Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia
MOLEKUL is a peer-reviewed journal of chemistry published by the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia. Publishing frequency 2 issues per year, on May and November. This Journal encompasses all branches of chemistry and its sub-disciplines including Pharmaceutical, Biological activities of Synthetic Drugs, Environmental Chemistry, Biochemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Petroleum Chemistry, and Agricultural Chemistry.
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<![CDATA[Synthesis, Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Toxicity Properties of Tripolyphosphate Crosslinked Chitosan ]]>
<![CDATA[Tien Setyaningtyas]]>;
<![CDATA[Kapti riyani]]>;
<![CDATA[Mardiyah Kurniasih]]>;
<![CDATA[Purwati Purwati]]>;
<![CDATA[Siti Masruroh]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 16, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2021.16.3.815
<![CDATA[Chitosan is biopolymer obtained from chitin deacetylation reaction. Chitin is a constituent of shrimps’ outer shell. Chitosan modification using crosslinker agent could increase the active groups and stabilize the physical character. One of non-toxic crosslink agents was tripolyphosphate. This study aimed at synthesizing tripolyphosphate crosslinked chitosan (TPP-Cs) to test the antioxidant and toxicity. Synthesizing tripolyphosphate chitosan was conducted using ionic gelation method. The antioxidant activity test was studied from DPPH radicals scavenging and the ability to inhibit linoleic acid oxidation. The toxicity test was using BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method and Artemia salina leach nauplii. The study showed that TPP-Cs could be synthesized from pink shrimp and showed antioxidant activity. The activity was due to amino and hydroxyl groups. The BSLT method showed that TPP-Cs had the potential to be applied for antibacterial, antivirus, or anticancer products. ]]>
<![CDATA[Antibacterial Activities and Toxicity of Streptosporangium sp. SM1P ]]>
<![CDATA[Risa Nofiani]]>;
<![CDATA[Rizky Rizky]]>;
<![CDATA[Ridho Brilliantoro]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 16, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2021.16.3.780
<![CDATA[This study aims to explore the anti-bacterial and toxicity activities from a rare actinobacterium isolated from mangrove, Mempawah District, West Kalimantan. The mangrove mud sample from Mempawah district was inoculated on ISP4 agar using a pour plate method. After 4 days of incubation, a colony of suspected actinobacterium was appeared, then isolated and coded as SM1P. SM1P was characterized based on morphological and biochemical traits and identified as a genus of Streptroporangium then called Streptroporangium sp. SM1P. Streptroporangium sp. SM1P was carried out anti-bacterial assay on both ISP1 agar and ISP4 agar media using the cross-streak method for the solid-state fermentation. The result showed that Streptroporangium sp. SM1P could inhibit Streptococcus sp. and Salmonella typhi on ISP1 agar and treptococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi on ISP4 agar. Streptroporangium sp. SM1P was cultivated on ISP1 broth and extracted using ethyl acetate, then evaporated to obtain crude extract. The crude extract was used for anti-bacterial assay (well-diffusion method for liquid-state fermentation) and toxicity assay (brine shrimp lethality test). The crude extract was active against 2 of the test bacteria (Streptococcus sp. and E. coli). The best medium and state fermentation for anti-bacterial assay were ISP4 agar with the condition of solid-state fermentation. The extract SM1P prepared on ISP1 broth showed toxic activity based on LC50 (106.094 µg/mL). Therefore, Streptroporangium sp. SM1P have a potential source to explore secondary metabolites having anti-bacterial and toxicity activities.]]>
<![CDATA[Nigella Sativa’s Protection Against 7,12 Dimethylbenz [A] Anthracene -Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats ]]>
<![CDATA[Heny Ekowati]]>;
<![CDATA[Firster Nugroho]]>;
<![CDATA[Iskandar Sobri]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 16, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2021.16.3.734
<![CDATA[Colon cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. Recently, natural products have been widely used as an alternative therapy for colon cancer. Previous studies have reported that Nigella sativa has chemopreventive activity in vitro and in vivo.This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Nigella sativa seed (NSS) on rat-colon cell after initiation of 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene. Rats were divided into five groups, 12 rats in each group: Group I was given 7,12dimetilbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA) orally 20 mg/kgBW twice a week for five weeks, group V is the solvent control group was given corn oil. The other three groups were given DMBA + NSS, at the dosage of 250 mg/kgBW, 500 mg/kgBW and 750 mg/kgBW. NSS extract was dissolved in corn oil and administered daily per oral during the next two weeks before and during the initiation of DMBA. After 16 weeks, all rats were sacrificed. H&E staining showed that necrosis activity was lower in treated groups compared to DMBA group. AgNOR staining showed mAgNOR was significantly decrease following the increasing dose of NSS (250 mg/kgBW, 500 mg/kgBW and 750 mg/kgBW) were subsequently 1.62 ± 0.086, 1.60 ± 0.101 and 1.39 ± 0.049 (p<0.05). The results showed that NNS reduce the damage of colon cells and inhibit colon cell proliferation in DMBA induced rats.]]>
<![CDATA[The Chemical Compounds of Flacourtia rukam Leaves and Their Inhibition of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) Activity ]]>
<![CDATA[Muharni Muharni]]>;
<![CDATA[Heni Yohandini]]>;
<![CDATA[Elfita Elfita]]>;
<![CDATA[Fitrya Fitrya]]>;
<![CDATA[Ani Sarah]]>;
<![CDATA[Rifdah Nabila]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 16, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2021.16.3.799
<![CDATA[Flacourtia rukam is a plant popular among people to treat hypertension, especially the Musi Banyuasin of south Sumatera, Indonesia. Isolation and identification of chemical compounds from F. rukam leaves and evaluation of their effects on antihypertensive activity have been conducted. Isolation of chemical compounds using chromatographic methods and identification using spectroscopic methods were compared with the reported data. The drug’s effects on antihypertension were determined using the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory method. Two compounds were first reported and isolated from the leaves of F. rukam and identified as apigenin (1) and lupeol (2). These compounds were demonstrated to be effective in treating antihypertension with IC50 656.51 ± 1.55 µg/mL for apigenin and 15.12 ± 0.72 µg/mL for lupeol. It can be concluded that F. rukam leaves is a potential ACE inhibitor can be explored further as an effective antihypertensive agent.]]>
<![CDATA[Determination of Glucose with Cellulose Acetate/Glucose Oxidase Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes ]]>
<![CDATA[Rochmad Kris Sanjaya]]>;
<![CDATA[Datin An Nisa Sukmawati]]>;
<![CDATA[Nurul Ismillayli]]>;
<![CDATA[Dhony Hermanto]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 16, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2021.16.3.679
<![CDATA[An amperometric biosensor for glucose determination was developed using a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with cellulose acetate (CA)/glucose oxidase (GOx) bilayer membrane through the electrostatic interaction between them. The CA membrane was used as matrix for enzyme immobilization via microencapsulation technique, is enzyme placed between two membranes. CA/GOx membrane was attached to CPE surface containing ferrocene (Fc). By using proposed amperometric biosensor, glucose concentration was determined as well as its characteristic. The modified Fc–graphite electrode with CA/GOx bilayer membrane for glucose had optimum measurement conditions at work emf of 874 mV, CA concentration of 10% and amount Fc of 0.021 mg. The biosensor showed good performance at glucose concentration range of 0.05–3 mM and limit of detection was 0.024 mM. Proposed biosensor has good reproducibility with relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 5% up to 7 times use (in the defined condition 4 ˚C). Glucose measurement result in human serum of diabetes mellitus patients showed conformity with result of reference method, MediSense Optium glucose test kit.]]>
<![CDATA[The Influence of pH on the Nitrogen-doped TiO2 Structure and Its Photocatalytic Activity on Methylene Blue Degradation ]]>
<![CDATA[Cahyorini Kusumawardani]]>;
<![CDATA[Kristiyan Handoyo Sugiyarto]]>;
<![CDATA[Anti Kolonial Prodjosantoso]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 16, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2021.16.3.804
<![CDATA[The mesoporous nitrogen-doped titania (N-doped TiO2) has been synthesized through sol-gel method by refluxing the precursor mixture, continued by hydrolysis process, and then followed by annealing in air at the desired temperature. The pH of precursor mixture solution before hydrolysis process has been varied to study their influence on the resulting N-doped TiO2. The resulting material were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), N2 Gas Sorption Analyzer (GSA), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and UV Vis Spectrophotometer. The XRD analysis result showed that the pH and water content played an important role on the crystal formation of the N-doped TiO2. The result showed that a high acidity condition resulted in a favored tendency of anatase crystalline phase, while lowering acidity leaded to the rutile formation. Porosity analysis showed the significant influence of pH in the synthesis process on the pore characteristic and pore size distribution of the resulting material. The photocatalytic activity was tested on the methylene blue degradation system comparing to pure TiO2 and commercial Degussa P25 and the result showed that the synthesized N-doped TiO2 provided better photocatalytic activities.]]>
<![CDATA[Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity Analysis of Organic Soap Bar Containing Gnetum gnemon Peel Extract ]]>
<![CDATA[Sri Handayani]]>;
<![CDATA[Indyah Sulistyo Arty]]>;
<![CDATA[Cornelia Budimarwanti]]>;
<![CDATA[Karim Theresih]]>;
<![CDATA[Evy Yulianti]]>;
<![CDATA[Melati Khairuddean]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 16, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2021.16.3.800
<![CDATA[Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) peel has been known as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal, but not yet used as cosmetic ingredients or drugs optimally. This research focuses on the production of organic soap bars from melinjo peel extract, the quality testing, and antimicrobial analysis against selected microbes. The soap making process was done by the saponification reaction between the mixture of palm oil and coconut oil with sodium hydroxide through cold and hot processes. Distilled water and ethanol were used as solvents for melinjo peel extraction. The quality test was done by determining insoluble fraction in ethanol, free alkali, and unsaponified fatty matter. An antimicrobial activity test was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. The result shows that the quality test fit with INS 2016 for all the criteria except for unsaponified fatty acid in the cold process soap bar. Inhibition zone of organic soap bar sequentially decreased against the growth of Tricophytone mentagrophytes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Therefore, the organic soap bar with melinjo peel extract shows a good potential to be used as an antimicrobial soap.]]>
<![CDATA[Modification of Electrode Using Arrowroot Starch Membrane for Uric Acid Determination ]]>
<![CDATA[Elvian Eka Krisnaniningrum]]>;
<![CDATA[Ani Mulyasuryani]]>;
<![CDATA[Hermin Sulistyarti]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 16, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2021.16.3.733
<![CDATA[Arrowroot starch membrane-modified glassy carbon electrode were constructed for the determination of uric acid. The membrane consist of arrowroot starch, polyvinyl alcohol, uric acid, and crosslinker. The crosslinker used was sodium tripolyphosphate, citric acid, and glutaraldehyde. Carbon material was added to increase the sensitivity. The composition of membrane influences the electrodes sensitivity. The best composition of arrowroot starch membrane is UA1 using 0.1% uric acid in membrane and STPP as crosslinker. The linearity concentration, sensitivity, and detection limit were 100-500 µM, 0.0509 A/M and 76 µM, respectively.]]>
<![CDATA[LiOH/Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Ratio Effect on the Electrical Conductivity of Lithium Ion Battery Anode Active Material ]]>
<![CDATA[Annisa Syifaurrahma]]>;
<![CDATA[Arnelli Arnelli]]>;
<![CDATA[Yayuk Astuti]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 16, No 3 (2021) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2021.16.3.805
<![CDATA[A lithium ion battery anode active material comprised of LiOH (Li) and coconut shell activated carbon (AC) has been synthesized with Li/AC ratios of (w/w) 1/1, 2/1, 3/1, and 4/1 through the sol gel method. The present study aims to ascertain the best Li/AC ratio that produces an anode active material with the best electrical conductivity value and determine the characteristics of the anode active material in terms of functional groups, surface area, crystallinity, and capacity. Based on the electrical conductivity test using LCR, the active material Li/AC 2/1 had the highest electrical conductivity with a value of 2.064x10-3 Sm-1. The conductivity achieved was slightly smaller than that of the active material with no addition of LiOH on the activated carbon at an electrical conductivity of 5.434x10-3 Sm-1. The FTIR spectra of the activated carbon and Li/AC 2/1 showed differences with in the Li-O-C group absorption at 1075 cm-1 wavenumber and the wide absorption in the area of 547.5 cm-1 that represents Li-O vibration. Based on the results of SAA, the activated carbon had a larger surface area than Li/AC 2/1 at 17.057 m2g-1 and 5.615 m2g-1, respectively. The crystallinity of both active materials was low shown by the widening of the diffraction peaks. Tests with cyclic voltammetry (CV) proved that there was a reduction-oxidation reaction for the two samples in the first cycle with a large charge and discharge capacities of the activated carbon of 150.989 mAh and 92.040 mAh, while for Li/AC 2/1 they were 91.103 mAh and 47.580 mAh.]]>
