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JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI
Published by Universitas Diponegoro
ISSN : 14108917     EISSN : 25979914     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Engineering
urnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi (p-ISSN: 1410-8917) and e-ISSN: 2597-9914) is published by Department of Chemistry, Diponegoro University. This journal is published four times per year and publishes research, review and short communication in field of Chemistry.
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Articles 850 Documents
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Modification of Polyurethane from Cardanol Biomass of Cashew Nut Shell with Ag Nanoparticles and Its Antibacterial Activity Magdalena Devi Suryono; Muhammad Ilham Khairuddiin; Fauziyah Azhari; Maulidan Firdaus; Sentot Budi Rahardjo; Witri Wahyu Lestari
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 3 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 3 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.3.195-206

Abstract

The cardanol-based polyurethane was systematically investigated for its chemical structure, thermal stability, surface hydrophobicity, morphology, dispersion of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), crystalline features, and antibacterial performance. In this study, a Biobased polyurethane (PU) derived from cardanol extracted from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) was modified with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to develop antibacterial composite materials. Cardanol was isolated via liquid–liquid extraction and further purified using column chromatography. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) confirmed the successful removal of anacardic acid and the presence of cardanol. The cardanol-based polyol was synthesized via a thiol–ene click reaction and subsequently polymerized with 1,4-butanediol and hexamethylene diisocyanate to produce an elastomeric PU. AgNPs were incorporated at various loadings to evaluate their influence on physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity. FTIR analysis verified urethane bond formation, while thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) demonstrated thermal stability up to 200°C. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) confirmed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure of silver within the PU matrix. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX) revealed that PU containing 15 wt% AgNPs exhibited the most homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion. An increase in AgNPs content led to enhanced surface hydrophobicity and antibacterial performance. Antibacterial essays showed PU/AgNPs composites effectively inhibited Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with the largest inhibition zones observed for PU/Ag containing 15 wt% AgNPs (16.40 mm and 12.60 mm, respectively). Overall, the results indicated that AgNP loading governs a trade-off between dispersion uniformity and antibacterial efficacy, with intermediate loading favoring homogeneous morphology and higher loading maximizing antibacterial performance. These findings highlight the potential of PU/AgNPs composites for use as antibacterial coating materials.
Chitosan-Impregnated Activated Carbon Derived from Sugarcane Bagasse for Alizarin Red S Adsorption Dina Fitriana; Sri Hastuti; Abu Masykur; Atmanto Heru Wibowo; Puput Nursetyani; Miftahul Rohmah; Faiza Dzikra Az-Zahra
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 9 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 9 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.9.488-501

Abstract

In the present study, a chitosan-impregnated activated carbon derived from sugarcane bagasse (Cs-Act SB) has been synthesized for the removal of Alizarin Red S (ARS) dye from an aqueous solution. The dried sugarcane bagasse sample was rinsed with 0.5% HCl to eliminate impurities and subsequently dried overnight at 110°C. Thereafter, it was subjected to carbonization in a furnace at 600°C for 2 h to produce sugarcane bagasse biochar (SB). The SB was then chemically activated using NaOH and physically activated in a muffle furnace at 750°C for 2 h to produce activated carbon (Act-SB). The obtained Act-SB was then modified using chitosan to yield Cs-Act SB biocomposite. The Act-SB and Cs-Act SB were characterized based on moisture content and ash content, pH points of zero charge (pHPZC), FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and TGA-DTA analysis. The Cs-Act SB has a moisture content of 4.0% and an ash content of 3.40%, respectively. The results show that the adsorbent process is desirable at low pH under acidic conditions (pH 2) with a pHPZC of 4.58. Based on the FT-IR spectra, the characteristic peaks of the chitosan were shown for Cs-Act SB at 3440 cm−1 due to the stretching vibration of the hydroxyl and amino functional group. The surface of Cs-Act SB has an irregular and heterogeneous surface and has high carbon content (84.42%). The TGA-DTA results showed the stability of Cs-Act SB with respect to temperature. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics were found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherms are best described by the Langmuir model for both Act-SB and Cs-Act SB. The determined Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of Cs-Act SB and Act-SB for the ARS dye adsorption were 78.13 mg g−1 and 30.03 mg g−1, respectively. Kinetics and adsorption isotherm studies suggest that the capacity, equilibrium constant, and energy of the Cs-Act SB in adsorbing ARS dye are improved compared to Act-SB.
Computational Design and Evaluation of Formaldehyde-Free Modified Tannins for Enhanced Copper Ion Removal November Rianto Aminu; Suryadi Joyopranoto; Tiffany Octavia Kusumawijaya; Margareta Novian Cahyanti; Parsaoran Siahaan
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 10 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 10 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.10.536-545

Abstract

Pollution from heavy metal ions, such as copper (Cu2+), in textile wastewater poses a significant environmental challenge. Modified condensed tannins (TyD) show promise as coagulants for heavy metal removal, but current formaldehyde-based modification methods are concerning due to formaldehyde’s carcinogenic nature. This in silico study aimed to optimize TyD design by replacing formaldehyde with safer alternatives: acetone (TyDA), ethyl methyl ketone (TyDE), and benzaldehyde (TyDB), and evaluating their interaction stability with Cu2+ ions. Using Density Functional Theory (DFT) with a B3LYP-D3/6-31G(d,p) basis set, this study performed calculations for interaction energy (Ei) and complex activity (HOMO-LUMO, affinity, electronegativity, energy gap). The results indicated that the TyDB-1 design exhibited the most optimal interaction energy with Cu2+ ions, showing an Ei value of −943.39 kJ.mol−1 for TyD…Cu2+ and −1,271.86 kJ.mol−1 for TyD…Cu2+…TyD interactions. In the single TyD…The Cu2+ complex, TyDB-1, demonstrated superior stability, stronger binding, and better Cu2+ attraction compared to the formaldehyde-modified TyDF, despite a higher energy gap (1.354 eV vs. 1.090 eV). A higher HOMO-LUMO energy gap indicates reduced electronic reactivity and enhanced complex stability, signifying that TyDB-1 forms a more stable coordination with Cu2+ ions. However, in the presence of an additional TyD molecule (TyD…Cu2+…TyD), TyDB-1, while showing strong bonds and good attraction, was found to be more reactive than TyDF. Overall, TyDB-1 represents a promising, safer alternative for Cu2+ coagulation, highlighting the utility of computational chemistry in designing high-performance coagulants.
Synthesis of Activated Carbon/Magnetite Nanocomposite Modified with Povidone for Adsorption Applications of Heavy Metal Ions Muhammad Zainullah; Muhammad Safwan Aziz; Nurul Hidayat; Lya Rizka Herawati; Ahmad Taufiq
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 6 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 6 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.6.396-404

Abstract

This study reports on activated carbon/magnetite nanocomposite modified with povidone for the adsorption applications of heavy metal (lead) ions. The synthesis routes used in this study were coprecipitation, activated carbon activation, and ex-situ methods. The data analysis results showed that the activated carbon/magnetite nanocomposite modified with povidone had a crystallite size of 9.45 nm with a single-phase inverse cubic spinel structure. The activated carbon/magnetite nanocomposite modified with povidone showed successful synthesis with the appearance of octahedral and tetrahedral Fe–O lattice vibrations (440 and 550 cm–1), O–H (3200–3395 cm–1), C=O (1655 cm–1), and C–N (1182 cm–1) functional groups. Furthermore, the activated carbon/magnetite nanocomposite modified with povidone exhibited a chunky and spherical morphology, with a particle size of 39.91 nm. The nanocomposite had a large specific surface area and pore volume, namely 129.237 m2/g and 0.198 cm3/g, respectively, thus providing many active sites for adsorption. Interestingly, the nanocomposite was superparamagnetic, facilitating its separation from the solution after adsorption. The adsorption efficiency of this nanocomposite was 71.01% with an adsorption capacity of 29.6415 mg/g in 180 minutes at a volume of heavy metal solution of 25 mL with a theoretical concentration of 100 ppm, adsorbent dose of 0.05 g, pH 5, and room temperature, and followed with pseudo-second order adsorption kinetics model. The resulting removal efficiency is better than magnetite/povidone, which has a removal efficiency of 70%.
Recovery of Slow-Release Fertilizer from Tofu Wastewater via Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (Struvite) Precipitation: Effect of pH and Molar Ratio Raudhatul Ulfa; Firda Tirta Yani; Gita Nurma Yunita; Faisal Faisal; Misbul Hadi; Chindy Mauliza Duana; Wiza Ulfa Fibarzi
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 6 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 6 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.6.405-413

Abstract

Tofu wastewater contains high concentrations of phosphate (PO43−) and ammonium (NH4+), which can cause eutrophication if discharged without proper treatment. One promising method for nutrient recovery and wastewater remediation is struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) precipitation, which simultaneously removes phosphate and produces a slow-release fertilizer. This study investigates the effect of pH variation (8, 9, and 10) and molar ratios of Mg2+:NH4+:PO43− (1:1:1, 4:1:1, and 1:4:1) on phosphate removal efficiency, product yield, and morphological characteristics of the formed crystals. Experiments were conducted with a reaction time of 60 minutes under controlled pH conditions. The results revealed that both pH and molar ratio significantly affected the phosphate precipitation process. The highest phosphate removal efficiency of 89.94% was obtained at pH 9 with a 4:1:1 molar ratio, indicating that excess Mg2+ under moderately alkaline conditions favored struvite formation. In contrast, the highest calculated product yield was observed at pH 8, showing that the condition giving maximum mass-based recovery was not identical to the condition giving maximum phosphate removal efficiency. At pH 10, phosphate removal efficiency decreased, most likely due to the formation of competing Mg(OH)2 precipitates, which reduced the availability of free Mg2+ for struvite crystallization. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the struvite crystals exhibited block-like morphologies with irregular surfaces and an average size of 20–50 μm. Although nutrient-release kinetics were not directly measured in this study, the observed crystal size may influence dissolution behavior based on the surface-area effect reported in the literature, supporting the potential application of the recovered struvite as a slow-release fertilizer. Overall, the findings demonstrate that pH 9 and the molar ratio of 4:1:1 represent the optimal conditions for struvite production from tofu wastewater, offering an environmentally sustainable approach to nutrient recovery and contributing to circular economy practices in agriculture.
Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan-HPMC-Methylparaben Hydrogel Film as an Antibacterial Wound Dressing Material Endang Susilowati; Sulistyo Saputro; Lina Mahardiani; Nanik Dwi Nurhayati; Budi Hastuti; Wirawan Ciptonugroho; Dealories Qhurbasy Masyhuri; Ndiayu Ajeng Gareta; Izza Laila Nur Rohmah
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 6 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 6 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.6.414-422

Abstract

Chitosan-HPMC-methylparaben hydrogel film has been successfully synthesized. Chitosan, a key component with desirable characteristics for the production of hydrogel films, has some shortcomings that can be overcome by adding HPMC, a commonly used gelling agent that improves the physical properties of hydrogel films, and methylparaben, which enhances mechanical properties and antibacterial activity. The physical properties test of the hydrogel film, i.e., the solubility and swelling test, showed that the addition of HPMC reduced the solubility ratio and increased the swelling ratio in the chitosan hydrogel film. The addition of methylparaben relatively increases the antibacterial activity, tensile strength, and elongation of chitosan-HPMC-methylparaben hydrogel films. The chitosan-HPMC-methylparaben dry film exhibits a tensile strength of 19.56 MPa and an elongation of 1.98%. Surface morphological characterization of the hydrogel film through SEM tests showed that the chitosan-HPMC-methylparaben hydrogel film has granules on its surface, whereas the chitosan-HPMC hydrogel film has a smooth texture with a flat surface. The addition of methylparaben reduces the degree of crystallinity and produces an amorphous phase. The chitosan-HPMC-methylparaben hydrogel film shows strong activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Based on these results, the hydrogel film can be considered an antibacterial material for wound dressings, although elongation still needs to be improved.
Quality Assessment of High-FAME Biosolar Fuels (B40–B60) Based on Indonesian Fuel Standards Muhammad Hasib Nurulloh; Ananda Arif Fradana; Nur Aini; Muhammad Asnari
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 6 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 6 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.6.379-387

Abstract

The increasing utilization of biosolar fuels with high FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) content requires systematic quality evaluation to ensure compliance with fuel quality standards. This study evaluated biosolar fuels with different FAME fractions (B0, B40, B50, B60, and B100), with B40–B60 representing the main blending range and B0 and B100 serving as reference fuels. Fuel quality was assessed based on color, density, flash point, cetane number, distillation characteristics, total acid number (TAN), sulfur content, and water content, with reference to the Indonesian B40 diesel fuel specification under the Cetane Number 48 (CN 48) category as stipulated in Kepdirjen No. 384.K/MG.06/DJM/2024. The results showed that increasing FAME concentration produced a lighter fuel color and increased density from 839.7 kg m−3 (B0) to 876.5 kg m−3 (B100). Flash point increased from 55.6°C (B0) to 80.0°C (B100), while cetane number increased from 47.1 (B0) to 54.9 (B60), indicating improved fuel safety and ignition quality. Distillation temperatures increased with increasing FAME fraction due to the lower volatility of biodiesel components. The Total Acid Number increased from 0.09252 to 0.27320 mg KOH g−1, whereas sulfur content decreased from 0.06622 to 0.00492 % (m/m), reflecting the inherently low sulfur composition of biodiesel. Water content increased substantially from 153.664 mg kg−1 (B0) to 901.970 mg kg−1 (B100) due to the hygroscopic nature of FAME. Activated zeolite treatment, applied at a dosage of 6 g per 500 mL fuel based on preliminary laboratory practice and adsorption conditions applied during the experimental design, reduced water content by approximately 9–24%; however, several blends remained above the allowable limit of 380 mg kg−1. The relatively low flash point observed for B100 may indicate the presence of residual light components originating from production or handling processes and should therefore be interpreted as a limitation of the tested sample rather than a general biodiesel characteristic. These findings indicate that while biodiesel blending improves several fuel properties, effective moisture control remains essential for maintaining the quality and stability of high-FAME biosolar fuels.
Chitosan/Bentonite Composite Membrane Doped with LiOH as an Electrolyte Candidate for Energy Storage Systems Sri Hilma Siregar; Akmilna Aqlina Manurung; Meidita Kemala Sari; Hasmalina Nasution
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 6 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 6 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.6.423-432

Abstract

This study aimed to synthesize and characterize chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based polymer electrolyte membranes modified with bentonite and LiOH using the solvent casting method. The chitosan:PVA composition was varied from 10:90 to 90:10 to evaluate its effects on the physical, mechanical, thermal, morphological, and electrochemical properties of the membranes. Characterization was conducted through thickness, tensile strength, and porosity measurements, as well as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), Thermogravimetric Analysis–Derivative Thermogravimetry (TGA–DTG), and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The results showed that the membrane with a chitosan:PVA ratio of 10:90 exhibited the highest tensile strength of 19.86 MPa, whereas the membrane with a ratio of 30:70 achieved the highest porosity of 20.49%, which facilitated ion transport and enhanced electrochemical performance. FTIR analysis confirmed intermolecular interactions among chitosan, PVA, bentonite, and LiOH through the O–H, N–H, C=O, Si–O, and Li–O functional groups. SEM–EDX analysis revealed that carbon and oxygen were the predominant elements, while calcium, sodium, silicon, and lithium were also detected, consistent with the membrane composition. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated typical capacitive behavior, with the current response increasing as the scan rate increased. Meanwhile, TGA–DTG analysis indicated gradual thermal degradation, with the primary decomposition occurring between 350°C and 550°C, demonstrating good thermal stability. Overall, the chitosan/PVA–bentonite composite membrane doped with LiOH shows strong potential as an environmentally friendly polymer electrolyte membrane for energy storage applications, particularly lithium-ion batteries.
Method Evaluation for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in Wastewater Treatment Plant Samples from an Industrial Estate using Closed Reflux Colorimetry Junjunan Muhammad Syukur; Erna Styani; Muhammad Yanwar Prasetyo
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 6 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 6 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.6.388-395

Abstract

This study presents the verification of the APHA Standard Method 5220 D for determining chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater using a spectroscopic closed-reflux colorimetric system. Both the low range (LR: 0–90 mg O2/L) and high range (HR: 90–700 mg O2/L) methods were verified to ensure their suitability for wastewater monitoring in the industrial estate, with the LR method applied to effluent samples and the HR method applied to influent samples. Method performance was evaluated using linearity, sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of linearity (LOL), precision, accuracy, and measurement uncertainty for both LR and HR COD levels. The calibration curves exhibited excellent linearity, with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.9991 (LR) and 0.9996 (HR). The LOD (3Syx/b) and LOQ (10Syx/b) values were 3.34 and 11.14 mg O2/L for LR, and 15.48 and 51.59 mg O2/L for HR, respectively. Precision testing produced %RSD values of 2.88% (LR) and 1.37% (HR), both meeting acceptance criteria based on ⅔ CV Horwitz. Accuracy evaluation using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standards yielded recoveries of 97.50–106.02% (LR) and 98.83–102.92% (HR), consistent with Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) requirements. Measurement uncertainty was assessed by combining contributions from calibration, precision, accuracy, and instrumental factors, resulting in expanded uncertainties of ±3.83 mg O2/L for LR and ±13.87 mg O2/L for HR (k = 2). The findings confirm that the method is reliable and suitable for routine COD analysis in wastewater monitoring.
Physicochemical and Mechanical Characterization of Meloxicam-Fumaric Acid Co-Crystals Synthesized by Ultrasound-Assisted Solution Method Hestiary Ratih; Jessie Sofia Pamudji; Fikri Alatas; Viska Elvira Alawiyani; Nur Achsan Al-Hakim
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 6 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 6 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.6.433-440

Abstract

Meloxicam (MLX) is a class II BCS non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with low solubility and manufacturing challenges due to its needle-like crystal habit, which causes poor flowability and high elasticity. These mechanical characteristics often trigger capping and lamination during direct compression. This study aims to perform physicochemical characterization and mechanical property evaluation of MLX co-crystals with fumaric acid (FUM) co-former, synthesized using the ultrasound-assisted solution co-crystallization (USSC) method. The co-crystals were synthesized at a 1:1 molar ratio in ethanol solvent using ultrasonication. Characterization was performed using a polarizing microscope, PXRD, DSC, and FTIR, followed by evaluation of flow properties, compressibility, and tabletability. The results of PXRD, DSC, and FTIR analyses confirmed the formation of a new co-crystal phase via intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. A morphological transformation was observed from a needle habit to a more isodiametric or plate-like habit. The MLX-FUM co-crystal showed significant improvements in flow rate (0.134 g/sec), angle of repose (33.86°), and compressibility index (38.92%) compared to pure MLX. Tabletability analysis showed a fivefold increase in tensile strength (2.70 MPa) at a pressure of approximately 2.94 MPa (30 kg/cm2), which correlated with a decrease in elastic recovery from 3.18% to 1.96%. This study concludes that co-crystal synthesis by USSC holistically improves the mechanical profile of MLX, showing an improved mechanical profile that demonstrates potential for tablet manufacturing processes using the direct compression method.

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