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Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health

jepublichealth
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Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret

ISSN : 25490273 EISSN : 25490273 DOI : -

Core Subject : Health,

Public Health

Background: Increased blood pressure for a long time can increase the risk of kidney failure, coronary heart disease, brain damage, and other diseases. In 2019, it is estimated that hypertension is experienced by 1.13 billion people in the world with most (two thirds) living in low and middle income countries. Other study also shows that the police and military are at risk of developing hypertension due to a number of factors such as low knowledge about healthy and nutritious food, co-workers who are smokers, and consuming alcohol. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for hypertension in the police and military in the world using meta analysis. Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis and systematic review. The articles used were obtained from Google Scholar, Springer Link, ProQuest, and Science Direct databases. Selected articles published from 2000 to 2020. Keywords to search for articles are as follows: hypertension police personnel and military, or hypertension police personnel and military. The articles studied are 3 full text articles with cross sectional study designs and 1 full text articles with case control study design. Articles are collected using PRISMA diagrams, and analyzed using the Review Manager application 5.3. Results: Overweight (aOR= 1.42; 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.00; p= 0.04), alcohol consumption (aOR= 1.55; 95% CI= 1.12 to 2.12; p= 0.007), cigarette consumption (aOR= 1.45 ; 95% CI= 1.06 to 1.97; p= 0.020) is a risk factor for hypertension in the police and military. Conclusion: Overweight, alcohol consumption, and cigarette consumption, are risk factors for hypertension in police and military personnel.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 659 Documents

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Effects of Insecticide-Treated Nets and Stagnant Water on the Risk of Malaria: A Meta-Analysis Minawati, Atika Dwi; Ramadhani, Dinda Nur Asri Mutiara; Damayanti, Siti; Ariska, Yovita Galuh Eka; Murti, Bhisma; Handayani, Anggun Fitri
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 8 No. 3 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/jepublichealth.2023.08.03.07

Background: Malaria infection is a global public health problem that causes major morbidity worldwide. Stagnant water is one of the risk factors for malaria, insecticide-treated nets are one of the interventions that can prevent malaria. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of the effect of using insecticide-treated nets and stagnant water around the house on the risk of malaria. Subjects and Method: This study was conducted using a systematic review and meta-analysis with PICO, Population: children. Intervention: insecticide-treated mosquito nets and stagnant water. Comparison: without insecticide-treated nets and no stagnant water. Result: incidence of malaria. By searching for articles in 3 databases namely PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct published from 2016 to 2023, by entering the following keywords insecticide-treated bed nets” OR “ITN” AND “stagnant water” OR “STAGNA” AND “Malaria” AND “Cross-sectional” AND “Multivariate Analysis”. Articles were selected using the PRISMA flow and data analysis using the Review Manager 5.3. Results: There are 13 articles using a cross-sectional study design with a total sample of 5,793 children from Indonesia, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Ethiopia which have gone through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Processed data showed that children who used insecticide-treated nets had a 0.65 times lower chance of contracting malaria compared to those who did not use insecticide-treated nets (aOR= 0.65; 95% CI= 0.41 to 1.01; p= 0.060). Children who live in an environment where there is stagnant water have a 4.10 times chance of getting malaria compared to children who live in an environment where there is no stagnant water and this is statistically significant (aOR= 4.10; 95% CI= 2.80 to 6.03; p <0.001). Conclusion: Insecticidal mosquito nets reduced the incidence of malaria, and stagnant water increased the incidence of malaria. Keywords: insecticide-treated nets, stagnant water, STAGNA, children Correspondence: Atika Dwi Minawati. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir Sutami No.36, Kentingan, Jebres, Surakarta, 57126, Central Java. Email: dwiminawatiatika@gmail.com. Mobile: +625212613303.

Meta-Analysis: Drug Side Effect, Smoking, Alcohol Consumptions and Their Relationships with Drug Taking Adherence in Tuberkulosis Patients Ismail, Aem; Prasetya, Hanung; Ichsan, Burhannudin
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 8 No. 3 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/jepublichealth.2023.08.03.09

Background: Inappropriate tuberculosis treatment is a major determinant of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR) TB, which is related to patient adherence to treatment. There are several factors that affect MDR-TB such as drug side effects, smoking and alcohol consumption. The aim is to estimate the magnitude of the effect of drug side effects on tuberculosis treatment adherence, based on the results of a number of similar primary studies.Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis research. Article search was carried out based on the eligibility criteria of the PICO model including: P= Tuberculosis patient; I= drug side effects, smoking and alcohol consumption; C= no drug side effects, no smoking and no alcohol consumption; O= Tuberculosis treatment adherence. Articles were collected from Google scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Springerlink. Keywords using “drug side effects” OR “tobacco smoking” OR “alcohol consumption” OR “tuberculosis” AND “medication adherence” AND “cross sectional” AND “adjusted odds ratio”. Inclusion criteria in this study included articles with a cross-sectional study design, the relationship size used was the adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR), articles published in the 2009 to 2022 range. Selected articles were tested for eligibility using CEBM and analyzed using the PRISMA diagram and the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: 14 Cross-sectional studies were selected for the meta-analysis of 8 studies with 2,045 TB patients showed that drug side effects reduced TB treatment adherence by 0.26 times than no drug side effects (aOR= 0.26; 95% CI= 0.14 to 0.49; p< 0.001). 7 studies with 2,966 TB patients showed that alcohol consumption decreased TB treatment adherence by 0.61 times than not consuming alcohol (aOR= 0.61; 95% CI= 0.32 to 1.16; p= 0.130). Study 6 with 1,748 TB patients showed that smoking decreased TB treatment adherence by 0.86 times than non-smokers (aOR= 0.86; 95% CI= 0.17 to 4.37; p= 0.850).Conclusion: Side effects of drugs, alcohol, and smoking reduce treatment adherence in tuberculosis patients. Keywords: drug side effects, alcohol consumption, smoking, treatment adherence Correspondence: Aem Ismail. Master’s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: aem.ismail80@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282133114822.

Effects of Social Support, Perceived Threat, and Witnessing Death on the Risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Meta-Analysis Karima, Fatimah Hasna; Demartoto, Argyo; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 8 No. 3 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/jepublichealth.2023.08.03.10

Background: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to horrific events and experience a series of reactions after repeated trauma, stress, and scary thoughts. The risk of PTSD is influenced by several factors such as social support, perceived threat, and witnessing death. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of social support, perceived threat, and witnessing death on the risk of PTSD using a meta-analysis of primary studies conducted by previous authors. Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analytic study. This study used the PICO model. The meta-analytic study was carried out by searching for articles from databases in electronic form using Google scholar, PubMed, and Elsevier. An article search was conducted from 1 to 28 February 2023. The keywords used were “Post-traumatic Stress Disorder” OR “PTSD” AND “Social Support” AND “Witnessing death” AND “Perceiving threat” AND “Multivariate” AND “Cross-Sectional”. The inclusion criteria for this study were complete articles using cross-sectional research, published in 2013-2023. Analysis of the articles in this study used RevMan 5.3 software. Results: A total of 22 cross-sectional studies from North America, South America, Europe, Africa and Asia were selected for thi study. Social support has a lower risk of experiencing PTSD by 0.38 times compared to people who do not receive social support (aOR=0.38; 95% CI= 0.18 to 0.77; p= 0.007). People with perceived threats have a risk of experiencing PTSD by 2.29 times compared to people without perceived threats (aOR= 2.29; 95% CI= 1.58 to 3.33; p<0.001). People who witness death have a risk of experiencing PTSD by 1.63 times compared to people who do not witness death (aOR= 1.63; 95% CI= 1.23 to 2.15; p<0.006). Conclusion: Social support can significantly reduce the risk of PTSD. Perceived threat and witnessing death can significantly increase the risk of PTSD. Keywords: PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder, social support, perceived threat, witnessing death Correspondence: Fatimah Hasna Karima. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: fatimahhasna01@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281215184110.

Relationships between Sedentary Lifestyle and Body Mass Index in Students in Pandemic COVID-19 Putri, Noviyati Rahardjo; Kusmawati, Iffah Indri; Argaheni, Niken Bayu; Nugraheni, Angesti; Sukamto, Ika Sumiyarsi
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 8 No. 3 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/jepublichealth.2023.08.03.11

Background: Students during the Covid-19 pandemic were very close to a sedentary lifestyle because of online learning patterns. This results in an increase in body mass index (BMI) due to lack of physical activity and energy burnt. The aim of this research was to find out the relationship between sedentary lifestyle and body mass index of female students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Subjects dan Method: The research method uses a quantitative analytic observational design, with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were 110 students of the Midwifery Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University. Sampling using the Slovin formula as many as 85 respondents with a confidence level of 95%. The research dependent variable is the body mass index of female students during the Covid-19 pandemic and the independent variable is sedentary lifestyle. The data collection method is to use the BMI questionnaire and the Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ). Data analysis used Somer's test. Results: The results showed that 61.2% of students were included in the less sedentary lifestyle classification, while 56.5% of students had a normal body mass index. The results of bivariate analysis with Somer's correlation test obtained a p-value of 0.045 and a gamma coefficient value of 0.38. Conclusion: The conclusion is that there is a relationship between sedentary lifestyle and body mass index in undergraduate students of Applied Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. The correlation strength is moderate. It is hoped that individuals and communities can motivate themselves to carry out physical activities such as regular sports and educational institutions can facilitate learning methods that can involve physical activity in both online and offline learning. Keywords: nutrition status, sedentary lifestyle, student Correspondence: Noviyati Rahardjo Putri. Midwifery Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: novirahardjo@staff.uns.ac.id. Mobile: +6285742944794.

Meta Analysis – Effect of Occupational Noise on the Risk of Hypertension and Noise Induced Hearing Loss in Industrial Workers Salamah, Ila Izzatus; Sumardiyono, Sumardiyono; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 8 No. 4 (2023)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/jepublichealth.2023.08.04.01

Background: Noise is defined as sound intensity that is unwanted and can pose risks to health and safety at work, such as the risk of hypertension and noise-induced hearing loss. This study aims to analyze the effect of occupational noise on the risk of hypertension and noise induced hearing loss in industrial workers.Subjects and Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out using the PRISMA guidelines and the PICO model. Population: industrial workers. Intervention: occupational noise exposure ≥85 dB. Comparison: occupational noise exposure <85 dB. Outcome: hypertension and noise induced hearing loss. Articles are collected from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Schoolar. The keywords used “occupational noise and hypertension” OR “occupational noise and hearing loss” AND “occupational noise” OR “hypertension” AND “hearing loss” AND “cross sectional study”. A total of 13 articles met the inclusion criteria, namely primary full text paper, cross-sectional study design, with a relationship size adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR), labor research subjects, interventions in the form of exposure to noise ≥85 dB and outcomes in the form of hypertension and noise induced hearing loss for meta-analyses were then assessed using RevMan 5.3.Results: Meta-analysis included 13 cross sectional studies from China, Brazil, Ethiopia, Jordan, South Africa, Thailand, Kuwait, and Pakistan. Occupational noise ≥85 dB significantly increased the risk of hypertension (aOR= 2.07; 95% CI= 1.31 to 3.26; p= 0.002) and hearing loss (aOR= 1.97; 95% CI= 1.36 to 2.85; p= 0.003) than occupational noise <85 dB.Conclusion: Occupational noise ≥85 dB increases the risk of hypertension and hearing loss in industrial workers. Keywords: occupational noise, hypertension, hearing loss, workers Correspondence:Ila Izzatus Salamah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: ilaizzatus31@gmail.com. Mobile: +62858868132490.

Improving Glycated Hemoglobin Control in a Rural Filipino Community: The Influence of Medication, Nutrition, and Lifestyle Counseling on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Ines-Ramil, Ma. Danica; Ramil, Rhian Jaymar; Gabriel, Esther Faith; Bautista, Learni Magdalena
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 9 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/jepublichealth.2024.09.01.05

Background: The Philippines is experiencing a growing diabetes prevalence in line with global patterns, despite free diabetes medications available at Rural Health Units (RHUs). This rise could be linked to factors like insufficient awareness and ability to self-manage the illness resulting in medica-tion non-adherence, negatively affecting patients’ health outcomes. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of counseling on glycated hemoglobin levels among Filipino diabetic patients in rural settings.Subjects and Method: A quasi-experimental research design was employed to determine the effect of one-on-one counseling on nutrition, lifestyle, and medication management on the HbA1C levels of the participants in a rural setting. A purposive sampling technique was used, and participants were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of 60 diabetic patients enrolled in the study from Sinait RHU, 34 patients were qualified and randomly assigned into ‘test’ and ‘control’ groups (n=16). The ‘test’ group (n=18) received monthly counseling sessions lasting 20 to 25 minutes each, during monthly home visits for 3 months. Data on HbA1c reductions were compared using an unpaired t-test.Results: After 3-month counseling interventions, HbA1c level in the test group (Mean=6.38; SD= 1.21) was lower than the control group (Mean=9.27; SD=1.38) and it was statistically significant (p= 0.010). A substantial decrease in the HbA1c levels was observed in the test group whereas a significant increase was noted in the control group.Conclusion: The study’s findings suggest that counseling can help improve diabetic patients' perceptions of disease, diet, and lifestyle changes, resulting in better glycemic control and, ultimately, a higher quality of life. Keywords:HbA1c, Type 2 diabetes, nutrition counseling, medication counseling, lifestyle counseling, Philippines

Epidemiological Investigation of A Goat Rabies Outbreak and Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Communities Regarding Rabies in the Rural Commune of Sabou, Burkina Faso Savadogo, Madi; Ilboudo, Guy Sidwatta; Dahourou, Laibané Dieudonné; Zangré, Hamidou; Zerbo, Kalidou; Ilboudo, Abdoul Kader; Tarnagda, Zékiba
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 9 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/jepublichealth.2024.09.02.05

Background: Dog-mediated human rabies is one of the top five priority zoonotic diseases identified for the One Health multisectoral engagement in Burkina Faso. Integrated approaches are required in endemic areas for reliable data collection and improved management of bite victims. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of communities regarding rabies and preventive methods.Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in the Commune of Sabou after a goat rabies confirmation. A structured questionnaire was administered to 305 house-hold members to capture data. The dependent variables in this study were the knowledge of rabies and animal vectors, the action to be taken regarding the biting animal, the main challenges to PEP coverage, the knowledge of preventive measures, and the minimum age recommended for primo-vaccination. The independent variables in this study were gender, level of education, professional status, and dog-owning status. The study was analyzed using the Chi-Square test.Results: The results provided that the suspected goat was infected by the rabies virus. Subsequently, the outbreak joint investigation initiated involved key local stakeholders. Data collected during the investigation raised the need for counter-measures such as identification of awareness gaps, organization of a dog rabies vaccination, and awareness-raising campaigns in the local communities. The household survey revealed low awareness about animals involved in human rabies transmission, the common routes of transmission, and the postexposure prophylaxis. Moreover, hindrances to postexposure prophylaxis access cited by the participants were related to frequent vaccine shortage (39.7%) as well as financial inaccessibility (60.3%). In addition, 40% of participants were not well aware of pet rabies prevention and reported only 67.6% of owned dogs were vaccinated.Conclusion: According to the study results, there is a need to strengthen rabies surveillance, promoting outbreak joint investigation, and integrated bite case management. Moreover, key messages on animal and human rabies prevention should be developed and shared with the communities. Keywords: Canine rabies, zoonoses, joint investigation, community awareness, public health, household survey

Using Trends in Biometric Data to Predict Interest in Enrolling in an Employer-Sponsored National Diabetes Prevention Program Focusing on Diet and Exercise: A Retrospective Cohort Study Zigmont, Victoria; Shoben, Abigail; Kaye, Gail; Clinton, Steven; Harris, Randall; Olivo-Marston, Susan
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 9 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/jepublichealth.2024.09.01.12

Background: Evidence-based lifestyle programs including the Diabetes Prevention Program can delay an individual’s risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Identifying which individuals are less likely to enroll in these programs and tailoring recruitment approaches to encourage participation among those with perceived barriers is an effective strategy to increase engagement in health promotion. This study aimed to identify the pre-enrollment differences in biometric trends between individuals with prediabetes who did and did not express interest in free worksite diabetes prevention programs.Subjects and Method: This retrospective cohort study was conducted among individuals in the Midwest enrolled in a private insurance plan from 2011 to 2014. Data was combined from annual biometric screenings and a health survey. Demographic characteristics were summarized for the study population (n=2,066). The dependent variable for this study was interest in the DPP, while the independent variables included body mass index, waist circumference, body weight, lipid measurements, and blood pressure. Linear mixed models with random intercepts were used to compare bio-metric trajectories for body mass index, waist circumference, body weight, lipid measurements (triglycerides and cholesterol), and blood pressure for the two groups.Results: No differences were observed in biometric trends for those who did and did not choose to enroll in the free worksite program.Conclusion: Examining pre-enrollment biometric trend data is a relatively novel approach to evaluating engagement in health programs. More research is needed to understand how this information can be used to identify an individual’s interest in enrolling in health programming.

Screening of the Squint among Residents Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in Uttarakhand Vats, Vatsala; Arora, Divija; Gupta, Priyanka
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 9 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/jepublichealth.2024.09.02.01

Background: Squint is also known as Strabismus and includes Latent and Manifest varieties. It contributes to childhood visual impairment and amblyopia, adding to the stress of loss of functional vision. The regular surveys of such entities help to assess the magnitude, and measures needed for prophylaxis and treatment. The aim of the study is a screening of the Squint among residents visiting a tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand.Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted over a period of one year at Shri Mahant Indiresh Hospital, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun. A total of 100 patients who found with tropias and phobias were further evaluated to provide them with the correct diagnosis and optimum guidance regarding management. The variables of this study were a demographic profile, Age, Gender, type of squint, convergence insufficiency, power of convergence, and prevalence of squint. SSPS was used to assess the data. A p<0.005 was suggestive of significance.Results: Out of a total of 4,280 patients, 2,240 (52.28%) were males, 2,044 (47.71%) were females, 100 (2.3%) cases were found to be of horizontal tropias, while Convergence Insufficiency (CI) was noted in 720 (16.8%). Esotropia was more common (65%) than Exotropia and the difference was statistically significant with a p-value less than 0.001. The common feature of both the exotropia and esotropia was the age of presentation which was 11 to 15 years. While the age group with the majority of cases CI (16.8%) was between 5 to 10 years.Conclusion: This study the magnitude and distribution of strabismus and CI in the region. It also helps to understand the importance of timely assessment and management for the optimum growth and development of an informed individual and community. Keywords: Strabismus, convergence, prevalence

The Prevalence and Distribution of Domiciliary Cockroaches in Rural Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study Design in Limpopo Province Molewa, Mapula Luckyjane; Barnard, Tobias George; Naicker , Nisha
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 9 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/jepublichealth.2024.09.02.02

Background: Cockroach infestation raises health concerns in the communities. The study aimed to identify the type of cockroach species found in the rural parts and assess the distribution of cockroach species in the area.Subjects and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the households found in Ward 2 villages, Bolobedu and Limpopo Province in March 2021. A total of 120 households were selected using a multistage sampling strategy. Structured interviews were conducted to gather information about cockroach infestation in the households. The variables of interest in this study included the locations of cockroach sightings, pest control strategies used, and cockroach species trapped. A total of 1,186 cockroaches were trapped using a size 21×15 cm2 sticky paper sheet. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 29.Results: About 751 (64%) of cockroaches were trapped in the indoor environment and 427 (36%) in the outdoor environment. Three species of cockroaches were identified as B. germanica, B. orientalis and P. americana cockroach. Sixty-nine (66%) of the households used spray or aerosol as a control strategy to reduce the cockroach population.Conclusion: Irrespective of the villages where the cockroaches were trapped, B. germanica was the most prevalent species across the villages. Effective control strategies are required to also reduce the likelihood of pesticide resistance as well as decrease the exposure of humans to pesticide residues. Keywords: Blattella germanica, Blatta orientalis, Periplaneta americana, prevalence, distribution

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Contact Name
Firman Pardosi

Contact Email
pardosi.fp@gmail.com

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+6285261423865

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pardosi.fp@gmail.com

Editorial Address
Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java

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Kota surakarta,

Jawa tengah

INDONESIA