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Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
ISSN : 2549385X     EISSN : 26215985     DOI : 10.21580/wjc
Core Subject : Science,
Chemistry
Walisongo journal of chemistry is a peer reviewed and open access journal published by Chemistry Department, faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Walisongo Semarang. This journal covering all areas of chemistry including inorganic, organic, physic, analytic, biochemistry, and environmental chemistry. Walisongo Journal of Chemistry publish two issues annually (July and October). Article which accepted in this journal was written by Bahasa and English.
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Articles 203 Documents
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Separation and Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Corn Oil and Palm Oil by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Acidi-Alkalimetric Titration Rusdi, Hanumi Oktiyani; Kusumaningrum, Irma Kartika; Nareswari, Tsalis Jauza; Fauziah, Putri Nanda; Maharani, Richa Nan; Natasya, Shella
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol 7, No 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.20461

Abstract

Free Fatty Acids (FFA), which include unsaturated fatty acids like oleic and linoleic acid and saturated fatty acids like palmitic and stearic, are present in most oil compositions. The various negative impacts of FFA require these compounds to be eliminated.  This research aims to separate FFA using Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) and determine the levels of FFA using acid-alkalimetric titration in corn oil and palm oil. FFA extraction was carried out for 4 minutes with a solvent ratio of 9,5 ml diethyl ether + 40 ml ethanol + 0,5 ml water. By adding 1M Na2SO4, re-extraction was carried out for 3 minutes. The results obtained were 0.95% FFA levels in corn oil and 1.26% FFA levels in palm oil. FFA levels of both oils are still below the SNI FFA percentage of 3%; besides that, it is found that the FFA levels in palm oil are higher than in corn oil
Antioxidant Activity Of Leaf Ethanol Extract And Balm Plant Sticks (Polygala paniculata L.) Zidratil, Zidratil; Lestari, Wahyuni Dwi; Bibba, Yustina Massola; Darnayanti, Darnayanti; Islam, Fitri Nurul; Sukarti, Sukarti
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol 7, No 1 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i1.17964

Abstract

This research aims to determine the antioxidant activity of the leaves and stems of the balsam plant (Polygala paniculata Linn). The balsam plant (Polygala paniculata Linn) is a small shrub that grows wild and is utilized by the community in Bonelemo Village, Bajo Barat Sub District, Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, as a traditional medicine for removing black spots on the face. One of the compounds contained in the balsam plant is flavonoids, which have the potential as antioxidants. The procedures carried out in this research include sample preparation, sample extraction using 96% ethanol solvent, macerate concentration, and subsequently conducting antioxidant activity tests using the DPPH method. The results of antioxidant activity testing of the leaves and stems of the balsam plant (Polygala paniculata Linn) obtained an IC50 value of 44,987 µg/mL. Based on this research, the leaves and stems of the balsam plant (Polygala paniculata Linn) are categorized as containing very strong antioxidant components.
Molecular Docking of Acetylacetone-Based Oxindole Against Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase: Study of Energy Minimization Josaphat, Frans; Fadlan, Arif
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol 6, No 2 (2023): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v6i2.17638

Abstract

Molecular docking plays an essential role in drug discovery because it is more efficient and more affordable compared to traditional synthesis methods and biological assays. Molecular docking determines the conformation and affinity of non-covalent bonds between macromolecules (receptors) and small molecules (ligands) computationally. Energy minimization carried generally out by using the Merck Molecular Force Field 94 (MMFF94) force field produces ligands with the most stable conformation. MarvinSketch and Open Babel for energy minimization were utilized in this docking study of acetylacetone-based oxindole derivatives to 2,3-dioxygenase indoleamine macromolecules (IDO-1, PDB: 2D0T). The results showed that MarvinSketch provides better binding energy than energy minimization with Open Babel. Molecular docking indicated different interactions between 2D0T macromolecule residues with ligands that have been prepared using MarvinSketch, Open Babel, and without energy minimization.
The Effect of Temperature and Fermentation Duration on pH Level and Vitamin C Content of Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) Kombucha Setyaji, Andy Anggoro; Fitriana, Adita Silvia; Samodra, Galih
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.19519

Abstract

Kombucha is produced through the fermentation of a tea and sugar mixture with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). It contains various compounds beneficial to health, including vitamin C. The pH level and vitamin C content of kombucha are affected by fermentation temperature and time. Correspondingly, this study aimed to determine the effects of temperature and fermentation duration on the pH level and vitamin C content of butterfly pea kombucha. The research was conducted employing laboratory experimental methods, including a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to measure vitamin C content and a digital pH meter to measure pH levels. The limit of detection (LoD) and the limit of quantification (LoQ) values for the UV-Vis spectrophotometer were 0.115 ppm and 3.77 ppm, respectively. The results indicated that fermentation temperature did not affect the pH or vitamin C content. However, the pH level was affected by fermentation time, while vitamin C content was not statistically affected. The highest pH value (5.11) was observed on day 0 of fermentation, and the highest vitamin C content (2.94%) was recorded on day 6 at a temperature of 30°C.
Evaluation of Chemical and Nutrient Constituents of Cocoyam and Soybean Flours and Their Blends Imafidon, Monday Idiaghe; Ukhun, Mark Ehijele; Unuigbe, Charles Akhadelor; Irabor, Emmanuel Enoguan Ighodaro
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.20619

Abstract

Food nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and vitamins are essential for growth and development of man. Cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta), is a common tropical root crop cultivated in many parts of the world for food formulations and consumption by man. This study was conducted to assess some aspects of the chemical constituents and nutritive chemistry of cocoyam and soya bean flours and their blends.The sun-dried samples were milled separately to size (sieve with 25µm aperture size) to obtain homogenous flours. Blends were obtained with various ratios according to the percentage of soybean/cocoyam flours (10% (10g: 90g), 20% (20:80), 30 %( 30:70), 40 %( 40:60), 50% (50:50).  The proximate compositions (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract) were determined using standard methods.  while mineral elements (Na and K) were determined by flame photometry and Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Microsoft Excel for graphs, SPSS for correlation and regression studies. G-stat was used to calculate coefficient of variation. The ranges of values for the proximate composition (%) of the products were: Crude protein (4.95+1.03 – 43.29+0.46), ash (3.25+0.25 – 7.25+2.75), moisture (8.42+0.28-12.38+1.03), crude fibre (3.00+0.50 – 8.25+0.75) and nitrogen-free extract (10.60+ 7.34 - 76.02+1.83). Mineral elements(mg/kg): Fe (1.00+0.28 – 2.65+0.21), Zn (0.12+0.04 – 0.22+0.03), Cu (0.00+0.00 - 0.15+0.07), Na (0.35+0.05 – 2.40+0.14), Mg (3.45+0.43 – 12.88+0.55), Ca (4.80+0.42 -10.55+0.64), K (39.65+2.33 – 56.25+0.78) and phosphorus (206.10+ 0.05 – 326.34+4.30). Bleeding of cocoyam flour with soybean flour gave products that could be of greater nutritional value than either cocoyam or soybean flour used separately.
Analysis of Essential Oil Compounds from Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus pellita) Leaves and Their Bioactivity Against Staphylococcus aureus Alam, Rizki Nur; Supriadin, Asep; Kurniasih, Nunung
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.21603

Abstract

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus pellita) is a plant commonly found in Garut Regency, Indonesia, with its leaves showing potential for essential oil extraction. Hence, this study aimed to determine the yield, analyze the chemical composition, and evaluate the bioactivity of essential oils derived from Eucalyptus pellita leaves against Staphylococcus aureus. The essential oil was extracted utilizing Stahl distillation from leaves collected in Cisarua Village, Samarang District, Garut Regency. The chemical composition was identified through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and its antibacterial activity against S. aureus was assessed using the disc diffusion method. As a result, the average essential oil yield was 0.34%, with compounds identified as α-phellandrene (3.20%), α-terpineol (5.52%), γ-terpinene (7.07%), 1,8-cineole (7.26%), α-terpinyl acetate (13.40%), and limonene (50.47%). The bioactivity test results indicated that the inhibition zone diameter at a 25% concentration of essential oil was categorized as moderate, while concentrations of 50% and 100% demonstrated strong antibacterial activity.
Antibacterial Activity of Residual Seeds and Pods of Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) After Pigment Extraction Aluko, Ebenezer Olanrewaju; Adetuyi, Abayomi Olagundoye; Omotoso, Ezekiel
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.22354

Abstract

Recent studies have demonstrated that annatto seeds contain a variety of metabolites with antimicrobial properties. Correspondingly, this research investigated the antimicrobial activity of extracts from annatto (Bixa orellana) seeds, pods, and their combination. As part of a strategy to convert waste into valuable resources, this study evaluated the antimicrobial potential of residual extracts derived from annatto seeds and pods. Ethanol extracts of pigment-extracted annatto seeds, pods, and their mixture were tested against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis using the agar well diffusion method. Streptomycin and ampicillin (10 mg/mL each) served as positive controls, while an ethanol-water mixture (1:1) served as the negative control. All three extracts exhibited varying activity levels against the tested bacteria. They were most effective against B. subtilis, with inhibition zones measuring 11.5 ± 0.5 mm, 14.5 ± 0.5 mm, and 23.5 ± 0.5 mm for the seed, pod, and seed-pod extract mixture, respectively. In contrast, they exhibited the least activity against E. coli, with inhibition zones of 6.0 ± 2.0 mm, 5.5 ± 1.5 mm, and 11.0 ± 0.0 mm for the respective extracts. Post-hoc Tukey's test revealed that the combination of seed and pod extracts demonstrated significantly higher antimicrobial activity than the individual extracts (p < 0.001) against all tested organisms. Notably, the combined extract demonstrated comparable activity to ampicillin against B. subtilis (p > 0.05) and significantly higher activity than streptomycin (p < 0.001) against all tested strains except S. aureus. The pronounced antimicrobial efficacy of the seed and pod extracts, especially when combined, contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the potential of Bixa orellana as a natural antimicrobial agent effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
A Systematic Exfoliation of Prior Arts About The Use of Natural and Synthesized 1,4-Naphthoquinones Towards Corrosion Inhibition Saralaya, Sanjay Sukumar; Kanakamajalu, Shridhara
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.22657

Abstract

In this review segment, use of natural and synthesized 1,4-naphthoquinones for corrosion inhibition was comprehensively covered based on the past research disclosures. The prior arts were gathered from various research article repositories by the use of search terms like ‘Quinonoids as corrosion inhibitors’ and ‘1,4-Napthoquinones as corrosion inhibitors’ as a part of direct referencing. Additionally, back and cross referencing were also done to ensure the complete collection of prior arts. This work will help the researchers to understand the credibility of 1,4-naphthoquinones as corrosion inhibitors in the global platform. Interestingly, the henna leaf extract (aqueous or solvent mediated) having 2-hydroxy 1,4-naphthoquinone (Lawsone, NQ-12) was the most explored phytochemical under natural or green corrosion inhibitor category. More importantly, a few natural extracts having 1,4-naphthoquinones were widely used as corrosion inhibitors in different mediums. With regard to phytochemical extracts, the collective inhibition ability of many phytochemicals will add to corrosion inhibition process. But in recent years, we can observe the use of specific compounds (synthesized/isolated derivatives of 1,4-naphthoquinone) as alone for the intended corrosion inhibition. Under the context of immediate scope, we have disclosed around 23-26 new molecules having 1,4-naphthoquinone framework for experimental ventures towards corrosion inhibition. This work would favor the use of some new 1,4-naphthoquinones in its pure form towards  retarding corrosion with the assistance of  supportive molecular framework.
Biosynthesis of Silver Microparticles Using Spondias Dulcis Fruit Peel Extract and Its Antibacterial Activity Girsang, Thereshia Margaretta; Purba, Elisabeth; Simamora, Adela Rosalia; Sihombing, Chatrina Yohana; Inabuy, Marchella; Tahya, Candra Yulius
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.22996

Abstract

In recent decades, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, along with various social and economic factors, have accelerated the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, both of which are Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Silver particles (AgPs) have garnered significant research interest over the years due to their diverse biological activities, particularly their antibacterial properties. The green synthesis method for silver particles involves synthesizing silver metal particles using natural materials derived from organisms such as plants, resulting in particles that are less harmful to human cells but highly toxic to pathogenic bacteria. Kedondong (Spondias dulcis) is a tropical fruit widely grown in South and Southeast Asia. The peels of this fruit often become organic waste with limited utility. To explore the potential of kedondong fruit peels, this study investigated the synthesis of silver particles using their extract. The ethanolic extract of kedondong fruit peels was analyzed using LC-MS/MS-QTOF, identifying 5 alkaloids, 21 flavonoids, and 17 terpenoid compounds. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents of the extract were determined to be 1.8918 and 12.8104 mg/g of extract, respectively. The silver particles synthesized in this study had an average size of 4641.97 micrometers and a zeta potential of 40.2 mV, as determined by PSA, and were confirmed as silver particles through P-XRD phase analysis. These silver particles exhibited strong antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, with an inhibition zone diameter of 19.43 mm, and moderate activity against K. pneumoniae, with an inhibition zone diameter of 11.50 mm, at a suspension concentration of 10 mg/mL. Notably, the P. aeruginosa strain used in this experiment was resistant to the antibiotic amoxicillin.
Computational Study of The Effect of Structure on Antioxidant Activity and Drug Score of Coumarin Derivatives Bakti, Andi Budi; Martoprawiro, Muhamad Abdulkadir
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v7i2.23327

Abstract

The presence of reactive oxygen species in the body must be maintained at low concentrations, as an excess can lead to oxidative stress. Coumarin, a secondary metabolite found in plants, exhibits potential as an antioxidant agent. However, the development of synthetic antioxidants based on coumarin remains limited. Computational studies enable the manipulation of coumarin structures to predict antioxidant activity. Correspondingly, this research aimed to investigate the effect of the type, number, and position of substituents on the antioxidant activity and drug score of coumarin derivatives utilizing computational methods, specifically ORCA and OSIRIS Property Explorer software. The results revealed that electron-donating substituents (e.g., OCH₃) could enhance antioxidant activity, while electron-withdrawing substituents (e.g., CHO) tended to reduce it. Substitution on the benzene ring of coumarin exerted a more significant effect on antioxidant activity compared to substitution on the pyrone ring. Compounds such as Umbelliferone, Scoparone, and 3-Bromoscoparone exhibited potential as new antioxidants due to their structural similarity to ascorbic acid or TBHQ. However, further studies are necessary to confirm their development as safe and effective antioxidants free from side effects.

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