20; 15.97 ± 0.76 and 17.03 ± 1.80 mm, respectively.

Performance of HDTMA-Br-Modified Indonesian Zeolite as a Drug Carrier Candidate for Diclofenac Sodium Khafidhotun Naimah; Harjono Harjono; Jumaeri Jumaeri; Sri Kadarwati
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 24, No 3 (2021): Volume 24 Issue 3 Year 2021
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with a relatively short release time. This short release time promotes a more frequent drug consumption and could lead to side effects in the stomach, e.g., gastrointestinal disorders, gastrointestinal bleeding, and gastric ulcers. A drug delivery system with a slow-release activity is one of the promising technologies to control the drug amount released to the stomach. A surfactant-modified natural zeolite as a carrier for diclofenac sodium has been used in this study. This study focused on the preparation, characterization, and slow-release performance of HDTMA-modified natural zeolite as a carrier for diclofenac sodium. The zeolite underwent chemical and physical activation, as well as milling prior to use. It was proven that the zeolite used was dominated by mordenite and clinoptilolite with high stability properties towards acid treatments, as indicated by the XRD patterns. A modification of the zeolite surface using HDTMABr was also successfully performed, indicated by the appearance of peaks at wavenumbers of 2923.05 cm-1 and 2853.39 cm-1 (symmetrical and asymmetrical CH2 strains of HDTMA molecules, respectively) in the FTIR spectra. The synthesized HDTMA-modified natural zeolite also showed an excellent surface property such as surface area, pore-volume, and size, as indicated by the BET-BJH isotherms on the nitrogen adsorption. The slow-release performance of the zeolite-based drug delivery system was studied by investigating the adsorption-desorption behavior of HDTMA-modified zeolite towards diclofenac sodium. The HDTMA-modified zeolite adsorbed the diclofenac sodium of 54.01% at a pH of 7.5, the contact time of 60 min, and the initial concentration of 100 ppm. The adsorbed diclofenac sodium of 73.95% could be released from the HDTMA-modified adsorbent for 8 h, mimicking the time length of drug metabolism in the human body.

Freeze-thaw system for thermostable β-Galactosidase isolation from Gedong Songo Geobacillus sp. isolate Ken Ima Damayanti; Nies Suci Mulyani; Agustina L. N. Aminin
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 23, No 11 (2020): Volume 23 Issue 11 Year 2020
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

The effective isolation of intracellular enzymes from thermophilic bacteria is challenging because of their sturdy membrane. On the other hand, the low-cost and nontoxic method is essential for industrial food enzymes. The freeze-thaw cycles using acetone-dry ice as a frozen system was studied for efficient isolation of thermostable b-galactosidase from Geobacillus sp. dYTae-14. This enzyme has been known for application in the dairy industry to reduce the lactose content. In this study, the freeze-thaw method was performed with cycle variations 3, 5, and 7 cycles. Acetone-dry ice (-78°C) is used as a frozen system and boiling water for thawing. The b-galactosidase activity was assayed using ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG) as substrate and protein content determined with the Lowry method. The results show that the most effective freeze-thaw is five cycles. The enzyme’s highest specific activity is 3610.13 units/mg proteins at 40-60 % ammonium sulfate saturation, with a purity value of 2.52.

Optimization of Lipase Production from Local Bacteria Isolate with Palm Oil Inducer Dwi May Indriyani; Nurhasanah Nurhasanah; Dian Herasari
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 24, No 2 (2021): Volume 24 Issue 2 Year 2021
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

A lipase is a group of hydrolase enzymes with multi-functional abilities such as catalyzing hydrolysis, alcoholysis, esterification, interesterification, and synthesis of organic compounds. The purpose of this study was to obtain the optimum conditions for lipase production and to study the effect of adding a palm oil inducer on the production of lipase from local bacterial isolates. The method used in this study included the rejuvenation of local bacterial isolate cultures, optimization of production, which included pH, palm oil inducer, and incubation time. The lipase activity test was carried out by using the acid-base titration method with the phenolphthalein indicator. The results showed that the optimal conditions for lipase production occurred at pH 5 with an activity value of 7.5 U/mL and an incubation time of 18 hours with an activity value of 13.83 U/mL. The addition of a 10% (v/v) palm oil inducer increased the value of lipase activity to 8.75 U/mL.

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